Winter Pear Research Opens Doors
To New Markets, Aids Storage Life
MEDFO&D MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD. OREGON
TUESDAY. JUNE It. 163
Corvalllf - Dividends meas
ured in multi-million dollar
totaU come ircm agricutural
research in Oregon every
year, according to a report
prepared by F. E. Price, dean
and director of agriculture
at Oregon Staje university.
Dramatic advances are be
ing made in agriculture and
they're not coming by chance.
Price said. "They're coming
from research."
In terms of "no-inflation
dollars," cash receipts from
farm marketings have dou
bled in Oregon since 1925,
Price notes in his summary
on accomplishments of the
Picker Efficiency
Study Results
Given for Area
Corvallis Studies aimed
at improving picker effic
iency and thus cutting costs
for Oregon's apple and pear
growers were reported by R.
D. Langmo, Oregon State Uni
versity agricultural econo
mist, at the recent Oregon
State Horticultural Society's
meeting on the OSU campus.
Information gathered the
last two years will be a firm
foundation for future studies
which, In time, may compare
costs of conventional hand
'picking methods with more
mechanized means.
The time and motion studies
.conducted in Medford pear or
chards in 1961 and 1962 are
the most intensive studies
made of tree fruit picking in
this area, Langmo explained.
Although the primary interest
has been in pears, the find
ings will generally apply to
apple orchards.
The studies are aimed at
determining the actual effec
tive productive time or activ
ity of the picker, the econo
mist explained. This is becom
ing increasingly important to
the orchardist who is finding
it difficult to obtain the kind
of labor he wants when he
needs it. Not as many workers
would be needed if picker ef
fectiveness is improved.
Shows Time Allocation
The study showed that pick
ers spent 31 per cent of the
time moving themselves,
fruit, boxes and ladders and
only 28 per cent of their
working time actually picking
fruit. , .
Low picker productivity re
sults in scheduling problems
and increases the indirect
costs associated with picking.
He feels picker efficiency can
be improved through better
planning and supervision by
the grower.
During the 1962 season, a
similar study was made with
the pickers using self-propelled,
three-wheeled machines
to move themselves about the
trees. When this study is com
pleted, researchers will be in
a better position to make cost
comparisons, Langmo said.
Additional study is plan
ned for the 1963 season, again
with machines. However,
next year, facilities permit
ting, pickers will unload the
fruit into bulk bins that re
. quire shorter stops and fewer
delays than is possible with
the conventional field lugs.
A complete report of the
1961 study is included In a
special report entitled "Labor
Utilization in Picking Pears"
published by the OSU Agri
cultural Experiment Station.
Copies of the report may be
obtained by contacting the
OSU department of agricul
tural economics.
OSU Agricultural Experiment
station. Agriculture is now a
$600,000,000 yearly business
in Oregon with 4T per cent
coming from livestock and S3
per cent from crops.
Price cites these examples
of ag research dividends:
Research on winter pears
has produced storage and
ripening procedures that open
ed new markets. Winter
pears are now a $13 million
industry in the state. Current
research at OSU is expected
to add six to 12 weeks more
to the storage life.
Omar wheat variety intro
duced by OSU and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture
boosted wheat yields in Sher
man county by nearly 10
bushels to the acre, adding
about $1,800,000 a year to the
county wheat crop. A brand
new variety, Gaines, promises
to boost yields perhaps as
much as 20 bushels to the
acre in the area around Pen
dleton. Fertilizer was not consid
ered of value on wheat - Ore
gon's No. 1 crop - until re-
CORDON OFF MINE
Mbane, Swaziland-flJPD-Six-hundred
battle-ready British
troops cordoned off the Have
loch Mine north of here to
day in an effort to break the
26-day-old strike at the
world's largest asbestos mine
Market To Expand
For Oregon Beef
Corvallis - Expanding Cali
fornia markets for Oregon
grown beef were predicted by
a west coast livestock special
ist at the annual Oregon' State
university beef cattle day.
Some signs indicate that
cattle feeding in California
has reached its peak and may
taper off in years ahead, re
ported Reuben Albaugh, Uni
versity of California.
At the same time, demand
for finished beef in California
will Increase rapidly with the
state's population growth and
high-level per capita income,
Albaugh told some ISO Ore
gon cattlemen attending the
meeting.
California now Imports
nearly 2 million head of stock
er and feeder cattle that are
finished in California feedlots.
The state also imports about
one-half Its needed supply of
livestock feeds for finishing
beef animals in lots. This com
bination of Importing both un
finished animals and feed im
poses limitations even though
feedlots are highly efficient,
operating on large volume,
low-unit profits, the specialist
exlained.
Cattle Imported
More than 450,000 head of
finished cattle were imported
into California in 1962 for
immediate slaughter with
about three - fourths of this
number coming from Arizona
Oregon supplied only 18,000
head but has the potential tor
greatly increased sales of fin
ished beef, believe many Ore
gon livestock market authori
ties. - - ':
In 1961, Oregon produced
about 500,000 calves and 166,
000 cull cows - most of which
were shipped out of state for
finishing in states that have
developed grain feeding in
dustries, according to a re
cent study by Oregon State
university.
Beef cattle feeding in Ore
gon now generates about $53
million annually in local eco
nomic activity. The OSU
study estimates it would be
$250 million if the state's po
tential feed grain resources
were "marketed" through fin
ished beef.
Beef market opportunities
in California were pointed up
by Albaugh with a report that
California's present popula
tion of more tnan 18 million
persons is expected to top 21
million by 1970. And Califor
nian's are heavy beef eaters
about 130 pounds per capita
a year compared to 87 pounds
for the U. S. average. This is,
in part, a reflection of high
income per capita.
cent research. Use of nitrogen
has increased wheat yields by
13 to 23 per cent.
Sagebrush land that was
once nearly worthies is be
ing reclaimed and seeded to
grass for cattle. Research on
chemical control of sagebrush,
best grass varieties, and de
velopment of a special seeder
make it possible.
Oregon's $20,000,000 grass
and legume seed industry was
developed from research at
OSU, Price points out. This,
in turn, brought $4,000,000
seed cleaning and processing
industry in Oregon.
S p r i n kler irrigation has
brought thousands of acres
under water, increased crop
yields and quality, and gen
erated a big sprinkler irri
gation manufacturing indus
try for Oregon.
Oregon growers of vegeta
ble crops and small fruits re
ceive $43,000,000 annually:
the processed value is $110,-
000,000.
Conservative estimates of
annual savings from the di
seases that have yielded to
research discoveries include:
fowl pox vaccination for
chickens and turkeys, $250
000 savings annually: pullo-
rum control for poultry, $400,-
000; selenium treatment for
white muscle disease and
scours in lambs and calves.
$630,000: mastitis control in
dairy cattle, $800,000: brucel
losis control in dairy and beef
cattle, $1,000,000.
Weed control in strawber.
ries has been cut from $100
per acre 10 years ago to $20
per acre now.
Controls have been devel
oped for damaging deadbud
disease in cherries, which in
1954 threatened the cherry
industry in Marion and Polk
counties.
An OSU entomologist has
develped artificial soil beds
for alkali bees that are such
highly effective pollinators of
alfalfa seed that yields have
been increased 200 to 500 per
cent.
Shilts in crops have come
with research, Price contin
ued. Grain and hay are giv
ing way to more intensive
and higher-paying crops such
as peas, green beans, berries
and seeds.
Both farmers and consum
ers benefit from the research,
he emphasized.
"One farmer today in one
hour can produce what four
farmers did in the same time
shortly after World War I.
That same farmer increased
his productivity three times
as fast as the worker in in
dustry between 1947 and
1958.
"The average American
consumer uses only 19 per
cent of his earnings now to
buy food, compared to 56
per cent in Russia and 40 to
50 per- cent in most other
nations," Price continued.
"Just 10 years ago too, food
costs in America accounted
for more than 23 per cent of
the average family income."
It's So gasij To Use
RMUOA
ROCK
Sour Cream Law
Gets Amendment
Salem - Production of sour
cream by direct addition of
lactic acid will be permitted
in Oregon under a state de
partment of agriculture ad
ministrative, order amending
the standard of identity of
sour cream.
The regulation, which be
comes effective June 25, also
permits use of a starter cul
ture distillate and approved
edible stabilizer and establish
es a standard of identity for
cultured sour cream that does
not contain added citric acid
or starter culture distillate.
Under the order the use of
salt, lactose, citric acid or
starter culture distillate is op
tional, but when these are
used they must be named on
the label.
Previously the standard of
identity had permitted produc
tion of sour cream by only
natural bacterial action with
a lactic acid producing cul
ture. Sour cream produced
by this method will now bear
the label of "Cultured Sour
Cream."
State Wool Price
Outlook Strong,
Economist Says
Corvallis - Economic forces
influencing 1963 Oregon wool
prices suggest a fairly strong
market undertone, with the
main uncertainties being the
recent increases in U. S. wool
stocks and the attitude of fab
ric makers toward buying
wool at the higher prevail
ing prices.
This is the way Stephen C.
Marks, Oregon state univer
sity extension agricultural
economist, sees the outlook
for wool. He makes his obser
vations in the new Oregon
Farm and Market Outlook
circular now available from
county extension offices.
Oregon wool prices in Feb
ruary averaged 21 per cent,
or 9 cents a pound higher,
than a year ago after prices
advanced on all wool grades
in late 1962 and in January,
Marks noted.
Overseas wool auctions con
tinued to display firm
undertone in early March,
giving support to U. S. pro
duced apparel wools. Pros
pects are that domestic and
world wool prices will remain
at recent levels until this
spring when the U. S. short
wool crop is available in sea
sonally larger volume, he
adds.
Smaller Supplies Stan
Wool supplies in the year
ahead may be, smaller both
nationally and 'worldwide be
cause of smaller carryover
stocks in 1962 and smaller
production in the 1962-63
market year, the economist
points out. ,
In February, the U. S.
counted - about 70 million
pounds of clean wool on
hand, an increase of 8 per
cent over last year. The in
crease, reported by the Wool
Associates, probably reflects
recent large imports, Marks
said.
United States mill use of
wool in 1963 Is expected to
remain relatively stable at
around the 279-million pound
mark of 1962, the highest
since 1956, he commented.
He noted that an unusual
wool market feature
this year has been substantial
wintertime contracting by
woolen mills in Texas and
Wyoming, the leading wool
producing states, as well as
in Colorado and Idaho.
This suggested less buyer in
terest in the spring as mills
satisfy their needs through
contracting. Because of this.
advances in wool prices after
mid-year as in 1961 and 1962
may not be repeated 'this
year, he adds.
Domestic Use Drops
At the same time, domestic
mill use dropped below year
earlier levels in late 1962 as
did orders at weaving mills
which have increased inven
tories. This does not indicate
an extended downward price
trend, Marks emphasized, be
cause these relationships
could be reversed in rela
tively short time. -
However, he cautions, the
less encouraging ratio of in
ventories to unfilled orders
may reflect a broader shift by
fabric makers to synthetics.
Trade reports show wool in
dustry concern that customers
may step-up the use of lower
priced man-made fabrics in
clothing because of higher
wool prices.
An alternative available to
the U. S. textile industry to
paying higher prices for for
eign apparel wools is to im
port more wool textile prod
ucts from Japan, Italy and
England. Imports last year
reached record levels, he said.
However, Marks points out
that this alternative is un
certain because the U. S. wool
textile industry is striving
for quantity restrictions on
fabric Imports similar to
those negotiated for cotton
last year.
A .7
Plan To Curb Mobile Slaughter Unit .Operators
In ...eat Transportation Topic of Public Hearing
Where do legislative pow
ers end and administrative
powers begin?
That seemed to be the main
question during public hear
ing yesterday noon in the
Jackson county courthouse.
Thirty people, almost all of
them farmers and operators
of mobile slaughter units and
packing plants, heard the pro
posal to forbid mobile slaugh
ter unit operators to transport
the slaughtered carcass.
Testimony of various public
operators showed they thought
this a main part of their serv
ice and would virtually elim
inate them.
State Rep. John Dellenback
(R-Medford) and State Sen.
Lyndel Newbry (R-Talent)
said removal of the transpor
tation clause in the present
law would seem to eliminate
the mobile plant operators and
would conflict with legisla
ture intent. The senate agri
cultural committee tabled
Senate Bill 103 which would
forbid storage of non-inspected
meat with inspected meat.
Newbry said his committee
felt this would virtually elim
inate mobile slaughter which
testimony revealed performs
a valuable service to the
farmer.
"This regulation has beenlin
effect three years. It is most
unwise to decide precipitously
to repeal It. Since this would
conflict with legislative intent
it is a policy decision which
should be brought to the 1965
legislature," Dellenback em
phasized. .
Newbry said he had heard
testimony that uninspected or
"bootleg1 meat could make
people ill, but had never
heard of anybody becoming
sick from such meat.
"This is the meat which Is
butchered on the mountain
side, drug through the can
yons and hung on a tree to
cure, but I don't know of any
case in Oregon where some
body has become ill from eat
ing such meat.
Newbry said he had heard
virtually the same testimony
from the same people on the
senate bill.
Dellenback said the state bile operators, said the cros-
department of agriculture ent Uw regulating mobile
must have been aware of this ... ,-.. m, . .,
ronfiinin. r.i.i slauShter uniu came into be-
the state legislature adjourn-1 in" 1959- He interpreted
ed but it did not bring it to
the attention of the commit
tee considering Senate Bill
103.
Pat Emmons, Albany at
torney representing the mo-
All Egg Licenses
Must Be Renewed
Salem - This is the time
of the year when Oregon egg
producers and dealers renew
their producer-dealer egg per
mits with the Oregon depart
ment of agriculture.
Deadline for the renewals
is July 1. Those now holding
permits will be sent renewal
applications by the depart
ment and any not receiving
them should contact the de
partment,
These-permits are required
of all producers selling direct
ly to eating establishments,
bakeries and food manufac
turers and all dealers selling
to retailers. Those retailers,
who grade . their own eggs,
are also required to secure
the permits, whicii cost $2,
Exempt
. Exempt from securing the
permits are those producers
who sell directly to the indi
vidual consumer and do not
grade their eggs.
July Is also the deadline for
completion of egg case fee
reports for the fiscal year
July, 1962, through June,
1963. These are required of
all producers selling more
than 200 cases of eggs a year,
even if they are not required,
to have a permit. The first
200 cases are exempt from the
fee. The rate for all above
that is 2 Mi cents per case.
Forms for this report are pro
vided by the Oregon depart
ment of agriculture, Salem 10,
Oregon. I
it as giving the mobile oper
ators license to transport.
Now the state department of
agriculture wants to amend
the regulations speci"cally for
bidding mobile operators to
transport their slaughtered
meat.
Spent Money '
Various mobile operators
testified that they had spent
considerable money in mak
ing their trucks sanitary and
to convert them to comply
with all state regulations. Re
moval of the transportation
right will force them out of
business, they said.
John Bohnert, Central
Point, representing the Jack
son County Stockmen's as
sociation legislative commit
tee, said his association is
opposed to any restriction on
farm butchering. The farmer
has too many restrictions on
him now, he said.
He and other farmers who
testified said they prefer to
have the meat butchered on
their farms and hauled di
rectly into the cooler. This
is more sanitary, particularly
during hot weather, then
leaving it on the ranch for
the farmer to take care of.
Bohnert added that beef has
been butchered on his place
for 20 years and hauled Off.
"They (the mobile operators)
are quite expert. There's not
a speck of dirt that gets on
the carcass he said. "Not too
many .farmers are properly
equipped to butcher their own
beef and haul it into a meat
packing pliint."
Most farmers testified that
they kept most of the meat
for their own use or would
sell it to close neighbors and
friends.
Shooting Bulttrflies
"This is like shooting but
terflies with a cannon," Mrs.
Carl von dcr Hellen, Eagle
Point, remarked. "If spoiled
meat is being sold through re
tail channels find out who
the few are who are selling
It. Why penalize the many for
the few?"
Nobody testified for the
amendment yesterday after
noon, although William South
worth, assistant director of the
state department of agricul
ture said he expected testi
mony in favor of the amend
ment during this Wednesday's
hearing in Salem. Mrs. von
der Hellen retorted, "This is
a local problem and should
be handled on a local basis.
Representatives of soma
local meat packing houses at
tended the meeting, but did
not testify. Others who testi
fied were John Johnson, Eagle
Point, Clyde Brown, Gold
Hill, a Eugene man, Richard
McKee, Dundee, all mobile
plant operators; Max . Wil
liams, Grants Pass, and A. C.
Allen Jr., Eagle Point, both
farmers.
Southworth said the record
ed testimony would be studied
and evaluated by James
Short, Oregon Agriculture de
partment director; . himself
and an assistant attorney gen
eral. In answer to the state leg
islators' comments, . South
worth said the department
would have to repeal the reg
ulation if It were found to be
in conflict with other regula
tions regardless of Judicial
opinion.
Feebfe Cries Guide
Gold Mine Rescuers '
Johannesburg, South Africa
-HJPD-Rescue workers, guided
by feeble cries for help, dug
today toward what may be the
only survivor of a gold mine
disaster near here.
At least 13 bodies, Including
those of two white men, have
been recovered from the freak
rockfall at the 4,000-foot level
of the Grootvlcl Mine. At
least seven other men were
believed killed.
One African had been
heard crying for help, but
rescuers said his cries were
growing weaker by the hour.
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