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Why do the Russians smile at us one day and snarl the next? A psychiatrist I beieves lTs not Q mattef Qf q deiberate fo
By GEORGE F. SUTHERLAND, M.D. with Curtis Mitchell
Past President, Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine
ONE MONTH, Nikita Khrushchev is hurling threats
of atomic annihilation at us. The next month, he
is cooing cozily about peaceful coexistence.
It simply does not make sense. Or does it?
I think it does. I believe the seemingly erratic movements of
Soviet diplomacy may not be erratic at all. Instead, they seem to
be carefully planned to create neurosis on a global scale.
Over the years', I have gathered and analyzed records of hun
dreds of such twists and turns,- and it becomes more and more
obvious that there is an underlying timing for each.
A problem is raised ; and at first the Russians seem to want a
peaceful settlement. But when a solution seems near, they lose
interest and raise new objections which make a settlement of the
problem impossible.
For instance, throughout 1961 the Russians insisted that we
and they discuss banning nuclear weapons in conjunction with our
talks on total disarmament. Although we preferred another course,
we finally agreed whereupon they reversed themselves, asserting
that our acceptance was a capitalistic trick and that they would
no longer agree with their own proposal.
This zigzag technique in diplomacy parallels the methods used
by the Red Chinese in brainwashing American prisoners during
the Korean War.
In his book, "Battle for the Mind," William Sargant describes
how brainwashers subject a victim to alternating positive and
negative attitudes. For a time, the victim is treated in a friendly
manner and then, for no apparent reason, he becomes an object
of utmost disdain. As the process continues, he grows progres
sively more and more bewildered. Finally, he will grasp at the
slightest promise of relief. In this condition, he is likely to fall
for any type of indoctrination.
Although the Red Chinese are the most notorious practitioners
of brainwashing, the foundations for it were laid by a Russian
doctor and physiologist, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936). In
1904, he won the Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine. During
later studies, he discovered how to alter the attitudes and be
havior of laboratory animals to the point of producing nervous
disorders in them.
When the Communists came to power in 1917, Nikolai Lenin
thought so highly of Pavlov's talents that he awarded the scien
tist double rations, a country house, an expanded laboratory, and
the perpetual use of an apartment.
Lenin hoped to apply Pavlov's psychological techniques to alter
the attitudes and behavior of humans. Since then, Pavlov's prin
ciples have been used extensively in Russian child training and
in the Soviet brand of psychiatry.
BY contrast, the Western world has failed to grasp the deep
significance of Pavlov's theories. In consequence, we do not
understand what may be happening to us. Instead of responding
rationally, we often react compulsively to Soviet propaganda.
Why should this be? Students of Pavlov advance the theory
that a person who is bewildered in attempting to deal with a
situation will accept any strong suggestion without question.
Before the first Sputnik, most Americans were convinced of our
superiority over the Russians. But when the Russian space vehicle
roared into orbit and ours remained grounded, it confused and
shocked us. Their success suggested strongly that we had been
wrong. Our self-confidence changed swiftly to self doubt and
anxiety, and we have never entirely recovered.
To a psychiatrist, this persistent feeling of apprehension is a
symptom of the sickness called psychoneurosis.
A variety of techniques will produce this neurosis in an experi
mental animal. But all of them involve presenting a succession
of alternating positive and negative signals calling for opposite
responses. The more difficult it becomes to distinguish between
Family Weekly, Auaust 5. 1 962
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the signals, the more disturbing the routine is likely to be.
In my own investigations, I used hogs as subjects. On one day,
the interruption of a continuous tone signified that the animals
would be fed. On alternate days, the same interruption signaled
that they would receive a light but unpleasant electrical shock.
After several months of this alternation, two of the three animals
used in the study developed neuroses.
In men as well as in animals, such reflex behavior develops
almost wUhout the victim being aware of it. A pedestrian jumps
at the warning sound of an auto horn before he considers its
meaning. He has become conditioned.
Paced with the possibility that the Russians are using this
technique to brainwash us, can we save ourselves?
Remedial measures are akin to lifting ourselves by our own
bootstraps. The first step is to comprehend the mechanism: the
alternating current of sweet talk and threats.
A French physician who survived threeyears of brainwashing
in a Chinese prison said: "You are exhausted, and you are an
nihilated. You can't distinguish right from left. You just wonder
when you will be shot and begin to hope for the end. Finally,
you do whatever they want."
Three conditions, if maintained long enough, are expected to
create an experimental neurosis in a human being.
1. A continuous state of unpleasant anticipation.
2. Lack of means to combat the situation.
3. Mounting anxiety under inescapable pressure.
Ask yourself: Do you dread the next Soviet threat? Do you
have doubts about our ability to fight back? Do you feel we can
only sit and wait for the inevitable?
If you have these feelings, reach fast for your bootstraps!
The primitive medicine man controlled his subjects only as
long as they failed to see through his "magic." Likewise, once
we view the Soviet smile-and-snarl as a kind of "medicine," we
can judge it realistically and refuse to be stampeded.
Knowledge is power. In psychotherapy, it is a fact that if a
person learns what is wrong and can understand what threatens
' him, he will make an effort to protect himself.
I believe that an understanding of Pavlov's principles is a key
to our national self-defense. But this is merely a first step. We
need more knowledge. I suggest three steps:
1. Read more about the threat itself.
2. Dig behind the crisis headlines'.
3. Set your sights on an ultimate goal and don't be distracted or
diverted from attaining it.
Digging behind the daily headlines, you will discover that
Kremlin leaders are possibly more dilemma-ridden than we
are. After 40 years, their rate of growth is still inferior to that
which "dying capitalism" has provided for Japan, France, and
West Germany. Soviet agriculture has never fed its people ade
quately, while ours produces surpluses.
You will also see through the myth of Soviet "solidarity." Long
ago, Yugoslavia rejected Khrushchev's leadership. In Africa,
Southeast Asia, and Cuba, Red China is openly competing with
Russia for supremacy. Even in Russia itself, the Communist party
seems to be deeply divided.
Most of us want to live peacefully in a community of nations.
If you subscribe to this goal and arm yourself with the facts,
your thinking and your actions can assume a realistic direction.
You will have an objective which will prevent the undermining of
your courage, wisdom, and faith.
When the chips were down, astronauts John Glenn and Scott
Carpenter were able to survive both the nerve-racking postpone
ments and the emergencies that threatened their earth orbits.
They had the facts. They knew their objective. Their faith held.
Most of us can be equally strong in our own way. As long as we
live, Soviet smiles probably will alternate with snarls, threats, and
shoe-pounding. But if we recognize these gestures for what they
are, we will not panic. We will be resolute in working toward our
goal a world where men can live in peace and freedom.
rumily Weekly. Auyaet J, IM2
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