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Medford&JTribune
SECTION F MEDFORD, OREGON, THURSDAY, AUGUST 25, 1960 PAGES 1 to 8
New Study Shows Mankind
Could Survive Atom Fallout
Washington, (Science Serv
IceMf man survives the in
itial blasts, fires and other
dangers of nuclear war, his
long-term survival, even in
countries directly attacked,
seems possible.
This is the conclusion of
Columbia university scien
tists engaged in a world-wide
study being made of the con
centration of radioactive fall
out in the bone structure of
man. Since the start of the
study in 1953, about 9,000
samples of human bone have
been obtained. The program
is supported by the Division
of Ejology and Medicine of
the U.S. Atomic Energy Com
mission. The scientists say In the
fourth report of "Strontium
90 in Man" that human bones
would probably not collect
as much strontium-90 as had
been estimated earlier. Strontium-90
is an isotope pro
duced and released into the
atmosphere by nuclear ex
plosions. The isotope's ability to kill
when collected in quantity in
the human body has been
one of the major reasons to
fear for the long-term sur
vival of man after a nuclear
attack.
Publishing their report re
cently in Science, the journal
of the American Association
for the Advancement of Sci
ence, the scientists say also
that the quantity of strontium-90
in the stratosphere
from bomb tests is much less
than previously estimated.
Dr. J. Laurence Kulp, di
rector of the Geochemistry
section of Columbia's Lamont
Geological observatory in Pal
isades, N.Y.; Dr. Arthur R.
Schulert, research associate
at the observatory, and Miss
Elizabeth J. Hodges, research
assistant at Lamont, prepared
the report.
The study concludes that
"if 3,000 megatons of fission
(an explosive force equal to
3,000 million tons of TNT)
were detonated in the North
ern Hemisphere, it is prob
able that, away from the
areas of local and immediate
fallout, the long-term stron-tum-90
level in the diet would
reach about 180 micro micro
curies per gram of calcium,
or an equilibrium bone level
of 45 micro microcuries.
"Thus, under these extreme j
conditions, the contamination
of non-combatant areas would
raise the average level of
strontium-90 in t;ie popula
tion to the point at which
the bone dose from natural
sources would be approxi
mately doubled (0.60 micro
microcuries).
"Food grown in the area
of intermediate fallout a
large portion of the United
States-would yield an cqui- j
librium of strontium-90 in the
diet in the range of 40 to 4,-
000 micro microcuries per .
gram of calcium.
"These concentrati ons
would produce bone levels up
to the maximum permissible
Red Foothold In
Cuba Threatens
Latin America
By HENRY RAYMONT
United Press International
San Jose, Costa Rica-IUPD-
A Soviet foothold in Cuba
threatens every Latin Amer
ican nation, Secretary of
State Christian A. Herter
told Western Hemisphere for
eign ministers Wednesday.
He warned that Russian in
tervention through Cuba
woukl create an operational
base "designed in the last
onalvcic tn overthrow hv !
force every government in
the hemisphere.
Herter called on the emer
gency conference to act now
against the threat, saying "it
constitutes foreign interven
tion no less than does overt
armed intervention. '
Herter called on the con
ference to vigorously con
demn Communist interfer
ence in American affairs and
to rebuke Cuba for its "tol-j
erance and encouragement'
nf c,,rh nntsidp intervention.
He described foreign-direct-1
ed Communism as "20th cen
tury imperialism" and said
Soviet Russia and Red China
"have made abundantly clear
their determination to exploit
the situation in Cuba as a
means of intervening in lnter
' American affairs."
The secretary's decision to
maintain a firm stand came
1 as a surprise to many dele
gations in view of persistent
rpnorts that Cuban Foreign
Minister Raul Roa was back
' ina off m-evious threats to
condemn the United States
concentration for industrial
workers even if no special
measures were taken.
"Thus, long-term ' survival
of large populations, even in
the countries under attack,
would appear to be feasible,
provided the serious problem
of short-term survival could
be solved."
The scientists report that
"the strontium-90 yet to be
deposited is a small fraction
of that already down, and
the total surface deposit will
reach a maximum in 1961."
Universe Reported To Be Million Billion Years Old
Mexico City, Mexico (Sci
ence Service) - The universe
may be a million billion years
old, not just 12 or so billion
years old, an astronomer re
ported here.
Dr. Fritz Zwicky of Mt.
Wilson and Palomar observa
tory told the American As
tronomical society meeting
that a million billion years
was the least time required
for the formation of galaxies,
the vast stellar systems of
which the earth's Milk Way
is only one of billions.
Dr.. Zwicky bases his esti
mate for the age of the uni
verse on the fact .that atomic
nuclei, the building blocks of not build up beyond a cer-
matter, react wih one ai;oth,ir
and can radiate.. Because
atoms react, characteristic
groupings of matter are built
up. Among these groupings,
the stars, of which the sun
is only one of mililons with
in the Milky Way, are the
most prominent.
Stars cannot grow beyond
a certain size because of de
structive effects of the ener
gies released when atomic
nuclei react, Dr. Zwicky re
ported. The next higher units
of matter are those of the
centers of galaxies.
Galactic centers, also, can-
tain size because of certain
destructive effects. If they
could continue building, they
would grow in size indefin
itely. Since there is a limiting
size, however, Dr. Zwicky
suggests that the cores of
galaxies represent a new unit
of cosmic matter, the true
character of which has not
yet been recognized. This
character is, however, "just as
distinctive as the character of
stars," Dr. Zwicky reported.
He described galaxies as
follows:
Around a dense and very
luminous nucleus, a large
disk of much lower bright
ness is found. The nucleus is
some tens of light years in
diameter, a light year being
the distance light travels in a
year at 186,000 miles a sec
ond, or some six million mil
lion miles.
The disk is surrounded first
by a scattered "suburban"
population of stars, gas and
dust clouds that may be lined
up along a number of more or
less well defined spiral arms.
Around this suburban popula
tion there may be a faint halo
of stars and dark gases. Fin
ally there are intergalactic
formations hovering around
the galaxy.
The disk, suburban popula
tions, halos and intergalactic
formations have dimensions
of a few to many thousands
of light years, always much
larger than the nuclei of galaxies.
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