2 g SUNDAY, MARCH 31, 1963 MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD. OBEGOW ; - -
Influence of Great Britain Disproportionate to Its Area
(Editor' no!: "Th world
U getting mUr all th
tim," Tryon egr. Yt
how much do mott oi u
know about our neighbor
in thi rn mallr world,
even about thou nation
and paopln with whom w
Hit lh cloinl associa
tioni, upon whom our dea
tinies may dpnd th moil.
(It ii. in iact, a blurrd
or cut-dated pieiur many
of u have oi other coun
lriei - a pictura that i(
vigu on gtography, ng
lacta or iorgt history, ig
nor or i unawara oi
progress, dismiii or iail
to account ior Chang.
(Th dispatch that follow
1 th lint oi a rla
designed to sherpen your
pictur o( th niiion that
hara your glob, to bring
it up to dat without ng
Ucting th pait. Thy ara
ktch that may lurprita
you with om thing you
thought you know - and
didn't. Todayi Britain.)
'mm. - '"IT m "V v, ' Te ' r
By ROBERT MUSEL
United Pri Inttrnational
London - (UPD - Great Brit
ain, the United Kingdom and
the British Isles are not three
versions of the same thing.
Great Britain is an island
composed of England, Scot
land and-Wales.
The United . Kingdom is
Great Britain plus northern
Ireland.
The British ' Isles Is the
term properly applied to the
United Kingdom plus the is-
lands around it - the isles of
Scilly to the southwest,, the
Isle of Man to the west, the
channel islands to the east and
the Orkneys and Shetland tp
the north of Scotland.
For all this impressive
nomenclature, it is a small
place - 75th in size among
the nations of the world with
' a land mass of 94,288 square
miles, roughly the ilze of the
state of Oregon.
But its influence throughout
history has always been dis
proportionate to Its area.
Great Britain measures only
600 miles from north to
south but its sons have taken
its language, system of gov
ernment, culture and curren
cy to the ends of the earth.
Product Mor Milestones
You could lose it in many
of the states of the United
States yet it ha produced
more milestones in the history
of invention than any other
nation the steam engine, the
let engine, the railroad, radar,
television, penicillin, atomic
theory among them.
It has only 54,000,000 peo
ple (ninth In world popula
tion) but It ranks second In
world trade, behind the Unit
ed Slates. It Is the central
banker of the sterling area
which includes one-quarter of
the world's population and
carries on 40 per cent of the
world's commerce.
The British consider them
selves a seafaring race, part
ly because there are so many
bays and inlets that no point
in the land is more than 75
miles from tidal water.
The North Sea washes the
northern shores, the Irish Sea
the west. The Atlantic Ocean
is to the south and to the
east Is the historic "moat,"
the English Channel which di
vides it from the northwest
coast of Europe and lis near
est neighbors, France, Bel-
glum, Holland.
Narrow Channel Paint -
The channel Is 21 miles at
Its narrowest point between
Dover and Cape Gri Nez in
France.
Because Britain grows only
half the food it needs and has
few natural resources other
than coal and low-grade iron
ore, it is the world's best cus
tomer the largest importer
of wheat, meat, butter, fodder
grains, citrus fruits, tobacco,
wool and hard timber.
In return it sells locomo
tives, aircraft, motor vehicles
electrical equipment, chenv
Icals, textiles and most types
of machinery.
The importing and export
Ing accounts for 10 per cent
of the total trade of the
world.
Britain Is very densely pop
ulated ranking fourth behind
only Japan, Belgium and the
Netherlands. Few countries
have a many people living
in towns (80 per cent) or such
a small proportion working In
agriculture (4 per cent).
A British Tradition
Complanlng about the
weather Is a British tradition
but meteorologists consider it
"temperate and equable." The
average annual temperature
la 50 degrees. The annual rain
fall of 40 Inches Is well dis
tributed hence there Is a long
growing season, streams rare
ly dry up, grass is green
throughout the year and
there is scarcely a month
without flowers.
Britons are mainly descend
ed from the people who Inhab
ited the island 000 years ago.
The last of a long succession
of invaders and colonizers
from Scandinavia and the con
tinent were the Normans who
conquered Britain In 1066.
They were a Viking people
who settled and intermarried
in France.
rwr . l . ja- iiinrji.L- -t1 ii i hi h p ii ir - '". .sr. )
,r i -f!i& sssBS rail ys t'A
SURROUNDED BY NEW BUILDINGS This picture of
London show St. Paul's Cathedral, now surrounded by
new buildings, bordering on Cannon st. and Cespside in..
. an arch which was levelled during World War II. In the
center right with the square tower and steeple is Bow
Church, whose Bow Bells are world-famed. (UPI)
Before the Normans came
the Celts, the Romans in 55
BC led by Julius Caesar him
self, the Anglo-Saxons and the
Scandinavians including the
Danes (King Canute was Dan
ish). The English language, a
marriage of Anglo-Saxon and
Norman French, came to be
predominate while dwindling
use of Celtic- languages con
tinues in some areas in Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ire
land,
As the Romans found and
all invaders and would-be in
vaders have learned since, the
British are tenacious of what
they consider their rights and
liberties. Wales conducted
guerrilla warfare against the
Normans from 1066 to the de
feat of their Prince Llewellyn
in 1284. Scotland did not yield
to England until 1603.
And even today there are
liberation movements still
smouldering in Wales and
Scotland with their aims inde
pendence from England.
The great majority of males
over 15 are in fulltime em
ployment and nearly all single
girls and one-third of married
women go out to work. The
average male salary is about
seven shillings (one dollar) an
hour or 15 sterling ($42) for
an average work week of 42
to 48 hours. Women average
eight sterling ($22.40). There
is no equality in wages.
The major recreations of
the British are soccer and the
cinema although attendances
at both are diminishing. This
drop-off is attributed partly to
television. The British are per
sistent drinkers of tepid (room
temperature) beer-in prefer
ence to hard spirils-and spend
a lot of time at their pubs. The
per capita beer consumption
in 1962 was about 19 gallons.
They love dancing and more
than 5 million go to the
"palais"-as dance halls are
known-every week.
British home heating and
food are among the most crit
icized and joked about in Eu-
rope. The British stubbornly
stick to the coal fire which is
inadequate in houses not prop
erly weather-proofed; hence
the constant complaints in
cold weather. Buses, taxis and
subways are also mostly un
healed. Still Th Exception
The Caesars brought cen
tral heating with them but
2,000 years later it is still the
exception in British homes.
The British diet is improv
ing but many families, espe
cially outside London, still
rely on starchy, stodgy or
fried foods and are suspicious
of "continental" sauces and
seasonings. They are begin
ning to learn, however, as
they increasingly take their
holidays abroad and London
has developed several world
class restaurants.
There are nearly 9 million
children and young people in
full time attendance in the
schools, over 90 per cent of
them in the free lower schools
and the other 10 per cent in
the private and preparatory
schools. There are 23 univer
sities, most of them assisting
with state funds. Schooling
till the age of 15 is compul
sory and the ministry of edu
cation contends that there is,
for practical purposes, no il
literacy. Britain's economy is a mix
ture of free enterprise and so
cialism. The most dramatic ex
ample of the latter is the na
tional health scheme which
provides a comprehensive
health service for every Brit
on from the cradle to the
grave.
Presents Many Face
Britain presents many faces
to the world. To Napoleon it
was contemptuously a nation
of shopkeepers. This is Dartlv
true. It is also the nation that
gave birth to Shakespeare and
enriched the literary life of
tne world with Ben Jonson,
Milton, Spenser, Kipling,
George Bernard Shaw. H. G.
Wells and Nobel Prize win
ners John Galsworthy and Sir
Winston Churchill.
Gainsborough, Constable
and Turner were its greatest
artists. It has never produced
a great composer, yet its folk
songs are among the most
tuneful in the world.
Britain Is a democratic
monarchy. There is not writ
ten constitution and Winston
Churchill once remarked the
U. S. Constitution took thou
sands of words to say what
the British constitution said in
none. Queen Elizabeth is the
nominal head of state. The
throne is above politics. Un
der her is the actual govern
ment of the country, generally
drawn from either the Tory
(Conservative) or the Social
ist (Labor) party which com
mand about the same number
of voters. 1..
At the moment, and tor the
past decade, the Tories have
held office.
Other Political Party
The only other political
party of any consequence is
tne Liberal Party which holds
seven seats in the lower House
of Parliament, the House of
Commons. The upper house or
House of Lords is composed of
peers of the realm. It has little
power except to make Com
mons "think again"-by hold
ing up legislation.
There are no Communists
In Parliament and the Com
munist Party is small and in
fluential only in a few indus
trial areas and some unions.
The British have never taken
kindly to extremes in politics
or anything else.
If there is any one label
that can be put on these 54
million people it is this: they
are middle-of-the-road people.
Incidentally Britons should
not be called "Cockneys," ex
cept the very few who have
earned the name by being
born within the sound of the
bells of the Church of St.
Mary-Le-Bow in London.
Recipients Would
Lose Race Funds
Salem - (UPD - Removal of
eight recipients from State
Racing commission funds has
been recommended to the
Senate State and Federal Af
fairs committee by Sen. Wal
ter Leth.(R-Salem).
Leth voiced support for a
bill which would confine such
funds to the State Fair, coun
ty agricultural fairs, the Pen
dleton Round-Up, and the Pa
cific International Livestock
Exposition.
The bill would grant the
State Fair and Livestock Ex
position $75,000 a year instead
of the present $35,000, the
Pendleton Round -Up would
continue to receive $7,500 a
year, and the rest would be
distributed to the counties for
fairs or agricultural shows.
Cut off from racing funds
would be the Eastern Oregon
Livestock Show at Union; the
Mid Columbia Livestock
Show at The Dalles: the
Northwestern Turkey Show,
Douglas county; the Merrill
Potato Festival, Merrill; the
Klamath Basin Roundup as
sociation, Klamath county;
the Spring Lamb and Dairy
Show, Canby; the Pacific
Coast Turkey Exhibit, Yam-
mil county, and the Oregon
State Corn Show at Oregon
State university.
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Harold Wilson in Washington on First Visit
By ROBERT MUSEL
United Pren International
London - (UPD - When Har
old Wilson was a young boy
he liked to walk along the
street mentally working out
the square root of automobile
license numbers.
In time he applied one of
the most formidable brains in
Britain to . politics and now
he Is In Washington on his
first visit to. the White House
as leader of the Labor party
and possibly Britain's next
prime minister.
Wilson came to the United
States this week end to dis
cuss foreign,' defense and eco
nomic affairs with President
Kennedy, Secretary of S t a t e
Dean Rusk, Defense Secretary
Robert S. McNamara and Sec
retary of the Treasury Doug
las Dillon,
He will be in the United
States about a week, return
ing for the introduction of
the 1963-64 budget by the
Macmillan government. Then,
some time in the . next two
months, he will go to Mos
cow at the Invitation of Pre
mier Nlkila S. Khrushchev.
Takes Over Leadership
WhBt kind of man Is Wil
son? One can say quickly that
he is a man who at 21 was
one of the ablest economists
of his time and an Oxford
lecturer, at 31 became th
youngest cabinet minister in
150 years as president of the
board of trade, and one month
short of his 47th birthday took
over the leadership of his par
ty as successor to the late
Hugh Galtskcll.
But many Britons, Includ
lng Prime Minister Harold
Macmillan, will tell you these
are only surface answers,
There is an uneasy feeling
among his political opponents
and also among some of
his own associates that
they have never sheared
through all the layers to the
essential Harold Wilson,
Perhaps his discussions In
Washington will provide some
of the answers the Kennedy
administration also is looking
for. Certainly Wilson, who Is
sometimes accused of not tak.
ing definite stands on vital
Issues, will make clear exact
ly his views on the Anglo-
American alliance, which he
generally supports although
not in all aspects fit mutual
defense policy.
A Graying Man
President Kcnmdy and his
aides will find Wilson
plumpish, graying man look
ing older than his years. In
terminably sucking a big pipe
and given to such man-of-thc-
peoplc dress habits as sweat
crs under his Jackets and a
veteran nylon pebble-grain
overcoat with tartan lapels.
Ho will speak to Amcri
cans, as he docs it home, in
the broad, flnt accents of his
native Yorkshire although he
has spent enough time at Ox
ford and in London to have
lost It.
As far as Prime Minister
Macmillan and hi associates
HAROLD WILSON
Britain's New Labor Party Leader
are concerned the accent may
be part of Wilson's protective
coloration (like his careless
dress). But they know, too,
that cultivated accent or not.
he Is apt to heave to his feet
In the midst of a rmplicated
parliamentary debate and at
tack the government with a
dazzling display of, fact and
wit drawn from a mind that
never forgets anything It has
learned..
No Us Checking
If Wilson snys a certain !
statistic is on a certain page
of a government report there
Is llltle use bothering- to
check. It's there. The years
have only sharpened his mem- i
ory.
Wilson's record en route
to his present position as .
leader of "Her Majesty' Loy
al Opposition" (an officer of
the crown in the democratic
monarchy) is almost unique In
British politics. He was tip
ped for a cabinet post at 27,
made it four years later.
Ho was only 32 when he ,
took on the wily Anastas Ml-,
koyan of Russia In exhaust
ing negotiations. Mikoyan, a '
veteran at this sort of thing,
thought he had the young ;
Briton on the ropes but Wil- j
son bought his first pipe and
used to draw on it hour aft
er hour keeping his blood
pressure down while Mikoy
an vainly tried to keep the
tension up. Ever since, Wil
son has rarely been seen In
public without a pipe; it's
part of his political cquip
page. His sharpest memory ot his
youth, and one which colors i
his thinking even today. Is
that his father was unemploy.
cd for two years. His father
still lives and they appear
to be close.
Macmillan and his party
have been trying hard in. re
cent weeks to force Wilson to
make specifically clear every
thing he plans to do on the
big issues nf British politics
if his party assumes power
at the next election and
it has a 15 per cent lead In
popular polls at the moment.
They are trying hard also
to pin the label of unreliabil
ity on him as their best hope
of encompassing his defeat.
Wilson's friends contend h"e
is consistent, that It is his crit
ics who cannot follow the log
ical unfolding of his attitudes.
And he can be forthright. He
demanded at a public rally
this month that the govern
ment halt the export of arms
to South Africa because of
its apartheid policy.
Against Defense Politics
He also has been outspoken
against Macmillan's defense
politics and is understood to
be in favor of dropping Brit
ain's independent nuclear
force.
He believes in some nation
alization of industry the
official policy of the Labor
party but he laughs away
as ridiculous a recent conserv
ative party pamphlet which
alleged that 'he planned to
take over most of the big
firms In Britain.
After the death of Galls
kcll in January there was a
three-way battle for leader
ship of the Labor party among
Wilson, the Deputy Leader
George Brown and James Cal-
laghan. Callnghan dropped
out after the first ballot and
Wilson won a surprisingly
large majority on the second
ballot.
More Human Image
Wilson is married and since
his elevation to party leader
he has been busy creating a
more human public image (he
has very few close friends).
Television viewers recently
saw him perform his "party
trick" hitting a golf ball
over the roof of his house
with a mashie niblick from
a point only a few yards in
front of it.
He was watched by a small
force of rooters his wife
and two sons.
He was also seen dancing
at a reception with a party
worker. He sang, so the mi
crophones would pick it up,
a snatch of the song the band
was playing.
It was "Mac the Knife"
which also happens to be a
tcim the Labor party applies
to Prime Minister Macmillan.
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