MEJFORD MAIL TRIBUNE. MCOFORD. OREGON
THURSDAY. JUNE SO. IM3
Guilt of Rosenbergs Doubted Again Today by Early
B 7
By ROBERT BUCKHORN
United Press International
Washington - ICPB - "Daddy,
what is it, a circus?" A child
shouted to his father as their
car slowly moved past the
police-ringed crowds lining
the street across from the.
White House.
Despite the flags, the signs,
and the shouting people, what
the child actually saw was the
climax of a death watch.
The date was June 10, 1953.
In a few hours, atomic spies
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
were to die in the Sing Sing
electric chair for a crime
which President Dwight D.
Eisenhower had described as
worse than murder.
On this June 19, a decade
after the death of the out
wardly harmless looking elec
trical engineer and his plump
wife, some of the same peo
ple who led the losing fight
for presidential clemency
filed into New York City's
Carnegie Hall to repeat their
cry.
"Doubts as to the guilt of
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
have' been increasing through
the years," Mrs. Morton So
bell, wife of one of the key
members of the Rosenberg
spy ring, told United Press
International this week.
A sponsor of the Carnegie
Hall rally, Mrs. So be 11 is
chairman of the committee to
secure justice for Morton So
bell. "My husband is a complete
ly innocent man," she de
clared. '
Ten years ago a jury felt
differently. Sobell was sen
tenced to 30 years in prison
on charges of conspiring with
the Rosenbergs to commit
espionage. He is now eligible
for parole. None has been
granted. But there has been
no letup in efforts to get him
freed. He has an appeal pend
ing before the U. S. Supreme
Court, and still is trying to
win presidential clemency.
Before New York's state
executioner, Joseph P. Fran
eel, threw the switch that
ended their lives in the elec
tric chair, the Rosenbergs
also made use of every legal
recourse to escape their court
ordered fate.
But the mass of Americans
accepted the jury verdict and
the judge's sentence as just
and reasonable.
Began In London
The downfall of the Rosen
bergs began in London, a half
a world away from their
apartment on New York's east
side. In 1949, Scotland Yard
trapped Dr. Klaus Fuchs, a
scientist turned atom spy for
the Russians. Fuchs impli
cated, but could not identify
by name, a courier who had
served him earlier In the
United States.
Using this skimpy lead, the
Federal Bureau of Investiga
tion tracked down a Phila
delphia chemist named Harry
Gold, who confessed. From
Gold, the trail led to Ethel
Rosenberg's brother, David
Greenglass, an ex-army ser
geant who had worked on the
U. S. atomic bomb project
during World War II.
Greenglass confessed in
June, 1950. Two months later
the Rosenbergs were in jail,
charged with stealing secrets
of the atomic bomb for Rus
sia. With them was Morton
Sobell, who had fled to Mex
ico. He was deported, then
arrested by the FBI. Only
one member of the ring man
aged to evade the dragnet.
Anatoli Yakovlev, a minor
Russion diplomat who served
as a contact for the ring, fled
before he could be indicted.
The Rosenberg-Sobcll trial
got underway In New York
March 6, 1951, before a jury
of 11 men and one woman.
The most damning testimony
came from Greenglass, the
Government's key witness.
He said that his sister and
her husband had recruited
him into the spy ring when
he was assigned to the Los
Alamos, N. M., atomic bomb
project. According to Green
glass, the Rosenbergs told him
that Russia was "an ally of
the United States and de
served to have the bomb."
Once he agreed to join the
Rosenbergs, Greengiass said
he drew sketches of bomb
parts and passed them to the
Rosenbergs, using Gold as a
courier.
Greenglass said he kept up
his spying until early in 1946.
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But when Cnlri vaa mrvsieil
Greenglass said that Julius
Kosennerg gave mm s,uun to
flee the country, promising
that he would get support
trom the Russians" if ha
went behind the Iron Curtain.
Gold corroborated much nf
Greenglass' testimony.
The Rosenbergs went on
the stand in their own dp-
lease. They denied all thai
charges. They were not spies, ,
mey torn me jury. But tney ln .
voked the Fifth Amendment
when asked about their Com
munist Party activities. So
bell did not go on the witness)
stand, despite testimony from.
Government witnesses that
he tried to recruit member
(or the spy ring.
As the trial progressed, one.
man - Judge Irving R. Kauf
man - became more and mora
key figure. He refused to
let the storm stirred up over
the case creep into the court
room. He treaded the thin
line of Impartiality with a
grace that won him near
unanimous praise from the
legal profession. He shrugged
oft middle-of-the-night tele
phone threats against his Ufa
and saw to it that the Rosen
bergs were given every oppor
tunity to defend themselves.
Even today, he retains his
detached legal air. Asked for
comment on the case, he said
he preferred to let the record
speak for itself.
When the last arguments
were heard, the Jury brought
In the guilty verdict.
Judge Sentences
The next step was up to
Judge Kaufman. On April 5,
1051, he sentenced the Rosen
bergs to death, saying they
had "altered the course of
history . . . unfavorably to
your country."
For Sobell the punishment -was
30 years in prison. For
Greenglass 15 years. At
earlier trials, Gold had been
oivn 3n v,nr Klaus Ftirhfl
was sentenced to 14 years by
a British court. Both Green
a1na and ITurha nrA nnu frA.
" ' -----
Once the verdict was in,
the legal and propaganda bat
tle to save the Rosenbergs
from the chair began In earn
est and was to drag on for two
years after their conviction.
One ol the Key claims or.
the Rosenberg lawyers was
that the two were tried u
legally under the Espionage
Act OP in inneaa oi ma
Atomic Energy Act of 1946.
The Government said the
Espionage Act was applicable
since the indictment charged
that the overt acts of stealing'
atomic secrets took place in
1944 and 1943. However, in
the indictment, the Govern
ment did claim the conspiracy
continued until 1930 which,
the Rosenberg lawyers said,
brought it under the Atomic
Energy Act. If the Rosenbergs
had been tried under that act.
a jury would have had to im
pose the death sentence, not
the judge.
Fire Appaals
Five appeals on beliall or
the Rosenbergs were taken bs
high as the Supreme Court.
But only one produced a
really dramatic turn.
On June 17, iosj, two aays
before the spies were to die.
Supreme Court Justice Wil
liam O. Douglas granted the
Rosenbergs a stay on grounds
there were "serious doubts"
that they could be sentenced
to death. But the stay was
short-lived. The full court
vacated it by a vote of 6-2.
As the day for electrocution
drew near, President Eiscn
hower was besciged with ap
peals for clemency. In fact,
the White House received
more mail on the Rosenbergs
than it had on any issue sines
Eisenhower took office. Mrs.
Rosenberg herself wrote
Eisenhower a letter asking
for clemency.
"Ask yourself," she said,
whether the death sentence
"docs not serve the ends of
force and violence rather than
enlightened justice."
Eisenhower turned down
all the appeals. On rejecting
the last on the day set for
the execution, he said:
Refused Clemency
"By immeasurably increas
ing the chances of atomic war,
the Rosenbergs may have con
demned to death tens of mil
lions of Innocent people all .
over the world. The execu
tion of two human beings U 3
grave matter, but even graver
is the thought of the millions
whose deaths may be directly
attributable to what these
spies have done. ... I will not
Intervene in this matter.
On the night of the execu
tion, pickets paraded back
and forth in front of the
White House urging Eisen-
1 . U i.. Millfl
nOWCr 1U UliaiigV ma iiiiiiv.
Across the street a crowd esti
mated at 7.000 persons
watched the drama run to the
final curtain.
In Sing Sings death row,
the Rosenbergs prepared
calmly for their fate. The
Justice Department offered
them a reprieve, if they would
confess. They said nothing.
At 8:06 p.m., EDT, Julius
Rosenberg was pronounced
dead. Ten minutes later
Elhcl was dead