TUESDAY.
MEDFORDTRIBUNB
Everyone In Southern Oregon
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An-Independent Newspaper
Entered ai second class matter at
Medford, Oregon, under Act of
March 3. 1897
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EDITORIAL
'
n NEWSPAPER
OlBV PUBLISHERS
Flight o' Time
Medford and Jackson County
History from the files of The
Mail Tribune 10, 20, 30, 40
and 50 years ago.
10 YEARS AGO
Oei. 16. 19S2 (Thursday)
The 100th anniversary ol
the first post office in south
ern Oregon third in the en
tire state will be observed
Sunday at the old Dardanellc
restaurant on the Old Stage
rd.
The traditional rivalry be
tween the football teams of
Medford and Klamath Falls
will be renewed here Friday
night; the Pelicans are favor
ed to win and are ranked
third in the state.
20 YEARS AGO
Oct. 16. 1942 (Friday)
"Hundreds of civilians"
Jam Medfords Main street
during "Main Street Stamp"
war bond sale.
From Arthur Perry's "Ye
Smudge Pot" column: "The
morns have been quite chilly
of late, causing the shlnhoncs
of the fair sex still allergic
to stockings to show a faint
trace of delicate blue."
30 YEARS AGO
Oct. 16. 1932 (Sunday)
"Straw vole" conducted by
the Mall Tribune shows Her
bert Hoover leading Franklin
Roosevelt In presidential bal
loting by 440 to 172 margin.
State police roundup
"gang" of Jackson county
grocery and vegetable thieves.
40 YEARS AGO
Oct. 16, 1922 (Monday)
Local auto dealers announce
$30 decrease In price of new
1932 cars; vehicles to be
"more attractive, comfortable
and convenient thnn ever,
with a slanting windshield,
one man tup, gypsy curtains
and improvements wiring in
sulation." Jackson county receives
$8,404 from secretary of
state's office for 1022 forest
rentals.
SO YEARS AGO
Oct. 16. 1912 (Wednesday)
Madame Dagski. "magnif
icent dramatic soprano," will
sing at Medford Natatorium
building Oct. 28.
Group of Sun Francisco fi
nanciers reported seeking 50
yeor street cur franchise in
Medford.
What's Your I.Q.?
Nine or ten correct Is superior;
seven or eight is excellent; five el
si, is good.
1. In which European city Is
Picadilly Circus?
2. "This at last is the hone
of my bones and the flesh of
my flesh; she shall be called
, (What?)
3. Under which cabinet post
Is the U. S. Forest Service?
4. Does the United States or
Australia produce the most
sheep?
5. What sort of device has
been named a Mae West?
6. The World War II Nor
mandy invasion was the great
est military invasion in world
history; true or false?
7. What Is another name
for mercury?
8. In what country Is Mara
thon? fi. Do horses sleep while
standing''
10. Who was nicknamed
"The Little Flower -
Answersi 1, London, Eng
land. 2. "Woman." 3, Depart
ment of Agriculture, 4. Aus
tralia. S. Life-saving vest. 6.
True. 7. Quicksilver. 8.
Greece. 9. Yes. 10. Horelle
LaGuardia. former Mayor of
NYC.
OCTOBER 16. 1962
Lessons of
The great Columbus day storm of 1962 is
over, but the memory will remain a vivid one for
thousands of people.
For some it will recall tragedy friends and
neighbors killed or injured, many homeless, build
ings destroyed or damaged, livestock killed.
For some it will recall excitement the ex
citement of danger and drama and, in many in
stances, heroism.
For some it will recall adventure learning,
on a moment's notice, how to do without electric
power, on which so many of our 20th century
creature comforts are based.
TTHE Rogue valley was exceedingly lucky. There
was some damage, of course, and considerable
excitement, and quite a number of people with
out electricity for hours
chards suffered the most heavily.
But these events pale to insignifigance in
comparison to what happened in the Willamette
valley, the Portland area, and along the coast.
Aside from the loss of life and human in
juries, the thing that hurts most is the loss of
the huge old trees which graced the campuses
at Eugene and Corvallis, the Capitol park in
Salem, and the park blocks in Portland. Build
ings can be repaired, but the loss of century-old
trees is virtually irreparable.
HTHE upstate papers over the week end were
filled with pictures and details of the havoc
wrought by the storm. But the editorials dealt
more with the human factor neighbor opening
nn hnmp tn npio-hhnr volunteer crews eauinnintr
themselves with chainsaws and roaming the city
streets to keep tnem open to tramc, counuess
acts of kindness and generosity and helpfulness,
acts of courace in rescuing tranned people, acts
of mercy to those injured.
When the chips are clown, people snow up
to pretty good advantage, most of the time.
There were also the minor incidents, such
as at a motel north of
stranded travelers pooled their tooci ana canaies,
and spent the night in the coffee shop, drinking
nnffpe marp nvnr a Cnleman stove one tourist
had in his car, and using water obtained from
melting ice chipped from inside an inoperative
food freezer.
PJNE editorial commented that one forgets how
good a steak tastes when cooked over an open
fire. Another noted that those who got by the
best were those who were equipped for camping,
with stoves, lights and other gear independent
of power sources.
Others noted how the news media pooled
their resources to bring the news and emergency
instructions as rapidly as possible to as many
people as possible.
And at least four upstate newspapers men
tioned that the civil defense organizations, os
tensibly designed to function at just such a time,
were of little or no help at all, and that the reg
ular agencies city police, sheriff, state police,
firemen were the ones to depend upon. E. A.
Ballot Measures
There will be nine, instead of ten, state meas
ures on the election ballot this fall. The state
supreme court has ruled the initiative steelhead
measure was faulty, and it will not be voted
upon as a result.
Four of the measures can be classed as "house
keeping" items, to tidy up the Constitution. They
involve the organization of the "state militia '
(National Guard), and the rewriting of the form
ula for limitations on bonded indebtedness.
Another one would permit taxing units to
retain their tax bases, even if no taxes tire levied
over a period of years, and it appears to be non-controversial.
THE other three, however, are both controver
U ! 1 ! 111 Y ii 1 U (lilt (ut i. 1
The one which may well generate the most
heat (although in our view it is the least signifi
cant of the three) is the Daylight Saving time
measure.
A reapportionment proposal and an initiative
to repeal the school reorganization law are the
other two. Moth of these have strong and vocal
support and opposition. Neither of them are too
clear to the average layman, but both are of
considerable importance. In our view the school
measure is the most important.
CONSCIENTIOUS voters will have some home-
work to do between now and Nov. (5, if they
are to cast intelligent ballots.
The Oregon Voters' Pamphlet, which will be
arriving soon, will be of considerable help. So
are the voters information sheets prepared and
distributed by the League of Women Voters.
In addition, the Mail Tribune will endeavor
to give brief explanations of each of the meas
ures within the next few weeks, as well as editor
ial opinions concerning the merits of each.
The election is onlv three weeks from todav.
E.A.
Correction
In this space yesterday it was stated that
$100,000 in planning and pre-construction funds
had been appropriated for the Rogue Basin pro
ject. This is not the case. The information was
based on reports coming
minute adjournment flurry, ami is now believed
to be erroneous. E.A.
the Storm
on end. The fruit or
Eugene where all the
in the midst of the last-
MEDFOHD
"I Said, You Do Have
Turned On, Sir,
Matter of Fact
(e New York Herald
WARMTH BUT NO FLAME
Pittsburgh - The effective
ness of the President's dogged
effort to help his party in the
Datinn l ae diffi
cult to judge as any political
phenomenon tnis reporter can
recall in wie
last 25 years.
When Ken
nedy came
through here
this week
end, for in
stance, his
visit had all
the outward
signs and
symbols of
airnort rrnivii
Alsop
success. The
was not enormous- but after
that the crowds were very
impressive indeed.
At Aliquippa, a grim, shab
by little town of less than
30,000 people, at least 15,
000 came out to hear the
President speak for five min
utes. There was an almost
continuous hedge of people
along the roadside through
all the miles of his motor
cade. The Pittsburgh streets
overflowed for his grand en
trance; and the night rally
had an excited overflow au
dience, too.
Furthermore, these people
were enthusiastic and affec
tionate. Fathers struggled to
hold up improbable numbers
of children, so that "you can
see the President." Old ladies
dabbed their eyes at the mere
sight of the President's car
passing by. At the University
of Pittsburgh field house in
the evening, he got a stormy
ovation at the end of a short
speech which must have been
wholly incomprehensible to
almost everyone present be
cause of the bizarre acous
tics. rNE could not doubt, in
" short, that all there hun
dreds of people liked and ad
mired and trusted the man
they had turned out to see.
As has often been reported,
the President, for his part,
was visibly cheered and re
freshed by this show of popu
lar affection and trust, but
that does not answer the
question, whether this Presi
c'ontinl stumping is produc
ing the result the President
hopes for.
Eliciting a show of affec
tion is one thing, injecting
fervor, excitement, and ener
gy into the Democratic elec
toral campaign is quite an
other thing. And it seems
more than doubtful whether
this much-needed injection is
being accomplished by the
President.
One reason for this doubt,
quite certainly, is the stand
arc' speech the President has
evolved for this autumn's
stumping. It can be tele
scoped or extended, as oc
casion requires. But it always
contains the same elements.
SPHERE is an it s-nice - to--
be-here" opening. There
are the necessary references
to all the local Democratic
candidates, every one of
whom is always a wonderful
fellow, whose "help" the
President badly needs. Ana
there are the proofs the Pres
ident offers that his need for
"help" is urgent, because of
the Mind obstructionism of
the Republicans who have
voted 81 per cent against this
progressive and constructive
measure. 70 per cent against
that, and so on.
Whether it lasts for five
minutes or Is a full-length ef
fort, the ingredients of the
speech are always the same
The President always deliv
ers it with heat and apparent
conviction, seeming to con
demn the purblind Republi
cans to political perdition
with his familiar, oft-repeated
jabbing gestures. Yet some
thing seems to be lacking.
MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFORD.
Your Hearing Aid
Don't You?"
By Joseph Alsop
Tribune Syndicate
both in the speaker and in
the audience.
At a guess, what is lacking
the conviction that the
purely domestic, social wel
fare issues which the Presi
dent has chosen to discuss ex
clusively are no longer quite
so overwhelmingly predomin
ant as they were in the days
of Franklin Delano Roose
velt, whom the President oft
en calls to witness.
AMONG those who turn out
tn spp the PrpsiHpnt thprp
are many really poor people,
for whom these issues ought
to be predominant. The Presi
dent himself, by the same
token, is certainly convinced
that his welfare measures are
useful and important; and he
most certainly has a fervid
conviction that an increase of
Republican strength in Con
gress, where the balance is
already narrow, will Just
about cripple the U. S. gov
ernment during the next two
dangerous years.
Yet the fact remains that
if the President wished to
rivet his audience and have
them hanging on his every
word, he would instead dis
cuss the Cuban situation and
the Berlin crisis and the other
great problems of the increas
ingly risky cold war. From
the way the President himself
treats the domestic issues, it
is hard to avoid the conclus
ion that he too would be
more interested by his own
speeches if they concerned
this other range of topics.
There is something 1 arti
ficial, in fact, in the Presi
dential strategy this autumn.
Kennedy is talking about sub
jects which he thinks possess
voter-appeal, but not about
the matters which preoccupy
him from day to day. Perhaps
this is why the Presidential
intervention, although ll may
warm up the campaigning,
seems unlikely to cause the
1062 election to burst into
flames of excitement.
Strictly
ersonal
By Sydney J. Harris
ic- Field Enterprises Inc.
ALAS THE CANE
Watching ah old Sascha
Guitry film the other night, I
felt a twitch of envy
t h e debonair
French actor
strolled along
the Seine ele-
te t gantly swing-
that last re
maining em
blem of dash
and gallantry
in a mundane
world.
llirrli
In the United States, almost
nobody except old people and
comedians carry canes these
days. Until his death two
years ago, Bobby Clark was
still twirling his customary
stick with maniacal glee, and
the late W. C. Fields did
some extremely funny bus
iness with cane.
Canes achieved their pop
ularity with stage people
for protective as well as for
decorative reasons. In the
early road shows, actors
used canes to ward off en
raged audiences, sheriffs
with summonses, cuckolded
husbands and vicious dogs.
For these eminently prac
tical reasons, around the
turn of the century, the
(word cane was in great
favor, and some of tha black
sticks with crook handles
concealed airguns, shot
guns, revolvers or daggers
in their shafts.
When I was a little boy,
living in England, my
father used to carry a cane
to business every day
a Prince Albert model with
VS. - v
OREGON
Rules of Spying, an
Being Changed; Machines Enter Picture
By PHIL NEWSOM
UPI Foreign News Analyst
Since the beginnings, na
tions have spied upon one
another so that now as a busi
ness the spy's
profess ion
must be at
least second
ll 4 i I") I among the
IV i CIV I world's oldest.
It operates
I'Jfcw I wttnin certain
I rules. The
j'LJ first is not to
(iti v a u ll i.
Nawsom The second is
that the nation employing him
must never admit his exist
ence, and if faced with the
evidence, immediately must
disavow him.
But either the rules are
changing or the business is
becoming cluttered with ama
teurs. Communications
Letters to the Editor must
bear the name and address of
the writer although undet rer
tain circumstances the use ol a
pen name ui Initial for publica
tion Is oet-mlssible. The Mall
Tribune reserves the right to
edit all letters with an eye to
clarification and condensation
Letters submitted for publica
tion must not exceed 400 words
Christmas Too Soon
To the Editor: For many
years Advent (which begins
this year on Dec. 2) was the
beginning of the preparations
for Christmas. Now it seems
that it takes months to select,
and even more months to pay
for, very extreme gift giving.
For the last two weeks
there have been ads on the
radio and now on television
suggesting gifts for Christmas.
We haven't even celebrated
Halloween yet, or Thanksgiv
ing! Each year I'm becoming
increasingly irritated with the
early advertising by the time
Christmas comes, we're all
sick of the whole idea. It
seems absolutely ridiculous to
walk into a store in early
October and see the wreaths
and Santa Claus decorating
the scene.
Why can't we celebrate
Christ's birthday with gift
giving to our children, rela
tives and friends without feel
ing the 'force1 behind the gift
giving? I know that the com
petition among the merchants
requires a certain amount of
advertising, but is it really
necessary to spoil the mean
ing of Christmas by pushing
the idea for so many, many
weeks ahead of the event?
(Name on File)
Medford.
Power of the Name
To the-Editor:
The Yanks the pennant once
again have won;
The credit goes to Richard
son and Ford.
Too bad my favorite team
is Washington,
And by another Series I'll
be bored.
Statistics show the Yanks a
barren team . , .
"The rookies brought the
Yankees through," Houk
said;
But names like Mantle,
Maris, Berra seem
To make a better team roll
over dead.
Cepeda, Mays and Sanford
pose no threat;
Take pity on poor Candle
stick's sad fans . . .
The Yanks will quickly win
without a sweat,
'Cause fielders can't catch
homers in the stands.
Without "ole Case" the out
come's still the same:
The power of the Yanks
is in the name.
Peter W. Sage,
Hedrick Junior High
School, 8th Grade,
Medford.
Thanks
To the Editor: Thank you
for your interest and coopera
tion in presenting the adult
education courses this fall
term. Response for the classes
has been very good and we
were certainly pleased with
the publicity. Our eye-catch
ing ad was very well arranged
and attractively placed in
your Sunday edition.
The frequent articles re
garding adult classes have
been very helpful, too!
W e sincerely appreciate
your friendly assistance and
this expression of interest in
the adult education program.
Lindsay M. Vinsel,
Director Adult and
Vocational Education,
Medford Public Schools
a curved handle. For more
formal occasions, ha used a
straight ebony with a silver
knob, or a coca-bola. which
is not a toft drink but a
handsome heavy red wood.
In summer, he brandished a
wanghee, which is similar
to a bamboo stick and is
devastatingly eflectiva for
flicking the bottoms of
fractious children. I know.
The modern Englishman
still uses a tightly rolled um
brella as a kind of ersatz cine,
and. in France the walking
stick is almost as popular as
it ever was; but elsewhere it
has come to he looked upon
as a sign of decadence or af
fectation. A great many men, I sus-
A couple of weeks ago,
V. S. federal agents converg
ed on a suburban New York
diner and picked up two Rus
sian diplomats attached to the
Soviet mission to the United
Nations. The Russians, who
obviously had violated the
first rule of succesful spying,
were found with the goods
and promptly ejected from the
United States.
Russia retaliated with the
ejection of two members of
the U. S. Embassy in Moscow
on similar charges.
Last week In a court in
Karlsruhe, Germany, a con
fessed Soviet agent recounted
his exploits as proudly as a
movie actress dictating her
her biography.
He described a "poison
gun" with which he first kill
ed a friendly puppy and then
In the Day's News
By FRANK JENKINS
Meeting at Oceanside the
other day, the California
State Board of Education pro
posed a SIX-DAY WEEK for
California's elementary and
high schools. It instructed
education department admin
istrators to look into the
proposal and report back at
a future meeting.
The matter was brought
up in connection with a legis
lative recommendatior. by
Roy E. Simpson, California
State Superintendent of Pub
lie Instruction, that would
permit special Saturday
classes for GIFTED children.
This recommendation was
put over until the report is
received on the feasibility of
Saturday classes for ALL
children.
A SIX-DAY week
schools?
It would upset a
habits and traditions.
in the
lot of
UT-
The lime is near-if in
deed it is not already here-
when in this country we are
going to have to consider fi
nances. Throughout most of
the years of this century, the
big questions in regard to edu
cation have been what do we
want and what should we
have. The time is nearing
when another ' question
will be WHAT CAN WE AF
FORD?
The action initiated by the
California State Board of
Education at its Oceanside
meeting is an indication that
the time is coming when we
can no longer afford to use
our school plant only a PART
of the available time.
w
HY?
Well, this nation is heav
ily in debt.
I think it isn't generally
realized how heavily in debt
we are.
A WHILE back, a new sen-
ator from South Dakota
-Sen. Joe Bottum, filling out
the term of the late Sen.
Francis Case-did something
that nobody in Washington
seems to have thought of be
fore. He added up the total
national debt obligations of
the federal government. Not
just the S300-odd billions in
direct obligations covered by
the debt "limit" that from
time to time the congress has
to LIFT in order to make
room for more spending.
He included contingent ob
ligations, such as federal in
surance now in force and
loans already guaranteed. He
included also the Social Se
curity trust fund and Civil
Service retirement obliga
tions. All of these, he pointed
out. must eventually be paid
The payments for all of
them must come out of the
pockets of U. S. taxpayers
because there is nowhere else
for them to come from.
HE CONCLUDED:
Total national debt obli
gat ions of the federal govern
ment In Fiscal Year 1963 (the
current fiscal year) will ap
proximate SI. 242. 000,000.000!
That is a big figure. It in
eludes a confusing number of
ciphers. So let's spell it out.
Spelled out, it reads: One
TRILLON. two hundred forty-two
billion dollars.
HAT'S a lot of money to
owe.
It will take a lot of taxes
to pay off an obMcation of
that size -while at the same
time paying current costs of
government.
Perhaps that though was
back of the proposal by the
California State Foard of
Fducation the other day to
use the school plant a larger
part of the available time.
l-fct, secretly yearn to saunter
down the boulevard with a
cane jauntily dan?ing on their
arms, but Fred Astaire is the
only American I have ever
seen do it with complete
aplomb.
We forget that a cane is a
vestigial sword. So swiftly do
customs change that what was
once a symbol of manhood i
now a sign of effeminacy.
Ancient Profession,
two Ukranian exile leaders by
firing cyanide pellets into
their faces.
This was cloak-and-dagger
stuff with a vengeance but its
very telling scarcely seemed
in keeping with the tradition
al picture of the spy who
would take his own poison
pellet rather than risk cap
ture. A man who played the role
to the end was Dr. Robert
Soblen. Soblen, sentenced to
life imprisonment for wartime
espionage against the United
States, proclaimed his inno
cence throughout and at last
foiled his captors by swallow
ing a poison obtained by
methods still not known.
In 1960, in a speech before
the United Nations, Henry
Cabot Lodge disclosed a bit
of Soviet espionage display
ing both boldness and imagin
ation. It was a carved wooden
replica of the great United
States seal given as a gift
to the U. S. Embassy in Mos
cow. A hidden microphone in
its back went undetected for
seven years.
Former president Eisenhow
er not only broke a rule of
international espionage at the
abortive summit session in
Paris in 1960 but also disclos
ed one of the great forward
Washington Report
By William
(ci t; ni ted Feature Syndicate
DAYS OF CRISIS
Washington - The October
days of crisis for the Repub-
, lican party are
now at hand
but far less
for the con
gressional e 1 e c tions of
next month
than for the
p r e s i dential
election two
years hence.
Not in mem
political year
ory
brought such a confrontation
of shadow with substance. The
shadow is the struggle for con
trol of the new congress. But
the gut contest lies in the ef
forts of G.O.P. candidates for
governor to capture the state
houses, and thus the giant po
litical mechanisms, of four of
our biggest states.
These - New York, Califor
nia, Pennsylvania and Michi
gan - are the real payoff. For
what happens in these guber
natorial tests will determine,
far more than any possible
outcome of the congressional
races, the strength or weak
ness of the Republican chal
lenge to President Kennedy's
bid for re-election in 1964.
INDEED, on the assumption
that a serious presidential
candidacy by Sen. Barry Gold
water is highly unlikely, the
whole effective field of G.O.P.
challengers to Kennedy is in
volved in these four states:
New York, where Nelson
Rockefeller is seeking a re
election so decisive as to make
him automatically a top con
tender for the Republican
presidential ' nomination in
1964.
California, where Richard
Nixon engages the incumbent
Democratic governor, Ed
mund (Pat) Brown.
Pennsylvania, where Wil
liam Scranton opposes the
Democrat, Richardson Dil
worth. Michigan, where George
Romney, the former auto
maker, seeks to oust the in
cumbent Democratic gover
nor, John Swainson.
A Republican grand slam
would run up disaster signals
for Kennedy in 1964. He
would not necessarily be beat
en thereby; but he would be
put on notice of the gravest
coming trouble. A Democratic
grand slam would be a warn
ing to the Republicans that
1964 was simply not going to
il
""ft
vroll
has a
"Don't let it get you down. When people are ill. they
don't give a damn about Berlin. Cuba. Russia or
whether you'ra running for Congress from tha 4th
district . . .'"
steps in espionage methods.
Man is being replaced by
the machine.
When the President admit
ted that a U2 reconnaissance)
plane shot down over Russia
was on a spying mission and
also defended it as a "dis
tasteful but vital necessity" to
protect the Free World against
another Pearl Harbor, he
shook international practices
with results which still ara
being debated.
But the U2, which for four
years had been photographing
Soviet military installations,
marked a turning in espio
nage. A short time ago, the So
viet Union and Cuba disclosed
that the Russians would build
a "fishing village" for Castro.
Both blandly denied that the
thought of employing radar
and other electronic equip
ment aboard trawlers to spy
on the U.S. ever hnd occurred
to them.
For months the U. S. Navy
has been firing secret satel
lites into orbit.
Noting speculation that
these are spy satellites, tha
New York Daily News edi
toralized: "We hope so."
S. White
be their year, barring soma
almost incredible ill-fortune
in the meantime to the Ken
nedy administration.
tMTHER kind of grand slam
-"' is, of course, highly im
probable - and for the Demo
crats, substantially impossi
ble. For no politician really
believes Rockefeller will not
handily take his Democratic
opponent, Robert Morganthau.
The only question is by how
much.
On the prudent assumption
that the outcome will be in
between the extremes of a
Republican o r Democratic
sweep, what are the present
prospects?
In New York, it is Rocke
feller, going away.
In California, present odds
favor Brown slightly, but Nix
on's people seem genuinely
convinced he is coming up
fast. Brown has the advantage
of being already in office,
Nixon, however, will benefit
from the fact that he is an im
measurably larger political
figure, the man barely beaten
for the presidency itself only
two years ago. Many, includ
ing conservative Democrats,
may be impelled to vote foe
him simply because they do
not like to see such a figure
destroyed. Much the same sit
uation benefited the late Sen.
Robert A. Taft of Ohio in
1950, against a relative non
entity, Joseph Ferguson.
TN MICHIGAN, Romney
seems ahead now, as does
Scranton I n Pennsylvania,
though nobody can know
what these last few campaign
days may bring.
Returning to California,
Nixon is bracketed with the
1964 G.O.P. presidential field
because if he wins the gover
norship, he will become the
candidate-maker, if not him
self a candidate. Though he
has read himself out of the
race, he has also said that if
he is then governor of Cali
fornia, he will "invite" all
aspirants into a sudden-death
1964 presidential primary
there. This means Nixon
would surely be king-maker,
if not king.
It also means, parenthetical
ly, that his old antagonist,
Rockefeller, is being warned
early that if he wants the big
prize in 1964, he will have to
earn it by that primary route
which he so shunned in 1960.
r