Controversy Over Religion in Schools Wearing Climax
Editor's not: Th follow
ing diipalch. th tint oi
two by Clair Cox deiling
with th controvrty our
the separation of church
and slate, diicuii Article I
of th Bill of Righte. upon
which a large new body of
litigation focuis.
By CLAIRE COX
. New York - (IW - The con
troversy over religion in the
public schools is building to
ward a climax in the United
States courts.
' Winds of dissent have
blown sharply across the land
since t h e Supreme Court
ruled last June to outlaw an
official prayer that has been
recited daily in some New
York public schools.
This was the most heatedly
discussed case in recent years.
But it was neither the first
nor the last in a series of liti
gations that have been insti
tuted since 1947 under a con
stitutional clause written,
more than 150 years ago.
Still to be settled are a
roster of cases involving such
issues as the construction of
creches on public school
property during the Christmas
season, the use of publicly
owned buses to transport
parochial school pupils, the
reading of Bible passages in
classrooms, released time for
religious education and the
provision of publicly purchas
ed textbooks to parochial
schools. Most of these pending
cases involve religion in the
schools, but also still at issue
is a bitter controversy over
"Sunday blue laws," namely,
whether businesses may op
erate on Sundays.
Could Fir Controversy
Any one of these issues
could touch off a controversy
such as that ignited by the
prayer decision. But church
leaders generally feel that the
"hottest" subject still lsft to
go through the courts is
whether it is legal to read the
Bible in public schools.
All of the matters have
been under litigation under a
constitutional clause in force
aince 1791. At the heart of the
matter is a phrase in Article I
of the Bill of Rights,, the first
ten amendments to the Consti
tution. It says, "Congress
shall make no law respecting
an establishment .of religion
or prohibiting the free exer
cise thereof." The rest of the
'PEACE FLEET' URGED
Washington - WPli - Sen.
Alexander Wiley (R-Wis.) has
urged the government to set
up a "peace fleet" to block
Communist- arms shipments
to Cuba. Wiley said Wednes
day the fleet could b con
trolled by the organization of
American stales to "patrol the
waters nf the Western Hemisphere."
article deals with freedom of
speech and press, the right to
assembly and the right to pe
tition the government for a
redress of grievances.
The second half of the open
ing clause, the part guaran
teeing the free exercise of re
ligion, was settled by the
courts in the 1940s, largely as
a result of a scries of cases
brought by the Jehovah's Wit
nesses to establish their right
to proselytize door to door, to
hand out literature on street
corners and to refuse to salute
the U.S. flag.
Books Being Rewritten
The first half, known as
"The Establishment Clause."
Wheat Farmers
Casting Ballots
On Market Quotas
Washington - IUPII - Wheat
farmers vote in 39 states to
day to decide whether mar
keting quotas will be in effect
for the 1963 crop.
The Agriculture Depart
menl said about a million
farmers are eligible to vote in
the referendum. Not more
than 25 per cent of them are
expected to cast ballots.
Two-thirds of. those voting
must approve quotas if they
are to be applied to the 1963
crop.
If quotas are approved:
-Producers who stay within
their acreage allotments may
market all the wheat they
produce without penalty.
-Growers in the commer
cial area who stay within their
acreage allotments will be
eligible for price support on
their entire production. The
price support rale has been
set at a minimum national av
erage of $1.82 per bushel.
Growers who exceed their
acreage allotments will not be
eligible for price support and
will be subject to marketing
q;iota penalties if they have
more than 15 acres of wheat
for harvest.
If quotas are not approved:
- Marketing quotas and
penalties will not be in effect
for the 1963 crop. ,
-Acreage allotments will j
remain in effect and will be '
used to determine eligibility
for price support. ' 4
-The price support rate will
be at 30 per cent of parity - ;
a national average, of about
$1.21 per bushel.
The .1963 crop- will be
grown on a national acreage
allotment of 55 million acres,
the minimum prcmitted by
law. All wheat grown on this
national allotment makes up
the marketing quota of the
entire crop.
Marketing quotas have been
in effect for the last nine
wheat crops.
only now is being dealt with.
in a series of court cases that
are building an entirely new
body of jurisprudence. So
many cases have been insti
tuted in recent years that law
books are being written or re
written to deal with the ques
tion of church and stale, and
law schools are offering
courses in the law and re
ligion. Some students of the
subject expect that some day
there will be lawyers special
izing in religious cases, just as
there are labor lawyers.
' The "establishment clause"
was defined by the Supreme
Court in 1947 in a New jersey
school bus case in which the
court ruled, 5 to 4, that it was
not a violation of the separa
tion of church and slate for
the state to reimburse parents
who had paid for public tran
sit bus rides for parochial
school pupils. One of the
justices who voted with the
majority was William O.
Douglas, who said in the June
prayer ruling that he had
made a mistake in 1947 that
in retrospect public payment
for transportation for paro
chial school students should
not be allowed.
Follow Black Definition
He and the other justices
who voted with him reached
their latest decision under the
definition of the establishment,
clause written in 1947 by
Justice Hugo Black. It provided:
"The 'establishment of re
ligion' clause of the First
Amendment means at least
this: Neither a state nor the
federal government can set up
a church. Neither can pass
laws which aid one religion,
aid all religions, or prefer one
religion over another. Neither
can force nor influence a per
son to go to or remain away
froni church against his will
or force him to profess a be
lief or disbelief in any re
ligion. No person can be pun
ished for entertaining or pro
fessing religious beliefs or dis
beliefs, for church attendance
or nonattendance. No tax in
any amount, large or small,
can be levied to support any
religious activities or Institu
tions, whatever they may be
called, or whatever form they
may adopt to teach or practice
religion. Neither a state nor
the federal government can,
openly or secretly, participate
In the affairs of any religious
organizations or groups, and
vice versa. In the words of
Jefferson, the clause against
establishment of religion by
law was intended to erect a
'wall of separation between
church and state'."
This ruling has been quoted
widely in court cases from
Vermont to Oregon, some of
which the Supreme Court has
declined to consider and some
of which are pending.
MedfordSITribune
SECTION B MEDKORD, OREGON, THURSDAY, AUGUST 30, 1962 PAGES 1 to 8
Goldberg Tells Limit on Gilts
Washington -ilPP- Supreme
Court Justice-designate Ar
thur J. Goldberg declared re
cently he would not accept
lany gifts more expensive than
a 20-pound birthday cake.
Goldberg described his in
terpretation of ethical conduct
for government officials in a
speech to the convention of
the American Bakery it Con
fectionery Workers (AFL
CIO). '
The union had sent him an
enormous cake to celebrate
his 54th birthday last Aug. 8.
Goldberg, who wrote or
ganized labor's code of ethics,
said Sen. Paul Douglas,
(D-Ill ). had a rule barring any
gifts that cost more than 10
pound ham.
That, he said with a smile,
did not seem an appropriate
rule for a member of the cabi
net named Goldberg. So he
adopted the birthday cake
yardstick.
Incidentally, he had the caka
frozen and served it at a pic
nic for college students hold
ing summer jobs at the Labor
department.
it exists TODAy...
"POOJ?
WHSTrS
TRASH"
2E
3
Quotes From the News
BY UNITED PRESS INTERNATIONAL
Washington - President Kennedy, warning that 10 to 15
nations may have nuclear weapons soon if no test ban agree
ment is reached;
"When one goes off, it may mean they all go off."
Washington - Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter,
79, in a letter to President Kennedy explaining why he is
leaving the bench:
"To retain my seat on th basis of a diminished work
schedule would not comport with my own philosophy or
with the demands of th business of the court, I am thus
left with no choice but to regard my period of active service
on the court as having run its course."
Moscow - Acting United Nations Secretary General Thant,
who said Soviet Premier Khrushchev docs not now plan a
visit to the General Assembly meeting in New York next
month:
"It does not exclude the possibility of his attending a
session at a later date if the circumstances warrant."
MT0WK
MUX) 10
ill ,.
STRUT
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Wo's Cotn. Print Dresses. ...1.00
Wo's Mtnty Shts, Skts, Tps 1.00
Wo's Uniforms, shop soiled 4.00
Wo's Btr. Cotton Dresses.. ..3.00
Wo's Cot. Muu-Muu Robe 1.00
Wo's Better Millinery 8c
Wo's Better Fall Coats ....15.00
Wo's Better Swimsuits .... 2.00
Wo's Btr. Short Shorts 50e
Wo's Ruffled Blouses 1.00
Wo's all cot. Ankle Tapers. .1.50
Wo's 2-pc. Playsuits 2.00
Wo's cot terry Beach Tops. .1.00
Wo's Ig. flc. In. Sweatshirts 2.00
Wo's Knee Knockers 1.00
Wo's Btr. orlon Sweaters. ...3.99
Wo's Tailored Blouses 2.00
Wo's Strapless Sun Bras 50e
Wo's Penn-Suede Jackets. .8. 88
Wo's Sleeve'ess Blouses ....1.00
Wo's Btr. Plaid Slacks 5.88
Wo's Btr. Skirts, shp soil. ...3.00
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Wo's Spt. Top, sit. damage. .50e
Wo's Btr. Play Suit. dam. ..1.00
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Wo's Btr. Blouses, dam ged 50e-
Wo's Cotton Panties 31.00
Wo's Cloves 10c
Wo's Collars, White, soiled.. . le
Wo's Dickeys 22e
Wo's Head Scarves 10c
pr. Earrings :...50e
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Wo's Pins 50c
Wo's Handbag 1.00
Wo's Bras, soi'ed 10c
Wo's Better Bras, soiled ... 50e
Wo's Sweater Bras 33.99
Wo's Stretch Panty Girdles 1.66
Wo's Longline Bras ...1.50
Lounging Pajama 3.88
Wo's Chenille Robes 2.50
Wo's Nylon Long Gown ....1.50
Wo's Nylon Bouffants 2.50
Wo's Nylon Lace Duster 4.88
Wo's Waltz Gown, soiled.. 3. 88
Wo's Nylon Tricot Slips 1.50
Wo's Decorative Aprons ... 50e
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Wo's Billfolds 1.00
Wo'r Rayon Print Scarfs 50c
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Jr. Girls one-piece Playsuits.. 50e
Toddler Girls Play Shorts....25e
Infants Better Headwear 50e'
Tdlr Girls Smr. Playwear....l.00
Girls Bch. Tps., Sweatshirts 1.00
12 only, Jr. Girls Swimsuits, bk szs. 1.00
100 only, Girls Better Cotton Dresses 3.99
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12 only, Girls wlorlon ' ptd. Skirts 2.44
20 only, Girls sizes3-6x Dresses 2.50
100 only, Girls fancy Panty-n-Bra set 1.00
15 only, Girls Doll-n-Me Slips 1.50
30 only, Girls small size Half Slips.. 1.50
100 only. Girls Taffetized cot Slips ....1.00
300 only. Girls Btr. cot-ray. Briefs 25c
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Boys I si. Print Shirts, now 1.00
Jr. Boys dress suits, 6, 8. ...4.88
Boys Flannel PJ's, size 12 1.88
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Boys Swim Trunks, now......50e
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Boys sht. slve. Sport Shirts.. 1.00
Toddler Boys Sport Shirts.. ..99c
Jr. Boys Cord. Slacks, now.. 2.77
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Boys Beach S acks, sz. 16. .1.50
30 only, Mens Panama Hats, red 2.00
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50 only, Mens Cowboy Straw Hats.. ..1.50
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40 only, Mens Qual. Sport Shirts.. ..2.00
12 only, Men's Top Qual. Spt. Shirts 4.66
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50 oply. Men's smr Dress Slacks 4.00
15 only. Mens Wl. Bulky Sweaters 12.00
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144 only. Printed Crib Blankets 1.50
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48 only, 6-yr. Crib, dbl. drop sides. .23. 00
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26
1
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Chenille Bedspreads 3.00
Vinyl Upholstered Bench..4.88
TV Trays : 88c
Laundry Basket 88c
Plastic Clothes Hangers.. 1088e
Wooden Suit Hangers 22c
Record Racks 88c
yds. Printed Flannel 31.00
Bath Towels, solid color 21.00
Hand Towels 31.00
Face Cloths ........... ...:...6 1.00
yards Better Woolens 1.88
Yds. ass't. Better Cottons.. ..33e
Wool blend Skirt Lengths 1.66
yards Printed Corduroy 88e
Yardage Remnants Vi Priet
Yards 80-Sq. Fine Percale. ...25e
Bolster Pillow Molds 2.00
Heart Shaped Pillow Molds 1.00
Round Pillow Molds 1.50
Embossed Pillow Shams 10c
Pincale Stripe Cases 50e
72x108, Pk, Ntnwd. Sheet 1.00
81x108, Ntnwd. Shts, sld...1.00
81x99 Ntnwd. Shts, sld 1.00
90x108, Pencale Sht, sld. ....1.50
Floral Cotton Drape 2.50
80x90 Ray.-Nyl. Blankets..4.99
Initial Fingertip Towels 25c
54x54 Lunch'n Set, Dmsk...l.50
54x72 Dmsk. Lunch'n Set. .2. 50
54x90 Lmtd. Table Cloth..2.00
Pocket Combs 4e
Printed Wash Cloths 25c
Spr. size Ptd. Bch. Towels 2.00
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pr. Fiberglass Drapes 2.50
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pr. 40x84 Print Drapes ....1.50
pr. plast. lined Drapes 1.50
pr. Plast. Lined Drapes 50e
yds. Assorted Valancing 25c
pr. Tier Curtains ...1.00
pr. Vnl. Bath Wdow. Cms 50c
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60x72 Furniture Throw ....1.00
Wool Blend, 12x12 Rug....29.88
pr. 72x84 Fibergls. Drapes 5.00
yds. Drapery Fabric 50e
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