THURSDAY. MARCH 21. 193
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD, OREGON
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD, OREGON
Provisions of Executive Branch Important Recommendations
(Thii it Mm fourth in
series of articles (bout in
revised Constitution pro
posed by she Oregon Con-'
siitutlonal Revision Com.
mluion. The articles were
written by Hani C. Linde.
professor oi eonttitutlonal
law at tha University of
Oregon and a member of
tha CommiMion.)
The provisions for the
executive branch of state gov.
ernment are the most in
nortant recommendations of
the Constitutional Revision
Commission. They have at
tracted much interest and
some misunderstanding.
The Commission proposes
to retain the mutual checks
and balances among the legis
lative, executive, and Judicial
branches of government, but
to strengthen each branch by
removing internal blocks to
responsible performance.
, Critics of existing state con.
stitutions have found that the
executive branch most often
falls short of this second ob
jective. As Governor Langhe
of Washington, speaking as
chairman of the national Gov
ernors' Conference, lamented
in 1955:
"The public looks upon the
Governor's position in the
state as comparable to that of
the President of the United
States. It holds him respon
sible for whatever happens
during his term of office." In
fact, the typical 19th-century
state constitution gave a gov
ernor no such responsibility
for state administration. Rath
er, it left state government, in
Langlie's phrase, more "a
combination of loosely con
nected semi - autonomous
bodies."
In this century, consolida
tion of the executive branch
has become the key feature of
constitutional reform. It is the
hallmark of the post-World-
War-II constitutions of New
Jersey, Alaska, Hawaii, and
Puerto Rico, and the main ob
jective of pending revision
efforts In other states. .
Governor and Controller
The Constitutional Revision
Commission adopted a clear
principle to assign respon
sibilities within and outside
the executive branch. It dis
tinguished between "execu
tive" functions and "control"
(or "watchdog") functions and
kept them strictly separate in
its proposals.
The governor, as chief ex
ecutive, must be responsible
for all executive functions -
that is, for the performance of
all state agencies. The revised
Constitution makes the gov
ernor the only elected officer
in the executive branch so
that he cannot shift that re
sponsibility by blaming other
elected executive officials
who are beyond his authority
and who may in fact oppose
him.
All control, or "watchdog,'
functions are, on the other
hand, made independent of
the executive branch. No offl
cial should make decisions on
action, and also investigate
and report on the correctness
of his own action. These
"watchdog" functions are
therefore assigned to a new
constitutional officer, called
the Controller.
May Be Elected
The Controller may by law
be an elective officer. Just as
he is made Independent of the
governor in selection, authori
ty, staff, and budget, the Con
troller likewise may not be
assigned any executive func
tion in making or carrying out
governmental decisions. He
can only audit, investigate,
and report on the perform
ance of government "in com
pliance with applicable stand-
Small Worlds
Around Us
By LYNN M. WATKINS
(Reejrter and Tribune
Synalcara, 13) ,
Nature Speaks With Many
Peculiarly Suited Tonf ues
Speaking of tongues (and
we could not speak without
them) we find a startling di
versity of adaptations, uses
and purposes among crea
tures. Each tongue is par
ticularly suited to its owner's
wav of life, the manner in
which it SDeaks, secures its
food, tastes or cleans its face.
Nature speaks with many
tongues, and many are de
signed for peculiar purposes.
Some have been developed to
a fantastic degree of speciali
zation. In one animal, at least, the
tongue answers for a hand.
The long, powerful tongue of
the giraffe can be extended
beyond the" reach of the
lengthy neck to grasp a
"tongueful" of leaves, pull
them down and into the wait
ing jaws.
Peace Corps May
Aid the Retarded
Washington - IUM -The
oower of love as a nutrient
in the growth of a child has
stimulated some communities
to organize programs in
which volunteers learn to
blend compassion in their
care of mentally retarded
children, reports "Children,"
journal of the U.S. Children's
bureau.
Such programs arc credited
with inspiring the president's
panel on mental retardation
to Include In its recommend
ations the proposal that vol
untcer services for retarded
children be part of the oper
ations of a domestic peace
corps.
SAME CHARGE
Eureka, Calif. - IUM - Her-
bert W. Bak, 41, was arrested
for drunken driving Wednes
day while en route to the
county courthouse for trial on
a previous drunken driving
charge.
Advertliemcnt
FAT
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Your weight must come down, be
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Western Thrift Stare 10 N.
Central Mail Orders 'tiles'.
ards of financial accuracy, ad'
ministration, and law." These
essential functions resemble
those the U.S. Comptroller
General performs in the fed
eral government.
To insulate the office of
Controller from politics and
avoid the abuse of its power
for personal political ambi
tion, the Controller will have
a term of not less than eight
years, during which he is in
eligible to run for another
elective office. Some members
of the Commission believe
that the Controller may well
be made elective on a non
partisan ballot.
The Commission's proposals
The tongue of the anteater
is as long, but here it is de
veloped into a stringlike or
gan and as flexible as a piece
of cooked spaghetti. It probes,
like a worm, into the twisting
tunnels of an anthill. It is
bathed with a sticky adhe
sive to which the Insects stick
as closely as a fly to flypaper,
When the animal feels the
tongue is covered with ants,
it is withdrawn and the in
sects eaten.
Different from the long
flexible tongue of the anteater
is that of the insect -eating
woodpecker. These birds have
sharp pointed tongues, with a
barb at the end suitable for
spearing their prey. With an
action like that of the small
boy with the frog-spear, the
bird impales an insect with
much more accuracy than that
possessed by the small boy
with the spear. The common
little southern chameleon also
has a barbed tongue, and at
tains a high degree of sure-
ness In stabbing insects.
Soft and Blanket-Like
Without the strength of
some, or the slenderness of
other animal species, the
tongue of the toad and frog is
soft and blanket -like. The
bizarencss of the tongue In
these creatures is in the at
tachment. It is hooked to the
front part of the under jaw
and it Is rolled out like a
tiny wet rug, to enclose the
Insect-victim. Then the tongue
is rolled back into the mouth.
This front hinge arrangement
gives the frog an extra long
reach.
The snuke tongue is forked,
divided into two branches at
the end. It Is highly sensitive
to vibrations, and probably
also to the sense of smell, but
is never used for pushing food
around In the mouth. The dog
and cat can fold their tongue
Into cups whereby liquids can
be scooped up.
The cat's tongue acts as a
pretty efficient wash cloth.
The tongue of a butterfly is
colled up like the hairspring
of a watch and Is unrolled
when the Insect sips nectar
from a flower.
Too Often Wags
The human tongue pushes
and arranges food, tells tales,
conveys Ideas and too often
wags. It occupies a place on
the floor of the mouth and is
generously equipped with sen
sitive nerve ends that disting
uish the difference between
sweet, sour, bitter and salt.
These nerve ends are pretty
special In their selectivity;
those nerve ends that detect
salt completely Ignore sour or
sweet foods. One set lays
down on t h e Job and allows
others to select their own
special taste sensations. All
together, they can detect the
difference In taste of well
over a thousand flavors, and
an unlimited number of vi
brations. Strange Indeed, and exceed
ingly useful, are the tongues
of living things man. bird,
frog, dog, insect or giraffe.
thus strengthen both the gov-
e r n o r's responsibility for
executive performance, and
also give assurance that this
performance will be checked
by independent audits, inves
tigations, and legal opinions.
Like many old state constitu
tions, the present Oregon pro
visions fall short of these two
goals.
Two Official Duties
Under the present Constitu
tion, the Secretary of State is
both an administrative offi
cial, and also charged with
responsibility for auditing the
administration.
The Attorney General - a
statutory officer not mention
ed in the Constitution - heads
all lawyers for the agencies
within the state administra
tion. This is a key role In the
performance of the executive
branch for which the gov
ernor la responsible. Under
the revised Constitution it
would not, as now, be held by
an independently elected of
ficer, who is the political op
ponent of the chief executive.
The present contradictory ar
rangement is an inevitable
source of difficulties, and has
led governors to turn to other
legal counsel than the attor
ney general.
Election of the attorney gen
eral cannot be justified by
any watchdog' role ne per
forms. The attorney general
does not now have any in
dependent powers of investi
gation or other action without
the governor's order. The re
vised Constitution proposes to
strengthen the effectiveness
of both roles by (a) placing
the attorney general within
the governor's administration,
and (b) transferring to the new
office of the Controller the
"watchdog" powers of invest
igation, and of giving Inde
pendent legal opinions to leg
islators and others outside the
executive branch.
(Nextt The Executive,
continued.)
Need Noted for More Instructors
Mrs. Thomas Donahue, Red
Cross nursing instruction
chairman for the Jackson
County chapter, has announc
ed that there is an urgent need
for more trained instructors
for the care of the sick and
injured classes.
She added that the local
chapter is currently unable
to meet the demand for the
classes due to this shortage.
An instructors training pro
gram is now planned locally
for the week of April 8, with
Miss Pat Joyce, area qualified
Red Cross instructor trainer,
conducting the class.
To qualify for the training,
women should either be
nurses, teachers, or retired
teachers or college graduates
willing to teach one commu
nity class a year at the con
clusion of their instruction
period.
The 18-hour course will be
conducted during the week
of April 8, with a definite
time schedule being set up
by Miss Joyce when she ar
rives from Pacific Area head
quarters. Women Interested in
the service should register
now by telephoning the Red
Cross office, 772-4405.
If lambs consistently pass
up the salt box or block, it's
a sign they are sick.
DOGS FACE LINEUP
Exeter, England -IUFD- Ger
man shepherds appeared in
police lineup Wednesday and
the owner of one named Dan
kle was fined $14 for letting
his dog chase sheep. The four
other dogs in the lineup were
freed.
THUflSrAY, MARCH 28. 1?3
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By HARRY FERGUSON
J.; WashinRton - lUPli - in size
I . and resources the Central In
l( telligence Agency (CIA) is a
I David fighting a Russian Go
f liath. The Soviet Union has
I the world's largest espionage
; force, and persons who should
i ' know say she spends at least
S2 billion a year in her cloak
s' and - dagger war against the
; West. '
f , How much the CIA spends
' is a secret to everybody ex-
( cept a band of about a dozen
ifV-Sn'en in Washington. You can
(Skvcarch the federal budget
h''. from cover to cover and never
ral Intelligence Agency Budget, Spending Remain Secret Items
find an item allotting money
to the CIA. People qualified
to make an educated guess
think the annual expenditure
is around $400 million al
though they concede it well
could be twice that much.
Each year the CIA director
appears before small panels
made up of senior members
of the Senate and House ap
propriations committees. He
tells them how much money
he needs, but doesn't have to
explain what he intends to do
with it. After the congressmen
okay the round sum, it then is
split into many small items
which are salted and hidden
throughout the federal bud
get. An item for 500 trucks
for the Agriculture Depart
ment very well could be an
appropriation for the CIA,
which doesn't buy trucks.
Nobody Asks
Once the CIA has its money,
nobody asks how it is being
spent although the President
could insist on knowing. Di
rector John A. McCone of the
CIA is the only agency head
in Washington who can write
a check or a voucher for any
sum of money he desires
without getting permission or
explaining it to anybody. Nur
does he have to get permission
to hire or fire people. One esti
mate - possibly too high - is
that the CIA has 40,000 em
ployees at home and abroad.
But no matter how much
money it spends or how many
agents it deploys, the CIA still
is going to be out-manned and
out-spent by the Russians. At
the height of the. Stalin terror
one Russian out of every five
was said to be connected in
some fashion with espionage
although millions were only
on a part-time basis and chief
ly engaged in spying on one
another. Nikita Khrushchev
has changed things a bit, but
the Soviet Union still musters
a formidable army of spies
and counterspies.
Home and Abroad
Allen W. Dulles, who has
just retired as CIA director,
describes it this way: "Today
the Soviet state security serv
ice (KGB) is the eyes and ears
of the Soviet Uniun-abroad as
well as at home. It is a multi
purpose, clandestine, arm of
power that can in the last
analysis carry out almost any
act that the Soviet leadership
assigns to it.
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It is an instrument for
subversion, manipulation and
violence for secret interven
tion in the affairs of other na
tions. It is an aggressive arm
of Soviet ambitions in the cold
war. If the Soviets send as
tronauts to the moon, I expect
that a KGB officer will ac
company them."
Dulles says every Russian
organization outside the So
viet Union is loaded with
KGB agents - embassies, le
gations, trade missions, tech
nical advisers and even the
United Nations delegation. In
some embassies, he adds, the
KGB agent may be a chauf
feur, but he gives orders to
the ambassador.
The CIA cannot do business
in such a high-handed and
free-wheeling fashion because
it ultimately is responsible to
a democratic government op
erating in a free society. But
it does have one powerful ad
vantage over the KGB. Either
through fear or disgust, Rus
sians have been defecting to
the West in increasing num
bers. They have included a sub
stantial number of Russians
inside the Soviet espionage
network, and these are the
prize catches of all for the
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I II yjO mF mmMt w" Th Riht To L,mt
I ( J yfjr lJ . Prle ilttle ThfB SuBa"r, March 31
CIA. They began defecting as
long ago as 1837 when Walter
Krivilsky, chief of Russian
espionage in HoUand. desert
ed to the West. This was so
damaging to Moscow that
Soviet agents were sent to
assassinate him. They suc
ceeded in killing him in a
Washington hotel, but not be
fore he had turned over in
valuable information to the
United States.
Others include Alexander
Orlov, former Soviet agent in
Spain; Igor Gouzenko, who
walked out of the Soviet Em
bassy in Ottawa with all the
Russian codes and ciphers in
his pocket; Vladimir Petrov.
KGB chief in Australia: Juri
Rastvorov, intelligence officer
in Tokyo; Peter Deriabin. who
deserted his post in Vionna:
and Alexander Kaznachayev,
who defected from the Soviet
diplomatic mission in Burma.
Has Clear Advantage
Defection is a two - way
street, of course, and the West
haa suffered some damaging
ones, including such scientists
as Bruno Portecovo. But on
the balance Dulles believes
the West has a clear advan
tage over the Russians in
terms of information supplied
by defectors. He indicates
there arc many Russians who
have defected and not yet
"surfaced," meaning that the
CIA chooses for reasons of its
own to keep their stories
secret.
The CIA regards KGB
agents as efficient, dedicated
to their cause and utterly
ruthless. Dulles tells a story
about Gen. V. S. Abakumov,
a Soviet intelligence chief in
World War II. His sister was
arrested for speculating in the
black market and the case
was referred to him. He
wrote this memo: "Specula-'
Uon during war time is
treason. Shoot her."
Next: CIA - who works for
it and what they do.
- peeeeiBeirjs s -
ROCKET HOISTED-An Atlas 130-D rocket is . hoisted Into
place on launching pad No. 14 at Cape Canaveral, Fla. The
rocket will boost U.S. Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper Jr. on a
planned 22-orbit space voyage now scheduled for mid-May.
The bell-shaped Mercury capsule will be installed atop the
Atlas later. (UPI) ,. ,
j
SPRING ARRIVES Pretty Jean Colwick, a student at the
University of Texas at Austin, shows that spring has really
arrived as she Is surrounded by the beauty of bluebonnets,
the Texas 'state flower. (UPI)
Mental Illness Signs Described
Miami, Fla. - OIPIl - Your
heart pounds. You overpers
pirc. You overeat. You can't
sleep. These symptoms may
tell your doctor that the dis
order Is not at all somatic but
psychosomatic, reports Dr.
Ivan C. Bcrlcin, Uulverslly of
Miami School of Modicinc.
Pounding heart, cold sweats,
feeling of Jltte ' ess are but
ways on which the 'body Is
saying "I feel threatened."
Cigarette Rolling
Now More Speed
Washington - HIPIl - Ciga
rettes were all rolled by hand
in 1880 and skilled worker
could Jurn out 18,000 1 week.
' The 'Tobacco Institute her
said today's machines can pro
duce 2,000 cigarettes a minute.
Dr. Bcrlcin noted also that
if one cannot sleep or wakes
too early and cannot get to
sleep, the meaning can be
that the patient fears- self
destruction or sex Impulses,
The doctor said these are
but a few among the many
signs of mental illness a phy
sician should be able to rec
ognize. '
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