"8 B
MONDAY.
The Second Battle of
By MERTON T. AKERS
UPI Correspondent
The second battle of Bull
Run (Manassas) - really three
battles - lasted live days.
From Aus. 28. 1862 through
September 1. 3,205 Americans
were killed in action on the
Bull Run battlefield in north
ern Virginia, where almost
exactly a year before 868
Americans had died in the
first big battle of the Civil
War.
Both Blue and Gray had
learned much of the art of
war in the 12 months and
both had paid dearly in blood
for their knowledge.
First and last in the bloody
five days, 75.606 Federal
troops fought on the rolling
hills and i n the woods of
Manassas. Of that number,
16.054 were casualties-killed,
wounded and missing.
In the gray ranks, 48.527
fought; 0,187 were killed,
wounded or missing. The Con
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federacy could ill afford the
manpower loss. The North
could, and did, replug its
ranks twice over with case.
Cleancut Victory
The battle was a cleancut
and resounding victory for the
Confederates, thanks to the
daring of Gen. Robert E. Lee
and the tactical skill of Maj.
C:n. Thomas J. (Stonewall)
Jeckson, plus much desperate
fighting. But again the Con
federates were unable to
strike the last decisive blow
to crush the Federal army.
The lopcr was Maj. Gen.
John Pope, a fighting gen
eral brought in from uc West
by President Lincoln. Pope's
fighting ability was not
enough. He failed in "he brain
department. The gallant fight
ing of his troops was not
enough to overcome this.
The fighting started Aug.
28 around Groveton, Va.,
south of the old Bull Run
battlefield. Jackson's forces,
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Bull Run
hidden behind an unfinished
railroad embankment after
they had destroyed Pope's
main base at Manassas Junc
tion the day before, pounced
on a Federal division march
ing along the Warrenlon
Turnpike.
Both sides fought desper
ately, solid lines standing at
short range and pourin,, fire
into each other without flinch
ing. The Confederates had a 3
to 2 superiority over the blue
coats, who gave ground sul
lenly and slowly. By mid
night they had withdrawn to
ward manasss. '.qualities
were heavy. One Federal
unit, the Black Hat Brigade
with reg.iiicnis from Wiscon
sin and Indiana, los. 33 per
cent of its nen.
Troops Concentrated
That ended the battle of
Groveton but it fired Pope
to believe he could trap Jack
son. He concentrated his
troops overnight on the old
Bull R in field and ordered
an attack in the morning.
All murning on the 29th
the Federals attacked here
and there along the li lt-. One
attack by troops under Un
ion Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel
penetrated the lines of Maj.
Gen. A. P. Hill's left but
could not hold on.
Pope arrived on the field at
noon and I'ireclcd u lher as
sault. This attack also pierced
the Confederate line but
again the blue fore s could
not keep their position. Some
Confederates ran out of am
munition and threw stones at
the attackers.
By nightfall each had
enough and the fighting was
broken off with bothVarmics
in about the same positions
they had occupied in the mor
ning. They bedded down
where they stood, too tired
to pitch a pup tent.
But Lee held In reserve the
margin of victory. Maj. Gen.
James Longstrect had arrived
on the field about noon of
the 29th with 32,000 men.
That gave Lee a unified
army, Jackson now had some
help.
Lcc had anted to throw
I.nngFtreet's men into the bat
tle Immediately aflor their ar-
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VICTORY FOP. CONFEDERATES The
second battle of Bull Run (Manassas) real
ly three battles lasted from Aug. 28 to
Sept. 1, 1862, and was a cleancut victory
for the Confederates. The first battle was
fought around Groveton, Va., on Aug. 28.
It was a short-range slugfest, casualties were
heavy and finally the Union forces gave
ground and retreated toward Manassas. On
Aug. 29 the second battle opened as Fed
eral forces attacked near Manassas. De
spite heavy casualties night fell without sig
nificant change in the opposing armies' posi
tions. The next day the Union Army re
newed its attack. They bent the Confed
rival. But Longstrect talked
him out of it- and by doing
so probably talked the Con
federates out of a decisive
victory at the same time. ,
Results Misread
Pope misread results of the
29lh fighting. He thought the
Confederates were retreating
and telegraphed Washington
to that effect early on the
30th. His scouts had not de
tected the arrival of Long
street's troop?.
So Pope went into the
fighting on the 30Ui nearly
blind, proposing to cut the
"retreating"' Confederates to
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All morning of the 30th
Federals and Confederates
reconnoitcred each other and
maneuvered for position.
Soon after noon nine bat
teries . f Federal artillery ex
ploded in furious fire. Behind
the shelling, straight at Jack
son's line, came 12,000 Blue
coats, on a front a mile and
a quarter long with skirmish
ers swarming ahead.
11 was the corps of Maj.
Gen. Fitz-John Porter, ac
counted one of the abler Un
ion generals, fresh from the
Army of the Potomac and in
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erate line, but General Lee ordered Gen
eral Longstrect to attack and the Union
Army was caught in a vice. The Northern
soldiers retreated and the second battle was
over. The third battle came on Sept. 1 as
General Jackson caught up with the re
treating Union forces about four miles
north of Centrevillc. There they fought
all day, until the Union Army retreated
again. The third battle was now over. The
Union was now in trouble, militarily and
politically, and it would be up to President
Lincoln to pick up the pieces. This litho
graph depicts the clash of the two armies
on Aug. 28 near Groveton. (UPI)
its first action of this cam
paign. Porter's reinforced corps
hit Jackson's line in depth.
The gray lines bent in many
spots under repeated assaults
but it never broke. Jackson
rode along the line encour
aging his men but his situa
tion soon became so desper
ate that he sent to Lee for
help.
Now was the moment Lee
had been looking for. Long
street's force stood at right
angles to Jackson's line, fresh
and fretting for action. Pope's
army was committed. Now
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was the time to slam the door
shut.
First off Longstreet turn
ed 30 guns on the Federals,
breaking up their assaulting
columns with a decimating
crossfire.
Then Lee ordered the crusher.
Like a moving gate, Long
street's troops swung out of
the woods and caught Por
ter's troops in a vise, crush
ing them toward Jackson's
line.
Caught between two lines
of fire, the Unionists stood
and fought in pockets for a
time and then, as the vise
closed, retired northward to
ward Centrpville - orderly
and still fighting this time,
not in a rout as the year be
fore at first Bull Run.
Tins time the Federals
stood at Henry House and
fought off the Confederates
trying to break the army into
panic. The year before it had
been Jackson who stood so
firmly at Henry House that
he came by the name of
Stonewill.
Rain came with darkness.
The exhausted Rebels slowed.
By midnight the Federals
crossed Bull Run on the Stone
bridge and destroyed it.
The armies spent the 31st
marching, the Federals to
ward Alexandria and Wash
ington, the Confederates in
pursuit. The fighting was de
sultory, mostly skirmishing,
as Pope sought to save his
army and Lee trying as hard
to annihilate it.
On September 1 Jackson
caught up with part of the
Union army at the Chantilly
mansion, about four miles
north of Centreville.
Here they fought all after
noon in the rain, one side
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PICTSWUT
LEMONADE
Estimated 700,000 Visit Fair Booth
Salem - An estimated 700,-1 ment's exhibit. As many ai
000 persons have passed 300 persons have passed
through the Oregon state high-I through the information cen
way department's travel in- i ter in an hour during busy
formation center during the
first four months of the Seat
tle World's fair.
The highway department
noted that a recent three-day
count showed almost II per
cent of the World's Fair visi
tors have toured the depart-
gaining at one point and fall
ing tack at another.
Union Maj. Gen. Philip
Kearny rode into Confeder
ate rkirmishes by mistake in
the rain. They shouted to
him to surrender. Instead he
turned his horse andu tried
to escape and was shot down.
Brig. Gen. Isaac Steven.-,
promising Union general,
also was killed at Chantilly
(Ox Hill).
Pope drew his army back
to the defenses of Washing
ton, as Gen. Irwin McDowell
had done a year before.
Now the Union cause was
back exactly where it was
then, the army licked and dis
organized and generals ac
cusing each other of treach
ery. The bright hopes of the
Peninsular campaign had
gone aglimmcring. The Army
of Virginia - never really an
army but a group of corps put
together hastily - was an
army no more.
''Well, John, we are whip
ped again. I'm afraid." Lin
coln told John Hay, his as
sistant secretary.
Lincoln understated the
case. He was the man who
would have to pick up the '
pieces.
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