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Flight o' Time
Mcdford and Jackson County
History from the files of Th
Mail Trlbun. 10, 20, 30, 40
and 50 years ago.
10 YEARS AGO
Mitv 19, 1953 (Tueiday)
A light plane with four per
sons aboard was missing to
day over mountainous country
on a flight from Gold Beach
to Grants Pass.
Medford man dies in the
city jail about midnight; an
autopsy will be performed. ;
20 YEARS AGO
May 19, 1943 (Wednetday)
Medford High school stu
dents, Including June Jarmin,
Francis Nordquist, Robert
Pittnegcr, Harry V a n d e r
Mark, and Beverly Jones, re
ceive college scholarships.
From Arthur Perry's ''Ye
Smudge Pot column: 'A de
fender of boys with, alrgun
writes: 'Have you never been
a bov.' We rise to ask the
inquirer: 'Have you ever been
a bird?'
30 YEARS AGO
May 19, 1933 (Friday)
Wide Interest reported In
speed boat races next Sunday
at Emigrant lake.
Salmon fishing in Rogue
river reported Improving.
40 YEARS AGO
May 19. 1923 (Saturday)
First delegates arrive in
Medford for convention of
Oregon Federation of Wom
en's clubs.
First grasshoppers start to
hutch; experts indicate there
may bo millions of the lnsocts
in the valley by midsummer.
SO YEARS AGO
May 19, 1913 (Monday)
Total of 56 out of 67 Med
ford eighth grade students
pass exams for one of best
records in state.
Southern Pacific railroad
representative prom iscs to
end all discrimination against
Medford as gateway to Crater
Lake.
What's Your I.Q.?
Nina ot ten correct Is superior:
oven or eight It encelleal: lire or
six is good.
1. Is the term Pllmscll't
Line a surveying, mining,
nautical, or medical term?
2. Is Perchcron the name of
a breed of swine, horses, or
cattle?
3. Which Is the earth's most
abundant metallic clement?
4. Does a biennial plant last
one, two, or three years?
9. Do more fires in the U. S
result from matches and
smoking, electrical troubles
incendiarism or spontaneous
Ignition?
6. For how long I continu.
ous period must a single per
son have been a lawful resi
dent of the U. S. In order to
obtain cillrenship?
7. Mt. Rushmore National
Memorial is located in which
state? I
8. Who was the first Presi
dent to occupy the executive
mansion?
9. Is It the male, female or
both sexes of crickets that
produces the chirping sound?
10. An absolute vacuum has
never been produced; true or
false?
Answers: 1, Nautical. S.
Horses. 3. Aluminum. 4, Two
years. 3. Matches and smok
ing. 6. Five years. 7. 8ouih Da
kota. (. John Adams, I. Mala.
10. Trua.
SUNDAY. MAY 18. 19(3
Nonsense Amendments
Three proposed Constitutional amendments
advanced in the name of
best hope of success in silence, Ihey have sailed
through a number of legislatures with virtually
no public notice.
But now that more
formed on this campaign to revolutionize our
form of government
confederacy its chances are fortunately grow
ing dimmer.
"NE proposal provides
the Constitution shall
states to apportion their
This language would permit Southern legislatures
to disenfranchise Negroes by unrestrained gerry
mandering and other devices. It would let other
legislatures effectively limit the vote to farmers
or to any special or favored group without any
constitutional restraint.
A second proposition is to let the state legis
latures amend the Constitution in the future
without the necessity of approval by Congress
or any other national forum. It has been calculat
ed that legislators representing a mere 15 per
cent of the population of the United states would
then have the power to amend the Constitution
for all of us. This would be possible because of
the existing unfair districts in many state legis
latures. PINALLY, there is a proposal for a Court of the
F Union, composed of the 50 state chief justices,
to review Supreme Court decisions. This is anoth
er preposterous idea to
elected and lacking the
tenure, above the justices ol the highest 1" ederal
court. It would be a long step backward to a
confederacy.
These three nonsensical proposals have al
ready passed too many legislatures for comfort,
It is the duty of the organized bar to speak out
against them.
The leaders of both parties have a similar
duty, for surely no responsible figure in govern
ment can think that the way to.meet the problems
of today is to retreat into the sectionalism of a
bygone age. New York Times.
Best System
Tiny Kuwait, a shiekdom a little bigger than
Lane County with a population smaller than
Portland s, may soon be a
Nations, with a full vote in
Meanwhile, as Egypt, Syria and Iraq glue togeth
er their United Arab Republic, they prepare to
reduce their United Nations representation from
three units to only one.
Such examples of the
rule in the General Assembly always dredge up
demands for some modification of this rule. Cri
tics urge that other considerations, among them
population, area, gross national product and mili
tary capability, be used to create a formula which
would be more realistic.
And such a change is
first glance.
HOWEVER, before we Americans get too en
f Vina oat In olinnf nVi on nrit-i rr fVio cvofom woM
better see how a change would affect us. Rec
ently, a team of State Department researchers
looked into this question. They worked out lo sys
tems for weighted voting. Then they took 170
United Nations votes that they regarded as key
votes since the organization was established.
Ihey fed this material
puter.
Almost without exception, they found, the in
terests of this country would have been harmed
by a system, any system, of weighted votine. Al
most any system would
munist bloc in the United Nations from 10 per
cent to 20 per cent.
Population accounts
country's dependable mends are relatively small
Of the world's six most populous nations, no
others may be safely counted upon to vote with
the United States (No.
other five of the six account for just about half
ot the population of the
Guard.
To the
Most Canadians will observe the Queen's
birthday Monday, May 20. By a proclamation is
sued six years ago, the sovereign's birthday is
made to coincide with Empire Day or Victoria
Day, and this is designated as the' last Monday
before May 25.
Elizabeth II "bv the trrace of God. of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland, and of Her other Realms and Territories
Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, and Defend
er of the Faith," in the style recommended by
Debrett's was 37 years old on April 21 last, her
truly natal day. But even in the United Kingdom
she observes two birthday anniversaries, the ac
tual anniversary and the "official" one. The of
ficial one, when the Queen's honor list is an
nounced, usally comes in June.
Incidentally, it is not uncharitable, not even
impolite, to mention the Queen's true age. The
British affection for monarchs grows with the
passing of time. Victoria was most beloved when
her subjects began to speak of her as "the old
guhl." E.R.R. ,
"states' rights" had their
people are becoming in
revolutionize it back to a
that "no provision" of
restrict the power of the
legislatures as they wish.
set state judges, mostly
independence of life
member of the United
the General Assembly.
"one member, one vote"
an appealing idea at
into an electronic com
have increased the Com
for this. Most of this
4 in population). The
world. Lugene Register
Queen
"Meanwhile, Back
.-4.
Today & Tomorrow
By Walter
As) 1063, The
MR. PEARSON AND
MR. KENNEDY
The general effect of the
meeting at Hyannis Port be
tween the Canadian Prime
Minister and
the United
S t a tes Presi
ripnt has been
tnat oI 8 good
auiuuuiiig aim
a cool shower
after a muddy
K r a w 1 fin
3 doubt " takes
sa two to start
LiDomaon such a brawl,
and a lot of explaining and
counter-explaining would be
possible. Both governments
know that such brawls are
intolerable.
The President went as far
as proud governments ever go
in acknowledging a fault
when he joined with Mr. Pear
son in stressing "the impor
tance of each country show
ing regard for the view of the
other where attitudes differ."
The Canadian Prime Minister
for his part scrubbed out the
suspicious nationalism of his
predecessor by his very pres
ence at Hyannis Port. For Les
ter Pearson docs not merely
approve, after a lifetime of
experience, he Incarnates, the
hope of building "a true com
munity of the Atlantic peo
ples." a e ..
ALTHOUGH he and the
President promised to set
tle a number of practical mat
ters, such as the nasty mess
about continental defense,
they agreed that "the two
countries will inevitably have
different views on internation
al issues from time to time."
It is ail to the good that
they should have different
views. Nothing could possibly
be worse for Canadian-United
States relations than that Can
ada would automatically agree
with us.
In many ways, the greatest
service that Canada has done
the United States in this gen
eration is to produce a crop
of first-quality diplomats who
have been able lo give inde
pendent, expert and quite can
did advice. Though on funda
mentals they have always
been with us, they have stood
away from us enough to be
free of our own prejudices and
excitements. Mr. Pearson is
himself one of these diplo
mats, and from them we have
received the kind of intellec
tual and moral help which
can come only from a true
ally, never from a sycophant
or a client or a satellite.
rPHIS
A Unit
WIS is a time when the
ited States, with Its
global commitments, is very
specially in need of the kind
of wisdom and candor which
Canada, pre-eminently among
all our allies, can give us.
The postwar structure of our
"Of course I'm against a
il'a torialiitd gambllngl"
'3 rr
J i i J. nr--Y w w
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD, OREGON
At The Earth-
Lippmann
Wash I ni? ton Post
foreign policy in Europe is
profoundly shaken, and the
problem of what to do and of
what comes after is as much
Canada's problem as our own.
At the same time, the old
isolationist pattern of hemi
spheric relations is dissolving
in the Caribbean and South
America, and we shall need
greater Canadian participation
in hemispheric affairs and the
good offices of Canada in per
suading the Europeans and
other countries to play their
necessary part in this hemi
sphere. e
IT WILL be a mistake, how
ever, if we concentrate our
whole attention on foreign
policy. There is a serious prob
lem in the relations between
Canada and the United States
which is not referred to in the
Hyannis Port communique. It
broods over all our relations.
It is the problem of the great
United States economic pene
tration of Canadian industry.
It should be said at once
that the United States invest
ment in Canadian industry is
not sinister. Canada, like the
United States in its own peri
od of industrial development,
has had to draw capital from
abroad. The problem is pri
marily, perhaps wholly, one
of inducing the great United
States' interests in Canada to
proceed with all deliberate
speed to Canadianize the own
ership and the direction and
the operation of their compa
nies. It cannot make for the kind
of good relations we need to
have with Canada that a total
of 52 per cent of the capital
invested in manufacturing and
in mining is controlled in the
United States. In certain key
industries, the control is even
greater: rubber, 90 per cent;
agricultural machinery, 55 per
cent; automobiles and parts,
96 per cent; electrical appara
tus, 67 per cent; smelting and
refining of non-ferrous ores,
per cent.
HAVE an impression from
talking to certain Ameri
cans with interests in Canada
that they arc beginning to
realize how undesirable and
potentially dangerous is the
excessive United States' con
trol of Canadian industry. I
hope nobody will fly off the
handle at that remark. No
body is talking of confiscation
or nationalization. But the
fact that more than half the
capital of Canadian industry
is controlled in the United
States is a perpetual Irritant.
The solution of the problem
is not one for legislation or
treaty, but for voluntary ac
tion by the United States' in
terests in cooperation with
their Canadian associates.
Canada is the kind of country
with which this kind of prob
lem can be handled unexcitcd
ly In a spirit of mutually
enlightened self-interest.
jorernment-owned lottery
V H TT
Matter of Fact
(c Nfw York Herald
THE DEMONOLOGICAL
REVOLUTION
Washington - Like most ex
perts, the professional stu
dents of the Soviet Union
sometimes go
wrong; but at
all times the
findings of the
new demonol
ogists greatly
influence
Western poli-
cy. Hence the
beginning of
some thing
Aiinp like a demon
ological revolution is well
worth recording.
In brief, more and more of
the Soviet experts, including
some who are very highly
placed in the U. S. govern
ment, are moving toward the
view that the Soviet armed
forces now play a major role
in the inner politics of the
Kremlin.
The probably impending
promotion of Dimltri F. Usti
nov to membership in the rul
ing Soviet Presidium is a
new case in point. Before he
emerged from obscurity as
boss of all Soviet industrial
production and one of the
three Deputy Premiers, Usti
nov had served the Soviet
armed forces, without a day's
interruption, since as long ago
as 1940.
ARMS production for the
" armed forces was his sole
job before his recent promo
tion. He has had no previous
party past. Hence Ustinov's
nomination to the Presidium,
If it occurs, will be roughly
comparable to the new Air
Force's persuading President
Kennedy to take the head of
the Boeing company as one of
his principal political aides.
In other words, it Is diffi
cult, to dodge the conclusion
that Ustinov will have the
role of the Soviet Defame
Ministry's representative on
the Presidium. That conclu
sion fits neatly with another
curious fact.
The Soviet Defense Minis
ter, Marshal Rodion Malinov
sky, who is not a Presidium
member, nonthclcss attended
all the Soviet leaders' meet
ings with Fidel Castro, even
though the most important
meetings were otherwise re
stricted to Nikita S. Khrush
chev and two other Presidium
members, Leonid I. Brezhnev
and Alexei N. Kosygin. This
sudden omnipresence of Mali-
novsky also fits, in turn, with
still another fact that is even
more curious.
e e
WHILE in Indonesia, Malin
" ovsky is known to have
shown grave concern, lest he
meet the fate of Marshal Gcor-
gl Zhukov on his return to the
Soviet Union. If Malinovsky
had not been asserting himself
politically, as Zhukov did be
fore his downfall, why should
he have feared Zhukov's fate?
In truth, the weight of the
facts is very heavy on the
side of the new trend of dc
monological thought. It is a
revolutionary trend, simply
because all but the tiniest mi
nority of students of Soviet
affairs have always believed,
hitherto, that the armed forces
had no political role or influ
ence whatever.
This was true, of course,
when the Soviet military lead
ers, like every other clement
in Soviet society, were frozen
into silent, unarguing obedi
ence by Stalin's terror.
A Bleak Negro Future: Rights
By ERIC SEVAREID
The struggle of the Ameri
can Negro for full citizenship
-a true, seminal, peoples revo-
1 1 u 1 1 o n is a
! dim) strinrole.
Con t a 1 n e d
within the ob
vious black
versus white
showdown in
t h e South is
the black vcr
s u s black
sho w d o w n
Stv.rrld within Nrgro
ranks. After 50 years the Ne
Rro intramural contest is no
longer one between the "ac-
comodationist" stratcgv school
of which Booker T. Washing
ton was the mentor, and the
"militancy" school, led by the
NAACP. The contest is now
between the militancy school
and the extremist school, now
most loudly represented by
the "Black Muslims."
The militancy of the
NAACP, whose work in Birm
ingham before the mass riot
ing began was in the direct
line of the position taken at
its founding meeting in 1909
"absolutc refusal to differenti
ate the rights of
human
beings" - has never been In
tended to mean violence.
while recognizing that vio
lence might occur. It was in
tended to mean violence,
while recognizing that vio
lence might occur. It was In
tended to mean fore, inter
preted as the force of massed
numbers, incessant protest,
and the force of law employed
mm
Joseph Alsop
Tribune Syndicate
TN
A loi
REALITY, the demono-
logical belief of the Soviet
armed forces' divorce from
politics ceased to be valid
soon after Stalin died. In the
subsequent struggle for pow
er, the successive upward
steps of Khrushchev were ex
actly paralleled by the rise
of Marshal Zhukov. While
Khrushchev climbed to su
preme power, Zhukov rose
from Deputy Minister of De-
tense (to wnicn ne returnea
from exile as soon as btalin
died) to Defense Minister, to
candidate member of the Pre
sidium, to full member of Pre
sidium after he had saved
Khrushchev from the anti-party
group in 1057.
To be sure, Khrushchev
then secretly organized the
destruction of Zhukov, prob
ably with Malinovsky's help.
But this macabre end of the
story in no way dilutes the
evidence that Zhukov, rep
resenting the armed forces,
was a major factor in Khrush
chev's rise from the very out
set of the succession r-isis.
It seems more and more
probable that there was an
other inner-political crisis in
the Kremlin this winter - a
crisis in which the armed
forces were once again a ma
jor factor, temporarily sup
porting the now-stricken Frol
Kozlov in opposition to Khru
shchev. It also seems probable
that Khrushchev paid a heavy
price to retain control of the
situation, including agreement
to the large increase in Soviet
defense spending which is
now generally forecast.
EVEN those demonologists
who have reluctantly be
gun to concede a political role
to the Soviet armed forces
are not of course talking
about the militarization of So
viet society. They are merely
arguing that the Soviet mili
tary have considerable politi
cal weight - political weight
which may become decisive
when the party leadership is
divided, and it is cast into
one side of the balance or the
other.
Even so, the concession now
being made is both major and
chilling. It is chilling, in par
ticular, because each new cri
sis of succession will give the
Soviet military a new oppor
tunity to exploit their politi
cal weight by backing one of
the contenders, as Zhukov
backed Khrushchev.
This cannot happen very
often without tending toward
militarization. Hence what
happens when Khrushchev
goes - and he is 69 and over
weight - will be most inter
esting to watch.
In the Day's News
By FRANK JENKINS
The Big News today?
It's still Astronaut Cooper.
WHY did
he make the
" flig
ght?
It wasn't just a stunt to see
if we could do it. We KNEW
barring the totally not-to-be-expected
we could do it.
We had done it twice before
and what one has done
twice before one is fairly con
fident one can do again.
The problem was one of
WEIGHTLESSNESS and air.
Especially weight lessness.
The astronaut can carry his
air in the form of oxygen.
Lack of weight is a horse of
another color.
to the hilt. The aims have al
ways been limited to those
simple human rights common
to the rest of us and shared
within our common society.
The Black Muslims preach
hatred of the whites as a race,
which is a negation of the
democratic principle of the in
dividuality of guilt, and total,
geographical separatism,
which is a practical impossi
bility. For some years now, the
old - line accommodationists
among Ncgrcos, those humbly
willing to work their way
through self improvement,
have been in sharp decline,
and the strategy concept and
staff of the NAACP have been
in control of forward Negro
ranks. Until Birmingham they
appeared as extremists in the
eyes of many whites, par
ticularly in the south: now
they will appear to everyone
as the moderates.
What they have been trying
to do, in a phrase, is simply
to undo the undoing of the
Emancipation Proclama t i o n
and the Thirteenth, Four
teenth and Fifteenth Amend
ments, the undoing that was
I accomplished by an intricate
series of laws and regulations
in the South during the last
25 years ot the 19th century,
culminating in the 1896 Su
preme Court decision which
sealed the whole package with
the stamp of "separate but
equal."
It was the 1954 school in
tegration decision which tore
the package open again, in
aajwi urn as I
TEXAS - THE STATE
WITH BIGGER VIGOR
We stepped from a plane at
the Dallas airport last week
into 94 warm degrees, a full
50 more than where we board
ed the plane. Not only docs
Texas have bigger tempera
ture, it seems to have bigger
everything.
A very long escalator and
moving sidewalk carry
crowding passengers between
the boarding gates and the
terminal areas. We resisted a
strong impulse to turn around
suddenly and shout, "Every
body back! Everybody back!"
just to see what would hap
pen. In the center of the very
ornate terminal stands an im
pressive statue of a Texas
Ranger with a plaque read
ing, "One Riot - One Ranger."
We considered several ways
of starting one riot so we
could see one Ranger but gave
it up in our haste to see Big D.
(Big D stands for Dallas but
we suspect that it could also
stand for Big Deal.)
MONEY, TEXAS STYLE
Wa don't know ii every
one in Texas is rich but wa
have reason to believe that
ihey ara pretty well fixed.
Wa tipped a bellboy 50 cants
and ha gave us a dollar
in change. Try to change a
S20 bill and expect to be
told. "Man in Texas that
IS change."
THE LANGUAGE THEY
SPEAK
Most Texans speak Texan,
a language somewhat differ
ent from Oregon talk. "Hce
ah" means here, "They-ah"
means there, "Braid" is bread,
"Frod" is fried, "Fray-ush"
is fresh and "Ee-yew" is you.
5D
WIDE TEXAS-WIDE
SCREEN
Wa note that soma prog
ress has been made in tha
matter of integration be-
WHAT is weightlessness?
It is a measure of the
amount of force with which a
body is pulled toward the
earth by gravity. At the cen
ter of the earth, a body would
have no weight at all because
it would be equally attracted
in all directions.
The scientists tell us that
the farther a body is from the
center of the earth the less
will be the force of gravity
and therefore the less weight
it will have.
OO-
The farther out in space
man gets the less WEIGHT
there is until the point arrives
where there is no weight at
all. If you should drop your
watch out there in far distant
space it won't fall to the floor
and be damaged. It will just
FLOAT AROUND.
We need to know more
about this business of weight
and the lack of it. That's one
of the reasons for these space
flights.
what Negro leaders regard
with some right at the first
official re-affirmation of the
Emancipation Proclamation in
almost a century. If, as I be
lieve, we are in the presence
of a true people's revolution,
the history books will most
probably date its combustion,
if not its origin, from the 1954
decision.
When the President's Com
mission on National Goals, in
1960, came to the matter of
the "sordid or timid tech
niques of unequal treatment
that still leave millions out
side the circle of first-class
citizenship," it added these
words:
"If thit means that soma
man mutt renounce old
privileges In order that
other man may enjoy new
libsrtiet, then that it tha
way tha knift ol democratic
aspiration will have to cut."
That is the way the knife
began to cut in Birmingham.
All that whites there stood to
lose were some old privileges,
not rights; all that the Negro
leadership there sought to
gain were common rights and
liberaties. They did not seek
privileges of any kind. Until
the undirected rioting began,
the distant observer, at least,
could not believe that lhe
privileges whites stood to lose
could be half so important to
them as the prosaic and limit
ed rights the Negroes sought,
were to them.
The present national Negro
leadership rejects the term
"gradualism." Gradualism ai
" T' --r-
. . j.w.s.
cause there were quite a
few Negroes in tha dining
room of tha Sheraton-Dallas.
Of course they ware
all waiting on tablet. At
tha next table, we heard a
young man ask his father
if ha expected another mil
Ion dollar month. Tha la
ther, between bites of a five
dollar filet, assured his son
that it would be - a good
month. After hearing that,
we chewed our cheese sand
wich rather listlessly and
tried to figure out how
many chaata sandwiches a
million dollars would buy.
5&
WIDE TXAS-WIDE SCREEN
Texans go to movies prob
ably because they prefer the
big wide screen to the dinky
picture on a TV set. We no
ticed that the front half of
the theater was filled right
down to the front row and
that the rear seats were emp
ty. We decided that all Texans
suffer from the same visual
deficiency or perhaps they
just want to be up close to
where the action is. During
intermission, they all munch
happily on "Lazaar's Kosher
Red Hots". The movie, by the
way, was Ian Flemming's "Dr.
No," and we recommend that
you not miss it.
THE EYES OF TEXAS
ARE UPON-LEGS
Skirts in Texas are either
three inches higher or knees
are three inches lower. Wa
never did figure out quite
which.
TEXAS NAMES
There aren't many "Rob
erts" or "Williams" in Texas
but there are scads of "Bob
bys and "Billys." The Dallas
telephone directory lists 23
Billy Smiths and 14 Bobby
Smiths. We couldn't find a
single Sol Estes listed.
5D
TEXAS SOCIETY NOTE
Wa swear it's true that
a Fort Worth paper last
week carried an item in its
society section about three
Fort Worth sub-debs who
had gone to Andover, Mass..
the previous week end to
attend a prom at Phillips
Academy. According to the
report, the girls were flown
in ONE of tha planet owned
by tha family of one of tha
three girls. The plane, a
four engined DC-6, had been
especially painted for tha
flight with a sign on one
tide reading, "Cowtown lo
Beantown," and a sign on
the other side proclaiming,
"Beantown or Butt,"
3s
HOW BIG IS MEDFORD?
We heard this question ask
ed of a stewardess by a pas
senger as we left Medford and
her reply, we feci, opens up
a whole new way of accurate
ly arriving at a city's size.
Her answer was, "Not very
large. We found out last night
that it only has one show."
and Jobs
a concept may be rejected, but
gradualism as a fact will sure
ly remain. It took 30 years of
organized agitation in this"
century to put an effective
end to lynchings. We still
have poll taxes, and extra
legal voting barriers. After
nine years of the school de
segregation decision only
about eight per cent of Negro
pupils in Southern and border
states have been integrated. A
total and sudden overturn of
racial restrictions and abuses
in this country is not conceiv
able to any informed person.
The American Negro will
go on, conquering one formid
able height of legalism after
another. But new and massive
social obstacles rise before
him. He has been excluded
from the spreading suburbs
and now the scythe of "urban
renewal" cuts away shelters
left to him. He has won some
painful victories for legal
equality In hiring and now the
impersonal force of automa
tion SweeDS awav unskilled
and semi-skilled jobs by the
uiousanos each week, the kind
of lobs left to hi
He is frightened and he
ought to be. So ought all
Americans, confronted by the
prospect of a permanent body
of unemployed of massive
proportions. What the denial
of ordinary rig'its brought to
Birmingham will be nothing
to what tne denial of liveli
hood can bring to manv cities.
(Distributed 1963, by Tha
Hall Syndicate, Inc.)
(Alt Rights Reserved)