41.
2- B
SUNDAY, MARCH S, 1961
MEDFOHD MAIL TRIBUNE. MEDFOHD. ORS.
Africa: A Continent of Rising Nationalism; Of Turmoil
Influence Contest
Spreads to Major
Cold War Nations
(Editor'! note: The fnllowlnf
diipatch Ii the fifth of ellht
belnf puhHjhed In connection
with the "Great Declllom" pro
gram of the non-prnflt, nnn
partlian Foreljrn Policy astocli
tlon. Trill dispatch Is related to
the fifth dltcuislon topic: South
Afrlra and an Explonlve Conti
nent Hl6e of the African rer-lonalltv.)
By WILBUR C. LANDREY
United Press International
Johannesburg-(UPl)-Thc rul
ing white citizen of South
Africa are experiencing a
crisis of conscience. One way
or another, it will delermii.e
their survival In a black con
tinent.
Sixteen nations gained their
Independence in Africa last
year. The tide of black na
tionalism,' sometimes of black
racism, is still rising.
And the contest for influ
ence and black friends is on
among the major powers of
the cold war the United
States, Russia, Britain,
France and Communist
China.
In the minds of white South
Africans, outnumbered four
to one in their own country,
black nationalism threatens
the modern Western slate
which they and their ances
tors have been building since
the 17th Century. Over one
half of the five million whites
in Africa live here and they
mean to stay.
Most of them have no place
else to go. They have arms
and organization and are
willing to use them.
Pressure On Whites
And they look with alarm
at the increasing pressure on
the whites in the Rhodcsias
and the threats against white
property in Kenya as it ap
proaches independence.
Above all, they hold up the
Congo as an example.
This is the background
gainst which the racial dra
ma of South Africa is being
played. The whites rule. The
National party government of
Prime Minister Hcndrlk Ver
woerd enforces a policy of
strict segregation called apar
theid which would continue
white supremacy,
A high government official
expressed it this way: "My
family came here in 1682 (ten
years after the first Dutch
settlement). We're not going
to give up what we've built."
, But there Is increasing
soul-searching and a growing
debate within the churches,
industry and the National
party itself whether slrict
apartheid is either moral or
the road to survival.
And li a change comes
soon, it will likely be forced
by those very white South
Africans whom the National
party represents the Afri
kaans speakers who are de
scended from the Dutch, in
contrast to the white English
speaking South Africans.
The debate over racial pol
icy is raging within the Dutch
Reformed churches. They are
the churches of the Afrikan
ers and their influence on the
government here is probably
greater than that of any other
Protestant church in the
world.
Verwoerd Holdi Firm
In the fierce controversy
Verwoerd is holding firm to
strict apartheid. Recently an
nounced measures will apply
It to the one and a half mil
lion Eurafrican halfbreeds
"coloreds" as well as the
Bantu (natives).
, That decision is also being
hotly debated within his Na
tional party.
An opposite view came from
the retiring president of the
South African Institute of
Race Relations, Prof. E. H.
Brooks. He attacked apar
theid and urged that the
Bantu be given a voice in
the nation.
He warned that If a start
is not made in giving politi
cal rights to Africans the
revolution and bloodshed will
follow. He warned that if the
government does not deal
with the moderate African
leaders, new radical ones will
gain power.
He said continued repres
sion" of Africans Is the
easiest way to give rise to an
eventual black dictatorship in
South Africa and Congo-type
atrocities. He said if any of
the values of Western civili
zation are to be maintained,
Africans must be given their
rights.
Seek Equality
In the while areas, the
blacks' movements are re
slricted, they have no politi
cal rights and they are barred
from any but the lowest jobs
Critics of apartheid doubt
that the white economy could
exist witnout them.
What is the alternative to
apartheid?
The black leaders want
equality of political rights,
HT .fell
I i i v f
ARRESTED-Wells Bonner, Van Slccnbcrgh Jr., Seattle air
plane pilot, is shown in Seattle Friday after his arrest by the
federal bureau of investigation in connection with the $45,
689.53 tunnel burglary Feb. 19 of the South Seattle Branch
of the Peoples National Bank. Van Steenbergh Jr., was taken
into custody on a federal complaint of possessing more than
$100 of the money stolen from the bank. (UPI Telephoto)
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eventually. This would mean
that they, eventually, would
rule South Africa.
Few of the white critics of
apartheid would go that far.
The Afrikaaner critics of
strict apartheid would like to
see some of its measures re
laxed and the coloreds given
political representation in
Parliament. But they favor
continued segregation.
So do most of the other
whiles. The main opposition
party, the United party,
speaks of white leadership.
The small offshoot Progres
sive party favors advance
ment by merit, not race, and
would give the vote to those
Willi certain educational
property qualifications.
Only the even smaller Lib
eral parly, along with the
Bantu, favor one man, one
vole, regardless of qualifications.
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Dairy School Set
At Courthouse
The Jackson county exten
sion service will sponsor a
dairy school Tuesday In the
Jackson county courthouse,
County Agent Earle Jossy an
nounced Friday.
The classes for dairymen
and other Interested people
will be held in Ihe brcezeway
of the new courthouse addi
tion from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. A
second dairy school will be
held the following Tuesday,
March 14, Jossy said. Dairy
men should bring sack
lunches. Ml IK will ba pro
vided.
H. P. Ewalt, Oregon State
college dairy specialist, will
lecture on control of mastitis
followed by Dr. K. J. Peter
son, OSC veterinarian on pre
vention and treatment of mas
titis.
At 1 p.m., Ewalt will dis
cuss herd managoment rela
tive to diseases. Peterson will
talk on dairy diseases and
their relationship lo the fer
tility of the dairy animal.
During the second meeting,
Ewalt will talk on methods of
herd mumtgcnu-nl. Oscar
llagg, OSC dairy marketing
specialist, will talk on the
problems of marketing and
the dairy business outlook.
Don Anderson, OSC dairy
specialist, will talk on dairy
herd production record.
The annual Dairy Herd Im
provement association will
hold Its meeting Thursday,
March 9, at R p.m. in the
courthouse, Jossy said.
Police Check Poisoning
Of Boxer in Medford
Medford police are investi
gating the apparent poisoning
of a boxer dog belonging to
Jayce Lee Tibbels, 319 Ash
land ave. The dog has recov
ered, but police still are look
ing for the source of poison,
believed to be stryenine.
A veterinarian who treated
the dog told police that if a
child obtained the stryenine
poison he would not live long
enough to get to a hospital.
Congo Situation Leads JFK
To Redefinition of U.S. Policy
(Kdltor'f note: The followlna
dlsnatrh wax furnished by the
foreign f'oucy Association, inc.
New York, as haekeronnd ma
terial for this week's Great De
risions discussion on "UN In
Kxplosive Africa." It concerns
the United stales position In
Africa, chiefly the Congo, and
Its relation to Ihe United
Nations.)
The continuing deteriora
tion of the Congo situation
especially Congolese and
world - wide reaction to the
"massacre" of former Pre
mier Patrice Lumumba, led
the JCennedy Administration
to a recent redefinition of U.S.
policy toward Africa.
American policy, as de
fined, is based on a UN solu
tion, not only to the Congo
situation but also to other
complex African problems,
whether they stem from the
cold war or African nation
alist rivalries.
The UN is the cornerstone
of U.S. policy toward Africa,
The President made this clear,
He said, "Only by the pres
ence of the United Nations in
the Congo can peace be kept
in Africa."
'The United States." he
pointed out, "can take care of
itself, but the United Nations
system exists so that every
nation can have the assurance
of security ... I would con
ceive it to be the duty of the
United States and, indeed, all
members of the United Na
tions to defend the Charter of
the United Nations by oppos
ing any attempt by any gov
ernment to intervene unilater
ally in the Congo."
Notes Consequences
At the same time the U.S.
pointed out the consequences.
should this policy fail. Adlai
Stevenson, U.S. Ambassador
to the UN, said in the Security
Council, "The best way to
keep the cold war and the hot
war out of the Congo ... is to
keep the United Nations in."
U.S. policy, in short, sees
the UN as a stabilizing force
to bring order within the Con
go, to exclude outside inter
ference and to neutralize the
Congo from the cold war con
flict. By strengthening the
UN as a multilateral security
force, the U.S. hopes to prove
to Asian and African neutrals,
who may have been Influ-'
enced by Soviet "anli-coloni
alism," that a stronger UN is
a better guarantor of their
continued independence.
Hopes to Insulate
It also hopes to insulate
Africa from the cold war (and
Communist subversion) by
substituting the authority of a
multilaterial community for
the direct influence of great
powers.
But there are several strong
threats to the success of U.S.
policy. One is the disconcert
ing threat of internal anarchy
and civil war in the Congo it
self. The recent assumption to
power of Antoine Gizenga,
Mr. Lumumba's chief lieuten
ant, in Stanleyville, Oriental
Province, increases to four
the number of factions con
tending for internal power.
Removes Tribe
Albert Kalonji, in South
Kasai Province, has removed
his tribe from the authority
ot central administration
Self-styled President Moise
Tshombe of rich, secessionist
Katanga Province, has made
his area a virtual Belgian pro
tectorate. President Joseph Kasavubu,
tssisted by provisional pre
mier Joseph Ileo, of Leopold
"illo,, has attempted to recon
cile differences and establish
a federated state, but the at
tempts have not been success
ful.
These political rivalries,
plus deep tribal divisions and
untrained leadership, have
only increased UN difficulties
to establish order and prevent
further bloodshed and civil
war.
Second Threat
A second threat to the suc
cess of U.S. policy is the two
pronged Communist offensive,
led by the USSR.
One prong is aimed at domi
nating the Congo, where the
USSR has recognized the
Stanleyville government of
Antoine Gizenga as the "right
ful" successor to Lumumba's
federal government.
The other prong is aimed at
crippling the UN by subslitut-
ng a three-man directorate
for the office of Secretary
General and by calling for
'noninterference" and remov
al of UN forces and Western
military advisors from the
Congo.
Western observers see this
two-pronged attack as an ef
fort by the USSR to extend
its influence in Africa.
Third Threat
A third threat to the suc
cess of U.S. policy stems from
disagreement among the neu
trals themselves and from sus
picions and sensitivities to
ward the West on the part of
most new, former colonial na
tions. Neutralism in recent
years has usually been- anti
Western in its attitude.
Basically, however, this
anti-Western attitude is really
anticolonialism. The ultimate
objective of neutralists is to
insure their independence
from any domination.
The U.S. has made clear it
supports the same objectives.
Ambassador Stevenson said.
"We pledge our full and un
stinted support against any at
tempt by anyone to interfere
with the full and free develop
ment by Africans of their own
independent African future."
He also pointed cut the anti
colonial record of U.S. his
tory. Not Yet Convinced
But it is also clear that all
neutralists are not 'yet con
vinced that these are, in fact,
U.S. aims. Nor are ail neu
tralists convinced ot the dan
gers of relying on Communist
support. Some neutralists
even appear disenchanted
with the UN itself. ,
The U.S. has begun a cam
paign to reassure these neu
trals of both U.S. intentions
and the advantages of a strong
UN. The recent passage of the
U.S. supported resolution in
the Security Council, author
izing the use of force by UN
troops to curb violence in the
Congo, is one step in this direction.
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Medford Girl Named
On Humboldt List
Areata - Miss Nancy Dean,
a freshman secretarial science
major at Humboldt State col
lege, from Medford, Is one of
Ihe 65 students on the presi
dent's list of scholars for the
fall, 10(10, semester. Students
named to the list are under
graduates who earned an in
dex of 3.50 or better average
In 12 or more units of work
during the semester.
Mi.ts Dean enrolled at Hum
holdt after graduating from
Medford High school and 1
preparing to become a secre
tary, Her parents are Mr. nd
Mrs. George B. Dean, 1334
Morrow rd., Medford.
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