to be held throughout the new nation.
The fact that Thanksgiving survived the
diverse, even antagonistic, activities that
followed is a tribute to its deep roots in
American tradition and conscience. Thanks
giving Day is truly one American holiday
that was not imposed from above, but rather
grew among a grateful people until it reached
such proportions that, when the Federal
Government finally acted, it was merely
recognizing an existing custom.
Its existence, however, was almost shat
tered by that first official observance in 1789.
Hamilton, then secretary of the treasury,
suggested it and proposed a huge parade of
dignitaries and military units for the oc
casion. His ambitious suggestion for univer
sal thanks, however, met with anything but
universal approval.
Cries of "mimicking the monarchy" arose,
fist fights broke out on the streets of New
York (then capital of the country), and one
Southern congressman was moved to remark
that perhaps we had nothing at all to be
thankful for in "our present government"
(then dominated by Northerners). Southern
opposition also was based on the fact that
Thanksgiving was a well-entrenched New
England custom.
Jgr 'icy-
I Hamilton Washington
So, while Washington and his wife, Martha,
prepared a stately dinner at home for his
family and such invited notables as the
Chief Justice of the United States, and
Jefferson and his supporters remained aloof
from any participation at all in the day's
activities, Hamilton and his friends arranged
a banquet at Fraunce's.
Hamilton arrived late and the celebration
began without him. In the midst of it a young
Army lieutenant arose to announce to no
one in particular that he was entirely sober.
Another gentleman questioned the truth of
his statement, and the brawl began. Bottles
were thrown, tables and chairs upset, and
the lieutenant's nose eventually broken.
Hamilton walked in upon the scene and,
aghast that any of it might reach the public,
did his best to quiet the uproar.
Washington got word of it, nevertheless,
and, perhaps dismayed that a day of thanks
could be so abused, delayed issuing any
further proclamations for another six years.
John Adams, our second President, also tried
it twice (in 1798 and 1799), but Jefferson
was still to have his way.
He succeeded Adams as President and, his
mind unchanged about government inter
ference in religious matters, declined to issue
?l rai :
Jefferson
America's first official day of thanks.
Jefferson's opposition was most potent of
all. The author of the Declaration of In
dependence argued that Thanksgiving was a
religious matter and the Government had
no right to interfere. To do so, he said, would
be to violate the division only recently set
up between church and state.
XAashincton's dignified middle ground to
keep the observance within the fam
ily and the home prevailed, and it
generally reflected the custom as observed
until thenand since. His proclamation be
came an interesting test of Jefferson's con
stitutional argument.
Our first President asked that Thursday,
November 26, "be devoted by the people of
these United States to the service of that
great and glorious Being who is the benef
icent Author of all the good that was, that
s, or that will be." He cited Divine care and
protection before and during the Revolu
tionary War, -the peace and plenty that
followed, the fruits of civil and religious
liberty, and the opportunity to establish a
form of government for the safety and happi
ness of the people.
Meanwhile, back at the tavern . . .
It should be mentioned hurriedly, and with
due respect to all concerned, that taverns
then were not what they are now. They were
respected meeting places for gentlemen, and
Fraunce's Tavern, the case In point, was once
used by Washington as his headquarters and
was also the scene of his farewell to his
officers. It is now, in fact, a tourist attraction
in New York City.
4
While Hamilton celebrated and Washington
entertained at home, Jefferson ignored it all.
any proclamation in any of his eight years
as chief executive. Although his decision
was made in good faith, it was not an entirely
popular one, especially among New England
clergy. At least one prayed, "O Lord, endow
the President with a goodly portion of Thy
grace, for Thou, O Lord, knowest how much
he needs it"
Yet Jefferson's official attitude prevailed
for more than. 60 years, because it was not
until 1863, in the midst of the Civil War, that
Abraham Lincoln, persuaded by Mrs. Sarah
Josepha Hale, issued the first Thanksgiving
Day proclamation since Adams. And Thanks
giving, as we know it, dates directly from
those troubled times.
The Autumn custom, however, had not
died out in the interim, because it had never
depended on official proclamations. It grew,
not only in New England, but throughout
the country even in the South where, prior
to the Civil War, the governors of Georgia,
Texas, and Jefferson's own Virginia had
issued proclamations of their own.
By the time Lincoln made his request for
a nation-wide day of thanks, 30 of the 34
states were already observing it. Gratitude,
it seems, has always been a part of American
tradition and heritage.
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