'Overts', 'Illegals' Play Important Roles for Intelligence
By HARRY FERGUSON
(The third of lour articles)
Washington - RIPU - Persons
who work for the Central In
telligence Agency are roughly
divided into "overts" and "il
legals." The overts work in the
open, keep fairly regular of
fice hours and are forbidden
to discuss the type of job they
perform. The illegals are the
ones who fan out across the
world as spies, usually under
assumed identities. Some of
them penetrate the Iron and
Bamboo curtains in the full
knowledge that discovery
Executive
Strengthened by Constitution
(This is the fifth in a se
ries of articles about the
revised Constitution pro
posed by the Oregon Con
stitutional Revision commis
sion. The articles were writ
ten by Hans A. Linde. pro
fessor of constitutional law
at the University of Ore
gon and a member of the
commission.
The revised Constitution,
as has been explained in the
last preceding column,
strengthens the executive
branch, headed by a gover
nor responsible for all execu
tive officers, and establishes
a strong "watchdog" In the
new officer of the Controller
wholly independent of the ex
ecutive. Reports that the governor
is to be the sole elective state
official erroneously overlook
that the Controller may nlso
be elected. The Controller
takes over the "watchdog"
functions of auditing and giv
ing independent legal opin
ions, which are now said to
justify the separate election
of tile Secretary of State and
Attorney General. But why
did the Commission not rec
ommend a second elected offi
cial within the executive
branch itself?
The Line of Succession
A second elected executive
officer seemed justified only
if he could take over for the
governor in case of the gov
ernor's death, resignation, dis
ability, or prolonged absence
from the state. The present
constitution provides no such
officer within the state admin
istration. Rather, by the indi
vidual, partisan election of ad
ministrative officers for over
lapping terms, it makes such
a transfer of authority within
the executive branch impossi
ble. The present system almost
assures that the elected state
officials will be political com
petitors. A secretary of state
is commonly regarded as the
most prominent candidate to
replace the very governor in
whose administration he is
serving.
In 1958, Secretary of State
Mark O. Hatfield and State
Treasurer Sig Unander cam
paigned against each other in
the primary of one party for
the right to run against Gov
ernor Robert D. Holmes, the
candidate for reelection in the
other party primary. Again in
1962, Governor Hatfield and
Attorney General Robert Y.
Thornton spent much of the
year campaigning against
each other.
?YMOUNCEIiEHT!
flermitade
is now
0 Superbly smooth
and mellow
Fine Straight
Kentucky Bourbon
0 Taste Favorite since 1869
nti nitiiiiit
1l tit mini
means death
It takes many months to
equip an illegal for his job
and it may be many weary
years before he comes up with
a useful piece of information.
The virtue of patience has a
high priority in espionage.
Gttt New Identity
The first thing that happens
to an illegal is that he loses
his identity. He gets a new
name, a new birthplace, a
new family. If he is going to
operate in Italy, for instance,
he not only must speak flaw
less Italian but with the pre
cise accent of the province in
Branch Would Be
The present constitutional
system makes such situations
common and unavoidable. Yet
together these several offi
cers are supposed to consti
tute the administration of the
state of Oregon. The Consti
tutional Revision commission
concluded that the elemina
tion of such internal division
and political competition
within ' the administration
must be a key reform in the
revised Constitution.
The present line of succes
sion in Oregon runs to the
President of the Senate and
the Speaker of the House.
This may lead to the replace
ment of a governor by a new
governor of the opposite par
ty, who may in fact have
been chosen by a narrow ma
jority of his fellow senators.
The Commission considered
continuing the Secretary of
State as an officer to be elect
ed on a single ticket with the
governor, like the U. S. Presi
dent and Vice President. This
system, used in the modern
Alaska constitution, would
provide a midterm successor
to the governor when needed,
who would be of the same
party as the governor and
have been elected by all the
people of the state. However,
a majority of the Commission
decided that there was not
sufficient cause for dissatis
faction with the succession of
Presidents of Senate, as at
present, to require changing
that system. This made the
creation of a second elective
executive officer pointless.
The so-called "Alaska" plan
is, however, before the legis
lative committees considering
the revised Constitution as an
available alternative that
would continue an elected
Secretary of State,
For how many separate
agencies can a chief execu
tive be actually responsible?
In 1960, Governor Hatfield's
Advisory Committee on Re
organization reported that
Oregon then had "at least 89
boards, committees, authori
ties and commissions in rule
making, advisory, or manager
ial roles." Fifty-two agency
administrators report direct
ly to the governor. Such num
bers make executive respon
sibility a fiction rather than
a practical fact.
The Constitutional Revision
commission did not prescribe
a form of organization for
the executive branch. It left
tills to be determined by stat
utory law, as it is today. How
ever, following a precedent
which is universal in the mod
ern state constitutions, it im-
o veais uiu
.Sits m
JhermitageJ
co.. ioiimii..t" et noof
which he is to operate. He re
peats his new name and the
details about his new identity
endlessly until they automat
ically come quicker to his lips
than the true facts.
Then he is "papered". He is
equipped with every sort of
document he could conceiv
ably need in his new environ
ment, and he is taught how to
manufacture new ones if the
need arises. The next step is
to arrange a "drop," a place
where the Illegal can leave in
formation and be sure that it
will wind up at CIA head
quarters in Langley, Va.
posed a constitutional limit
of 20 on the number of top
administrative departments
that could be placed directly
under the governor. Smaller
agencies need not lose their
separate identities. But some
of them would be grouped
together by major categories
so as to stay within the ceiling
of 20.
There is no magic in the
number 20. It is the maximum
recommended in the Model
State Constitution and recent
ly enacted in New York, New
Jersey, Alaska, and Hawaii.
A smaller number may suf
fice. The 1960 Oregon reor
ganization plan proposed no
more than 12 departments.
But more leeway and flexi
bility is desirable in a con
stitution. Likewise, the Constitution
al Revision commission did
not recommend a "cabinet"
form of state government.
Whether the major depart
ments should 'be headed by
single directors, as recom
mended in Governor Hat
field's 1960 reorganization
plan, or by boards or com
missions, as many of them are
now, will continue to be de-
termined by statute. The re
vised Constitution, like the
present one, remains silent on
this choice of organization
Contrary to some early re
ports, the present Oregon sys
tem of major boards and com
missions to manage highways,
education and higher educa
tion, fish and game, liquor
sales, workmen s compensa
tion, etc., is not precluded
under the revised Constitu
tion.
The commission saw no rea
son for a new constitution to
force an end to a system of
citizen participation in state
government that has given sat
isfactory service in many
areas of administration. Ad
ministrative organization is
left for future legislatures to
consider in the light of chang
ing experience. The revised
Constitution should not be
confused with specific recom
mendations that have been
made by other studies of ad
ministrative reorganization.
(Next) The judiciary)
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MEDFORD
For obvious reasons the
CIA refuses to discuss the
work of Illegals, but some in
teresting stories about them
float around Washington. One
involves an illegal working
in Vienna who for months col
lected the trash from Russian
Aeroflot planes after they
landed. One 'day he found a
bent coat hanger and arrang-
STAR
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f) 2- 7-36-31
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or your ioaioc Dirm
AHL2I
Buy
2 Heart-
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CANCSt
JUNE 23
JULY 33
1A17.WJCJ
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66-72-81.88,
AUS, 24
SEPT. 22
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Gocd Aivetse NmhS
-77-71
MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD,
ed for it to be sent to Wash
ington.
The CIA suspected that the
Russians were working on a
new long-range bomber and
that the metal shavings in the
factory were being melted and
used to manufacture a special
type of coat hanger. Now they
had one. The coat hanger was
put through a long series of
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OREGON
tests to determine its metallic
composition. CIA scientists
knew the new bomber's wings
were made of the same metal
alloy and it was fairly easy
from that to determine the
size of the bomber's wings
and its potential range and
bomb load.
The story Is plausible be
cause there is no doubt that
the CIA has among its overts
some of the best scientific
brains in the nation. There
probably are about 10,000 em
ployees at the organization's
headquarters which covers
nine acres some 20 minutes'
drive from downtown Wash
ington. Next to the Pentagon,
CIA headquarters is the larg
est government building in
town.
Much of the work done by
the overts probably appears to
theni'as routine office chores.
That is because their assign
ments are highly compart
mented and a person in one
small office cannot be exactly
sure what his neighbor is
working on. Each overt turns
in a small piece of informa
tion, but only the top echelon
CIA men get all the pieces
needed to complete the pic
ture puzzle.
The CIA buys or obtains
about 200,000 pieces of liter
ature each month from Rus
sia, the Soviet European bloc
and Red China. Nothing Is too
trivial to interest the CIA
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railroad time tables, texts of
speeches by minor Russian
functionaries, the pig popula
tion' of the Ukraine, what
movie is being shown in Kiev.
The CIA has a translating
computer that turns Russian
into English at the rate of
30,000 words an hour.
Every word uttered in
Radio Moscow broadcasts is
monitored by the CIA. Most
of the time it is dreary work,
but Allen W, Dulles, recently
retired CIA director, tells
how is paid off on one occas
ion. A CIA girl in a listening
post heard Moscow broadcast
a vague item for publication
in a provincial Russia jour
nal. She sent it along to Wash
ington where it was fitted in
with other information. What
it added up to was several
hours advance notice that the
Soviet Union Intended to re
sume nuclear testing.
Even the most minor Soviet
official doubtless would be
surprised if he realized what
the CIA knew about him. A
vast card index system is de
voted to Communist person
alities and the biographies are
kept as current as possible.
Nobody knows when today's
small fry will become to
morrow's big fish.
True or not, another story
that circulates in Washing
ton is about the CIA top of
ficial who wanted a quick re
port on the manager of a
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FRIDAY, MARCH
minor factory in the Soviet
Union. He was pessimistic
that there would be anything
available, but he called for the
card index on the man. It was
complete In every detail and
Included the information that
illltllMIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIlim
We are pleased io announce
RICHARD K. WATSON
Manager of our Medford Offic
has been appointed Vice President
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Agency
the man's mistress had dyed
her hair three times in the
last six months. Different
color every time.
Nexti Bouquets and brick
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Inveatment Planning. 2
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