Geophysical Year Ranks Most Significant
Peaceful Activity Since Rennaissance
(Editor'i note: TnU U tha first
of two dlsDatchei reoortinc on tb
accomplishments of tha Interna.'
tional Geoobyiicai Year endin
Dec. 31. Tha author 1 executive
director of the committee which
supervised U.S. participation In
the IS-rnonth-lons global effort to
improve man's basic aoderstandisf
of tbe world in which he lives.)
By DR. HUGH ODISHAW
Executive Director, U. S.
National Committee
for IGY
Written for United Presi
International
Washington-ftTD-The Inter-
national Geophysical year,
will rank as the most signifi
cant peaceful activity of man
kind since the Renaissance
Remarkable results have
been achieved in many fields
of science besides the highly'
publicized pen etration of
space.
The basic objective of the
IGY was a mapping of our
physical environment. Just as
geographic mapping is neces
sary before man can know
region, geophysical mapping
is a prerequisite to scientific
understanding of the earth
and its cosmic environs. Much
of the lasting value of the
IGY to science stems from the
thoroughness with which
some 30,000 scientists and
technicians from 66 different
nations carried out this funda
mental purpose of acquiring
vast amounts of precise data
on weather, geomagnetism,
the ionosphere, the aurora and
other phenomena.
Analysis Begun
Analysis of these data has
. already begun, but it will be
years before research scien
tists exhaust the full benefit
of this unprecedented store
house of facts.
Along with the accumula
tion of much-needed basic in
formation, the IGY led to a
number of specific new dis
coveries of great significance.
Let me enumerate a few of
them:
1. Using seismic sounding
techniques, IGY scientists
have laid bare the nature of
a considerable portion of the
land mass of Antarctica. This
region now appears as a com
plex of island and mountain
chains. There are increasing
indications of a major divis
ion between East and West
Antarctica. These studies are
for the first time in history
establishing the character of
the least known continent in
the world, whose area is some
6,000,000 square miles.
2. Seismic measurements
have also, given us a better
measure of the amount of
snow and Ice in the world.
The old figure was about 3,
240,000 cubic miles. So much
more ice has been found in
Antarctica to depths of 14,
000 feet-that this figure must
be revised upwards by about
40 per cent, to some 4,500,000
cubic miles. The revised fig
ure is critical for the study of
the delicate balance of the
heat and water regimen of the
earth.
Counter-Currents
Three major counter-cur
rents in the oceans have been
found and measured. One in
the Atlantic flows beneath
and opposite to the Gulf
Stream, traveling at 'a rate of
eight miles per day some 9,-
000 feet beneath the surface
The second, at depths be
tween 200 and 1,000 feet,
flows against the surface
equatorial current of the Pa
cific, transporting a billion
cubic feet per second. The
third lies beneath the surface
200 miles north of the Pacific
eauator. transporting 1.5 bil
lion cubic feet per second
These measurements add
new elements to our under
standing of the major circula
tion systems of the oceans,
which hold great significance
for the dynamics of weather
and climate and even for the
location and quantity of food
stocks in the seas.
4. In studying ocean bot
toms, a vast mineral-rich re
gion in the Pacific has been
discovered. Millions of square
miles of the southeast Pacific
bear a surface-bottom sludge
laden with nodules of manga
nese and iron with up to one
per cent of cobalt mixed with
copper. The value of these
minerals is estimated at about
$500,000 per square mile, and
the economics of dredging up
the sludge appear promis
ing.
Lighten Climate
5. Studies of ice coverings
in polar regions are shedding
light upon weather and cli
mate of the past. For exam
ple, during the last 50 years
or so the amount of precipita
tion in the Arctic has averag
ed twice that of the Antarc
tic. These records are preserv
ed in the ice layers, affording
the opportunity to read them
much as we read tree rings.
The significance of these stud
ies transcends historical inter
ests: for these data are also
clues to the future of weather
and climate.
6. In meteorology, the IGY
has provided the first census
of Antarctic weather. Record-
ng of temperatures to a low
f at least minus 124 degrees
.... ...
itanrennen suggests the pos-
ent of cold in world weather.
Studies of temperature, pres
sure, humidity and winds
have provided data from
which the influence of this re
gion on world weather can be
examined.
7. Sounding rockets dis
covered solar X-rays low in
the ionsphere. These X-rays,
rather than th ultraviolet
radiation responsible for the
general electrifation of the
ionsphere, extend downward
to the lowest, D-region of the
ionsphere and increase its
ionization to such an extent
that radio blackouts occur.
These findings have marked
value for ionospheric physics
in general and radio com-
municatioss in particular.
Vast Region of Space
8. Discovery of the Van Al
len Radiation Zone indicates
that a vast region of space
around the earth is populat
ed with charged particles,
probably replenished by solar
emmissions. Trapped in the
earth's magnetic field, these
particles appear to be as
sociated with geomagnetic
variations and auroral dis
displays. The discovery is of
striking basic significance and
of interest in terms of space
exploration.
9. Throughout the IGY per
iod the sun was kept under
watch every minute. One pur
pose was the detection of sol
ar flares in whose wakes
frequently follow important
effects in the upper atmos
phere. But in addition pho
tographs in the light of hy
drogen were taken each min
ute, and sometimes more of
ten. These provide a fabulous
record of the history of the
sun durilng the IGY period of
sunspot maximum. The pro
spects of research using this
unparalled record seem im
mense to astronomers.
10. The successful launch'
mg of artifical satellites in
the IGY program is a pioneer
ing, and historic event. It has
ushered in the space age. It
will inevitably lead to greatly
increased knowledge of the
earth and solar system.
(Next: What Lies Ahead)
Democracy, Communism Take
Beatinas in Asia in Past Year
Tokyo -UPD- Democracy and
communism took beatings in
Asia this year as young na
tions searched desperately for
governments that would work.
Democracy went by the
bords in Burma, Thailand and
Pakistan when military
strongmen booted out the poli
ticians one after another in a
25-day rash of coups. The gen
eral promised to bring stabili
ty to their nations, without
elected officials around to
mess things up.
Communism lost ground,
too, as a result of two armed
flare-ups that left free Asia's
nerves badly frayed.
One the Indonesian rebel
lion - was launched by army
officers who feared that Presi
dent Sukarno's "guided de
mocracy" would guide the
What Is The Law?
This column is prepared as a public service by the
College of Law, Willamette University, Salem, to
explain basic legal principles, not to provide legal
advice. The reader is cautioned not to apply these cases
to his own problems without an attorney's advice, for
differing facts may change the outcome.
Itible role of this vast contin-
Courts Will Not Require An
Election Bet To Be Paid
In the last election Peter
son and Sax bet $100 on the
election for governor. They
each placed $100 in the hands
of Bailey. After the election
and before Bailey had turned
the money over to the winner,
the loser demanded the re
turn of his money. Then the
winner demanded that Bailey
give him the $200. Bailey,
the steakholder, does not
know what to do.
Gambling of this kind is
against the public policy of
most states. Therefore, the
courts will not enforce a gam
bling contract and the winner
could not go to court and en
force the stakeholder to pay
him $200 although the courts
will usually require the stake
holder to return the money,
if the loser demands its return
before it has been paid over
to the winner.
Very Big Business
There are many states that
do not permit betting of this
kind but permit certain other
kinds of wagers or bets or
games of chance. In many
states it is legal to bet on
horse races or dog races if
the betting is done through
a legally licensed person or
corporation that conducts the
races according to certain sta
tuatory requirements. In fact,
this sort of betting is a very
big business in the United
States and there are many
well-known race tracks that
take in millions of dollars per
year and the races are tele
vised. This race track betting
is usually called pari mutuel,
a form of betting on horses
in which those who bet on
the winning horse share the
total stakes, less a small per
cent to the management.
Some, states permit non
profit organizations to con
duct a game called "Bingo",
a form of gambling, in order
to raise money. This game
has been used by lodges,
churches, clubs and other such
organizations to raise money.
Lotteries have been oper
ated on an international basis,
the best known one being
the Irish Sweepstakes.
Often Notorious
There are certain cities and
countries in which all kinds
of betting are permitted and
these have often become no
torious. In the United States,
Nevada is well known for its
public policy of permitting
gambling in nearly every
form. ,
The advisability of permit
ting the various forms of gam
bling by state law has long
been the subject of debate.
The public policy of any state
toward gambling is determin
ed by the attitude of its cit
izens toward the sociological,
political end economic aspects
of gambling.
Is That So?
By OLGA BURNS
One of the anomalies about
Americans and seafood is that
with the, billions of , edible
mussels we have on both our
coasts we eat very few, us
ing them mainly for bait or
chicken feed. In Europe, how
ever, the annual consumpt
ion runs into the hundreds
of millions of pounds.
So why are they unpopu
lar here? Probably because
of bad press notices. In less
turbulent times than these,
r .
such as back in the 1920s
when Congress didn't sit in
the summer months and life
was less complex, there was
little hot news. That meant
reporters had to dig up new
sources and one of the best
was the mussel.
During July and August es
pecially, a microscopic ani
mal, known as dinoflagellate,
Gonyaulax, becomes abundant
in the ocean. Mussels eat them
in vast quantities, and with
out ill effects. People, how
ever, who eat those mussels
at the time get very ill and
many of them die. That is true
apparently throughout the
world in the temperate and
frigid zones where mussels
live, for the history of the
shellfish shows plenty of fatal
cases of poisoning from Alas
ka to Germany, one in par
ticular numbering 100 dead
all Russians.
Nonetheless, In all fairness
to dinoflagellate G., it must
be pointed out that a substan
tial numoer oi mussel poi
soning cases are due to peo
ple taking mussels from foul
water or from eating mussels
that have been kept too long.
That is true of clams and oy
sters also and does not mean
that the mussel is not nor
mally as safe to eat as he is
good eating.
Good Food Value
He is nutritious, too, having
a food value that is equal to
if not greater than any other
shell fish. In fact, the mus
sel s food value must be one
of the reasons why walruses
get so big. Mussels are their
prinicpal article of diet. The
walrus gets them by raking
them off the floor of the sea
with his long tusks.
while some varieties of
mussels spend much of their
adult lives clinging to rocks.
logs or ship bottoms, the ma
jority of them are found in
huge beds at various depths,
some of them being two feet
thick, the shellfish piled one
on top the other. The area
covered by these beds may ex
tend for hundreds of acres.
How the mussel maintains
his position there is by his
byssus, the only part not edi
ble except the shell. The by
ssus is a tuft of filaments that
stick out of a gland located
in the so-called foot, a fleshy
substance by means of which
he can creep or propel him
self through the water.
(Released by McClure News
paper Syndicate)
Sorry, I simply can't an
swer your many friendly let
ters individually, but I will
be glad to answer letters of
general interest through the
column. Please address your
letters to: Is That So! co
Medford Mail Tribune, Box
1069, San Francisco, Calif.
strategic archipelago straight
to communism. By the end of
the year the rebellion was
crushed, but so were the Com
munists. Reds Back Off
The other the Quemoy
crisis - was touched off by the
Chinese Communists on Aug.
23 with a sudden, brutal ar
tillery barrage. The guns are
still firing, but not so often
now. The Reds clearly have
backed off - at least for the
time being.
Asia's biggest men were
around at the end of 1958 but
some changes were in the
works. 1
India's Prime Minister Neh
ru threatened to resign, then
changed his mind. Red China's
Mao Tsetung did resign from
the government effective
next March - but he still held
supreme power as Communist
Party boss. Syngman Rhee
(83 years old) and Chiang Kai
shek (71) continued to run
things in South Korea and
Nationalist China respective
ly but both have promised to
end their careers in 1960.
Asia's statesmen covered a
lot of mileage in 1958, on both
sides of the Bamboo Curtain.
North Korea's Kim U Sung
visited his Communist com
rades, Mao and Ho Chin Minn
of North Viet Nam. Cambo
dia's premier, Prince Norodon
Sihanouk, made a pilgrimage
to Peiping after he recognized
Red China. But Mao's most
important guest was Nikita
Khruschev. boss of the So
viet Union, who dropped in
for a four-day visit to Peiping
at the end of July.
Japan's Premier Nobusuke
Kishi was Asia's busiest host
as leading politicians repaid
him for his fence - mending
swings through Southeast Asia
in 1957. Presidents Carlos
Garcia of the Philippines,
Pajendra Prasad of India and
Sularno of Indonesia came to
Tokyo, as well as Premiers
Tengku Abdul Rahman of
Malaya and Souvanna Phou-
ma of Laos.
Old Feuds Continue
Despite the endless wave of
goodwill visits, however, some
of Asia's oldest feuds re
mained simmering in 1958
and a few new ones were
tossed into the fire.
Japan and South Korea
struggled to establish diplo
matic relations, but mutual
distrust was a barrier. Indo
nesia and the Philippines
quarreled bitterly during the
Sumatra and Celebes rebel
lions. Cambodia was at odds
with Thailand and South Viet
Nam over border problems
India and Pakistan growled at
one another about Kashmir
and the problem of the waters
of the Indus River.
Red China had trouble with
just about everybody. Peiping
broke off trade relations with
Japan in April and with Ma
laya and Singapore In Novem
ber. Thailand and South Viet
Nam were worried about Com-
m u n i s t Chinese subversion
and Burma was worried about
border incidents.
The cold shoulder was
more fashionable than the
hearty handshake in Asia's
diplomtic dealings for 1958,
but there were a few items on
the credit side.
Japan moved closer to mu
tual friendship with the Phil
ippines, Indonesia and some of
the war - ravaged nations of
Southeast Asia. The feeling
was strong, nowever, xnax
Japanese friendship was wel
come as long as hard cash
went with it.
Further Trouble for West on Middle
East Said Possible (During Next Year
United Press International
Teletypesetter circuits now
operate in every part of the
United States. This device
sends news dispatches by wire
and, linked to a typesetting
machine, automatically sets
them in type in newspaper
offices.
The Declaration of Inde
pendence, the Constitution of
the United States and the Bill
of Rights are installed in the
National Archives Exhibition
Hall where they were brought
from the Library of Congress
in December, 1952.
Auto laundries in the U.S.
will wash about 288 million
cars this year.
Cairo-flJPD-The West can ex
pect further jolts in 1959 from
the Middle East, where Unit
ed States policy failed in 1958
with the rebellions in Iraq
and Lebanon.
President Gamal Abdel Nas
ser of the United Arab Re
public also -faces mounting
problems in the year ahead,
even though he is still riding
high.
But, as for Russia, its chanc
es for penetrating the Middle
East are even more promising
than they were in 1958 - a
successful year for the Sov
iets in this strategic area.
The kings still on their
thrones Hussein in Jordan,
Saud in Saudi Arabia and Id
ris in Libya - know that they
live at a time when military
coups are fashionable in the
Middle East. The former rul
ers of Iraq, Pakistan and the
Sudan found that out in 1958.
Trouble also looms for the
British, who can look forward
to sporadic difficulties from
the nationalists in Aden and
Yemen and uneasiness in the
oil-rich sheikhdoms along the
Persian Gulf.
Exihibiis Muscle
In 1958, the U.S. exhibited
its muscle by landing 14,000
troops in Lebanon and keep
ing them there until the Leb
anese patched up their differ
ences. But, at years' end, Ameri
can efforts to mend fences
with Nasser's brand of nation
alism had not yet proved suc
cessful. The coming 12
months should show whether
the U.S. has any chance of
regaining its lost prestige and
whether it has any real ex
pansion for considering Nas
ser as the most effective bar
rier to Soviet expansion in the
Middle East.
Nasser is unchallenged as
the Arabs' most popular lead
er. He is the symbol of a long
ing for power, prestige, unity
and more to eat.
One of his problems in .1959
will be Syria. The highlight of
this last historic year for the
Arabs was the formation of
the United Arab Republic
uniting that country with
Egypt - at the Syrians' re
quest. Just the same, Nasser has
had trouble organizing the
UAR along his own lines. De
spite the dissolution of politi
cal parties, potlicking goes on
behind the scenes. Even Com
munist leader Khaled Bakh-
dash, who fled behind the
Iron Curtain after the merger,
is back at the old stand in Da
mascus.
Dam Scheduled
In Egypt, construction of
the Aswan high -dam is sched
uled to begin late in 1959 and
the site is being prepared. To
build it will be a stiff test of
the Egyptian economy in the
years ahead.
The dramatic decision to go
ahead with the dam was an
other example of Nasser's re
liance on Russia for aid that
has not been forthcoming
from the West. He proclaims
himself a "positive neutralist"
who refuses to join either
world bloc, and Western dip
lomats believe his sincerity,
But they fear someday he may
accept one Russian gift too
many. '
Nasser went to Moscow
twice in 1958 - once on an
Is Your Child
College
Material?
That depends. By today's
standards, he probably is. By
standards ten years from now,
perhaps not How can that be?
Is his I. Q. likely to change?
No. But conditions are.
Many college classrooms are
crowded today. By 1967, ap
plications are expected to
double. Low salaries are driv
ing too many qualified teach
ers into other fields.
By the time your child
reaches eighteen, there may
not be any room for him in
any college.
This is a frightening situa
tion. Now is the time to put a
stop to it Help the college or
university of your choice now.
The rewards will be Greater
than you think.
ff yoo wont o know more about who
the college crisis means to urn. writ
for a free booklet to: HIGHER EDU
CATION, Box 36, Times Square Sta.
tion. New York 36. New York.
Published as a public service in
coopera tion with Tha A d-nert;;
Council and the Newspaper Ad
vertising Executive Association.
elaborate state visit and again
in haste and alarm to see Ni
kita Khrushchev when Ameri
can troops landed in Lebanon
Received Promise
Nasser's righthand man.
Vice-President and War Min
ister Abdel Hakim Amer, also
went to Moscow and this time
he came back with a promise
of 400,000,000 rubles to help
build the Aswan dam. Many
Russians have' visited Egypt.
But the real Communist
danger in 1959 may be in Ir
aq, which poses a threat to
Nasser's Arab nationalism as
well as to the West.
Nasserism was one of the
flames that fired Iraq's revo
lution on July 14. The crowds
chanted Nassers' name and its
leaders hailed him as their
brother. But things have been
going differently since.
Premier Kassem has sacked
his revolutionary partner,
Col. Abdel Salam Aref, the
chief supporter of Iraqi unity
with the UAR, and has relied
'Mafia Leader'
Slayers Sought
San Diego, Calif. - (UPD - A
knife-wielding blonde and her
male companion are being
sought in the fatal shoot
ing and stabbing of Tony Mir
abile, described by police as
California Mafia leader.
The couple was seen Fri
day night as they fled from
Mirabile's apartment where
he lay dying from several
gunshot and knife wounds.
They escaped in a late model
Cadillac. -
A nephew of the dead man
Felipe Aquaro, a recent,
arrival from Italy who can't
speak English told police
through an interpreter about
the slaying.
increasingly on the local
Communists. Diplomats say
they even hold two high posts
in the army.
Lebanon will spend 1959
trying to repair the damage of
her rebellion. The Lebanese
economy, once the most pros
perous in the Middle East,
suffered a blow from which it
may never fully recover.
The rebellion started last
May against President Camil
le Chamoun, a pro-Western
but high-handed politician.
Also involved were the con
flict between the Christian
and Moslem halves of the na
tion and the increasing lure of
Nasser's nationalism for the
Moslem portion. But evidence
was never produced to prove
charges of "massive" UAR in
terference. From the rebellion emerged
a Lebanon which no longer
leans toward the United Stat
es. A former rebel leader is
premier and Lebanon has re
sumed a traditional neutrality
tliat is not the same as Nas
ser's. Hussein Courageous
Elsewhere in the Middle
East, 24-year-old King Hus
sein of Jordan still sits coura
geously on the throne of Jor
dan, surrounded by hostile
neighbors. He has already out
lived many predictions of his
imminent fall. But his future
is uncertain.
In Saudi Arabia, King Saud
has been overshadowed by his
brother. Crown Prince Faisal,
who assumed full powers last
March after Nasser's sensa
tional charge that Saud tried
to assassinate him. Faisal has
worked hard to straighten out
the country's tangled financ
es and has patched matters
up with Nasser for the time
being.
In Libya, King Idris is get
ting old - 69. Nasserism is
strong among the youth and
Our Store Wifl Be
CLOSED TOMORROW
FOR INVENTORY
Open at the Usual Time Wednesday
WESTERN AUTO
101 SOUTH RIVERSIDE
there are still the traditional
differences between the coun
try's newly welded halves.
There is open speculation that
the merger may disintegrate
when Idris dies.
In the Sudan, forecasts are
difficult. Gen. Ibrahim Ab
boud and his high command
threw the government of Pre
mier Abdullah Khalil out of
office in a coup against the
politicians. But no one knows
if younger, more pro-Nasser
Monday, December 29. 1931 SA
MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, ORE.
nationalist office might
someday do the same to Ab-boud.
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M
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starting now to save a
' little money each week,
throughout the year. Come
next November, Vixen will
receive a Christmas Savings
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National for the entire
amount plus interest!
Small amounts saved weekly,
plus interest, add up to a
prepaid Christmas next
year. Join U. S. National's
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ou;lheresaplan
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1 eb
MEDFORD BRANCH
Th United StotM Notlcnol Bank of Portland Mimfctr Ffrof Btpesff fniurane CmperaflM
3 MEMO TO ADVERTISERS E
gout
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