2 MAIL TRIBUNE, Medford, Or. A Wednesday, July I, 1939
Lightning Known
To Strike Twice
In the Same Place
Washington Contrary 10
popular belief, lightning fre
quently strikes twice in the
same place.
A lightning bolt is not a
single spark, weather, sci
entists say, but a salvo hit
ting one spot in rapid succes
sion. Futhermore, the bolts
favor; certain targets year
after year. They have hit New
York City's Empke State
Building hundreds of times.
But occupants aren't worried:
the steel-ribbed building acts
as a giant lightning rod.
Less well protected are the
nation's forests where light
ning starts about 7,500 fires
a year at a cost of more than
S25 million. In addition, some
400 Americans are killed each
year by lightning.
Scientists Seed Clouds
To save lives and property,
meteorologists are studying
the growth of thunderstorms
in the hope that man can some
day control lightning. This
year scientists will seed clouds
with dry ice and silver iodide,
record electric currents, and
count lightning strokes. Some
scientists believe they can
now modify the form of a
cloud and its electric field,
though they aren't sure they
can really avert lightning.
Lightning has long struck
fear in men's hearts and pro
duced strange superstitions. In
the first century A.D., terri
fied Roman emperor Tiberius
wore a laurel wreath during
thunderstorms in the belief
that lightning, never touched
the plant.
In medieval times, church
bells range to repel the "ma
lignant demons" of the storm.
Many bell-ringers were killed
-the high church steeples at
tracted lightning bolts. But
the demonic belief persisted
Unemployment
Claims Decrease
Salem-(UPD-The State De
partment of Employment said
Tuesday tnat last week s in
itial unemployment claims,
totalling 1,044, were at the
lowest level since the Korean
war. First laims denote per
iods of new unemployment.
The number of persons re
porting a week of unemploy
ment during the week dropped
to 7,215-which is 10 per cent
below the preceding week and
44 per cent below. last year
at this time.
The department said the
basic reason for the rirnn ivs.k
an increase in jobs, but said
a contributing cause was the
drop-out of persons who have
used up all their benefits.
Industries on the uptrend
are agriculture, food 1 proces
sing, logging, lumbering, and
construction.
Tiny Baby Now Weighs
'Husky Six Pounds
A girl, weighing 334
pounds, born May 17 to Mr.
and Mrs. Vernon. Moran, 854
East Ninth st., is now describ
ed as a normal 6 pounds, 1
ounce baby, according to her
mother.
The baby, born prematurely
at Rogue Valley hospital, has
been named Laura Karen,
and is the third child for the
Morans. Her two older broth
ers are Dean, 2Vi, and Bill, 11
months. Moran is employed by
Oregon Veneer company.
Y BOOKLETV
A 33 RZVEALS I
AVjA th TRUTH I
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Tells What Can
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After all the fancy phrases and the
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Ear" and "How A Hearing Loss
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what can be done to your own
individual bearinc loss tests that
can be made to help correct hear
ing loss, ana now seii-confiaence
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long after Benjamin Franklin
invented the lightning rod.
Late in the 19th century,
church bells still rang in some
areas to ward off the evil pow
ers. -
In his ; famous expriment
with a kite, Franklin showed
that lightning is a form of
electricity. A thundercloud
acts as a wind-driven dynamo
Scientists do not yet know
exactly how it works, but stud-
dies indicate that positive and
negative charges build up un
til their mutual attraction be
comes so great that a dart
of electrons shoots from one
pole to the other. The current
generates light, heat, and
sound. It also sends out radio
waves that can disturb a radio
listener 4,000 miles away. .
Lightning bolts range ud to
several miles in length, but
are only about one to six
inches in diameter. They
flash from cloud to cloud and
from ground to cloud, as well
as from cloud to earth. A
stroke may travel at 55 miles
per second. ,
Make Arlifical Lighning
One stroke made lightning
history when it hit, the table
of electrical genius Charles
P. Steinmetz, a four-foot
dwarf with a giant's brain, on
an August afternoon in 1920
Steinmetz decided man could
make his own lightning, and
soon built the first artificial
lightning generator. The ma
chine had glass plates, coated
with metal foil, where elec
tricity accumulated. When
they could hold no more, art
ifical lightning leaped across
the discharge path, accompa
nied by artificial thunder.
Thunder" is believed to be
caused by the abrupt 'expan
sion of air particles along the
path of the lightning, and
their subsequent collision as
they return to fill up the
vacuum. Thunder "rolls" be
cause sound waves from zig
zagging lightning have dif
ferent distances to travel;
there are usually a number of
discharges, and , mountains,
valleys, and clouds reflect the
sounds.
Even thunderclouds have a
silver lining. Lightning, by its
quick passage through the air,
frees nitrogen in the surround
ing air and the gift to plant
life is brought down with the
rain. In this way, nature
spreads perhaps 100 million
tons of fixed nitrogen over
the earth each year.
The Inquiring Mind
This series of articles, on many different subjects,
results from work by senior students at the school of
journalism at the University of Oregon. Each is a con
densed version of a full-length thesis written as partial
requirement for graduation at lha school.
THE ADVANCE OF
TELEVISION IN THE
CLASSROOM
By - Judith Anderson
Whether educational televi
sion has a future in the class
room1 may soon be decided
and very possibly in the nega
tive. Despite the acceptance
of television in the classroom
as an instructional tool, the
problems of finances and pro
gramming are serious enough
to thwart this progressing
medium before it reaches full
maturity. ,
Griffith Hermit in
Psychiatric Ward
Los Angeles - (UPD - Dennis
Farrell, the hermit of Griffith
Park, was under observation
today in the psychiatric ward
of General .hospital.
The 32-year-old World War
II veteran voluntarily left the
bush -studded hills of the
4,200-acre city - owned park
Tuesday for the first time
since turning his back on
civilization six years ago.
Bearded and in tattered
clothing, Farrell would say
only that he wanted to talk
to a policeman who had
questioned him briefly on a
prowler complaint last April
but then released him to re
turn to his lonely life.
The North Platte, Neb., man
said he Jived off wild fruit
and picnic leavings in the park
during his. long stay there.
He was committed Tuesday
for 72 hours to determine': his
mental competency. ' .
Beaverton Hunters !
Kill large Bear
Beaverton-(UPI-A seven-foot
bear that scared two house
wives Monday was tracked
down and killed Tuesday by
a hastily-assembled group of
hunters that shot the animal
on a farm near here.
The bear, which weighed
245 pounds, was killed on the
Harold Lehman farm one mile
off the Sunset highway. Seven
bloodhounds were used in the
hunt.
A volley of seven shots by
A. M. James and Chet Everest
stopped the big bruin.
Glacier national park has
more than 250 lakes.
The solutions to these prob
lems are not easy to find, as
more than 100 experiments
have shown. But most educa
tors and students alike feel
that the success of education
al television inrthe classroom
is worth their greatest efforts.
Eight Years Old
Just eight years ago educa
tors from all parts of the
United States witnessed the
establishment of the first ed
ucational television channel
at Iowa State college. Soon
petitions from educational in
stitutions for similar non-commercial
television channels
were heard by the Federal
Communications Commission.
The FCC answered the re
quests in 1952 by setting aside
242 channels soley for ed
ucational purposes.
Since 1952 aver 100 experi
ments with televised courses
for credit have indicated very
definitely that television can
be a boon to education. As
everyone knows, schools are
becoming more and more
crowded, and more' and more
teachers are needed. The de
mand will soon be critical at
the college level.-':
Beside the steady" increase
in the number of : students,
there has been a demand for
an uplift in the quality of ed
ucation. Students, 'as well as
their . . parents, ;. demand the
most educated- teachers and
the most diversified and ex
pensive audio and visual aids.
Television has brought to the
classroom ' instruction enrich
ed as never -before with out
standing professors and illus
trated" lectures. Where it
would be impossible for indi
vidual schools to obtain rare
pieces of art and live presenta
tions of fine drama, television
has succeeded in presenting
such visual , experiences to
thousands of; students at the
same time. . ;' -,
Minimizes Shortages -
Television has also offered
an invaluable means of min
imizing the problem of teach
er shortages. With television
the same lesson can be given
to thousands of students at
one time. On the university
level, where much teaching is
straight lecture, this can mean
great savings both in dollars
and personnel, as has been
shown in many experiments
with television in the class
room. Despite the great advantages
of educational television in
many respects, some students
and educators question its ef
$ectjrEes as a teaching med
ium and its acceptablitiy in
the classroom. Can students
really learn anything from
television? The answer is
echoed again and again in
the results of experiments"
with. the medium: yes, stud
ents learn as much, from tele
vision classes as from regular
classroom instruction.
An experiment at Pennsyl
vania State university with
225 chemistry students, some
taught by traditional class
room methods and some by
.television, showed no import
ant differences in achieve
ment. At Chicago Junior col
lege the numerical final
grades of television students
were about 10 per cent higher
than those of non-television
students.
Psychological Effect
Ther,e still remains the
question of the psychological
effect of televised instruction
on the student as well as the
teacher. Generally students
have admitted that a televised
course requires more concen
tration because the instructor
is not in the classroom to
watch them. Some feel that
they are being deprived of
close contact with, and indivi
dual attention from, the
teacher.
Many" faculty members at
once feared television because
it threatened the teaching po
sitions of the less talented.
Some suspected that they
would be demoted to the role
of classroom monitors if their
personalities were not adapt
able to television, as shown in
several surveys . o'i faculty
members. Teachers also felt
the lack of class response
when instructing over tele
vision. In several surveys in
structors voiced the need for
class discussion and individual
instruction.
The doubts of instructors
and students have been gradu
ally eased as television experi
ments have been completed.
College teachers have found
that television is most effec
tive when used only as a sup
plement to classroom instruc
tion. There is little possibility
that television will ever re;
place the teacher. Students
will have their classroom in-
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struction and discussion peri
ods. And teachers; will still
hold theif own as' leaders- in
the classroom.
Finance Problem
There remains a basic prob
lem which cannot be over
looked, that of paying for this
new means of instruction.
From the very beginning the
Fund for the Advancement of
Education, supported by the
Ford Foundation, has demon
strated its whole-hearted sup
port over $23 million worth
to the establishment of edu
cational television in. . the
schools.. .
The federal and state gov
ernments have been extremely
cautious about allocating
funds r- ehiratlonal tele
vision -doubting theX. eauca
tional television would last
long. As television experi
ments have proven successful,
however, state governments
have slowly added to the sup
porting funds. ,
Directors of the Fund have
recently announced that they
will soon withdraw their sup
port of educational television
experiments now that then
purpose of getting educational
television on its feet has been
fulfilled. If television is to con
tinue, as a means of instruc
tion some permanent means of
support Will have to be de
veloped. (To be Concluded)
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