o
4 Monday, Juna 9, 1933
MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, OR IV.
Medford.
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Flight 'o Time
Medford and Jackson County
History from the files of The
Mail Tribune 10. 20. 30 and
40 years ago. .
10 YEARS AGO ...
, June 9, 1948 (Wednesday)
A5r alternative pla to the
: two proposed by the bureau
of reclamation for develop-
mentQpf water resources of
. the Rogue basin was suggest
. ed by Sherman Smith, Grants
' Pass attorney, today at , a
1 hearing. . -
Yesterday was the hottest
day so far this year in Med-
ford with a temperature of
92 degrees. O
': 20 YEARS AGO
. June 9, 1938 (Thursday)
Dr. Francis E. Townsend,
pension plan leader "who' has
been addressing audiences in
various carts of Orezon. will
leave from MeSford tomor
row mornirPg. .. 1
From Arthur Perry's Ye
Smudge Pot column: "Farm
ers are on the business end
of a pitchfork, endeavoring
to beat the rain, if any, to the
' barn."
30 YEARS AGO
June 9, 1928 (Saturday)
According to an announce
ment made today by9 C. C
Clark, the Opp mine near
Jacksonville, has been sold
to him and E. L. Childers
From local and personal
column: "The Hamilton Pat
r ton building on South River
side ave., which was gutted
by fire several weeks0 ago, is
' being femoved to m8ke room
for another bidding."
40 YEARS AGO
June 9, 1918 (Monday)
All car owners in the city
; today were making sarcastic
remarks about John D. Rock
efeller because of a raise of
two cents in cost of gasoline
On June 12, the new wage
schedule ordered by the In
dustrial Welfare commission
of 'the state of Oregon goes
' into effect. Minimum weekly
wage rate for . women is
$11.10.
What's Your I.Q.?
Nine or ten correct is superior;
seven or eight is excellent; live or
six is good.
1. John Paul Jones did, or
did not, serve in the Russian
navy?
2. Does the "ship of the
desert" have wheels, a pro-
pellor, or feet?
3. What does U. S. P. stand
for on the label of a medic
inal product?
4. Sound travels faster in
water, iron or air?
o. wnich country is our
closest Latin American neigh
bor?
6. Which rank in the Army
corresponds to Ensign in the
Navy?
7. Who wrote the book "I
Chose Freedom?"
8. What sort of work is done
by a cooper? c
9. The Frisian islands are
off the coast of what country?
10. What is the capital of
South Carolina?
Answers: 1. Did. 2. Feet
(camel). 3. United Stales
Pharmacopeia. 4 Iron. 5.
Mexico. 6. 2nd Lieutenant. 7.
Victor A. Kravchenko. 8. He
makes barrels, casks, etc. 9.
The Netherlands. 10. Columbia.
De Gaulle s Dilemma
UNE Will Alo-iers be Gen. Charles? de. Gaulle's
Waterloo?
Charles X, the last of the Bourbons to rule by
divine right, who had thought his conquest of Al
geria in July 1830 would make radical Paris ac-
cept his self-righteous misrule, was driven into
exile within the year. David Shoenbrun observed
shortly before De Gaulle's accession: "The Bout
bons Have long since gone but the French Repub
lic is today fighting a desperate war in Algeria
to preserve the Bourbon legacy.
Algiers is the richest segment of what was and
to a degree still is the French sphere of influence
in North Africa. It is four times bigger than the
"motherland, embracing 850,000 square miles,
as against the 150,000 square miles of Morocco
and 48,000 square miles of Tunisia, the former
French protectorates. Its rich oil deposits could
conceivably underwrite, eventually, the cost of
raising the standard of living of its downtrodden
Moslems to tnai or. metropolitan f ranee.
DERHAPS the real and tragic problem in
Algeria is its constituency 1.2 million Eur
opeans among 8.5 million Moslems. De Gaulle is
cultivating the residue of Moslem good will re
maining from his relatively generous policy in
World War II. But leagued with the Army in
bringing De Gaulle to power are the reactionary
French colons who have agitated violently for
keeping Algeria French and essentially for
keeping their own special political prerogatives.
De Gaulle in 1944 granted French citizenship
to 60,000 Algerians who had fought in the French
armed forces. At a colonial conference at Brazza
ville, capital of French Equatorial Africa, the
General proclaimed the principle of federalism
for the Empire. Instead of the absolute assimila
tion under a Pans government the French set
tlers still appear to insist upon, the overseas ter
ritories were to become federated with metropol
itan h ranee m a French Union. And they were to
be given a greater voice in their own affairs.
THE French Constitution of 1946 divided Al
geria into three departments, administered
as an integral part of metropolitan France. The
organic statute of 1947 gave all Algerian inhabi
tants the rights of French citizenship and estab
lished an Algerian Assembly with increased pow
ers.
But these were largely paper concessions, and
they were hedged about with caveats. Schoen-
brun reports that "only- 75,000 out of almost 9
million Algerians have ever become full citizens
for voting purposes." He quotes former Premier
Mendes-i1 ranee in reference to the phony elec
tions of April 1948 :
.. "The Moslem peoples of Algeria welcomed the inaug
uration of universal suffrage as an immense progress
but soon perceived that in practice it was only a facade
and a deceit."
DY THESE elections for the Algerian assembly,
1.2 million Europeans were represented by
60 members in one chamber; 8.5 million Moslems
by 60 representatives in the other. In mid-March
1956, two years after the nationalist uprisings
had begun, the French Assembly dissolved the
Algerian legislature and transferred its powers
to the French governor-general. A new basic law
adopted last January maintained the principle of
protective representation for the European min
ority and did little to alleviate internal discords.
Prior to the dissolution of the Algenan As
sembly, the French parliament in 1955 had ap
proved a plan drawn up by Jacques Soustelle,
then governor-general of Algiers and now one of
De Gaulle s principal backers there. It called for
greater local autonomy, redistribution of land,
and various other political and social reforms.
But Soustelle flatly rejected political auton
omy for Algeria. His plan proposed instead "com
plete integration" with France a phrase being
much heard and variously interpreted today.
E.R.R.
Schools Face Closure
Gov. Lindsay Almond has now made it em
phatic that any public school in Virginia that de
segregates next September, whether in obedience
to federal court order or for other reason, will be
closed. This is required by the basic article of the
state s ' massive resistance ' code.
With encouragement from the National As
sociation for the Advancement of Colored Peo
ple, 15 Negro children have applied for admission
to white schools in the Washington suburb of
Arlington, across the Potomac in Virginia. In
retaliation, the Arlington Def enders of State Sov
ereignty have announced that they will match
every Negro enrollment in a white school with a
white enrollment in a Negro school, so that both
will be closed.
Thus all of .Arlington's public schools, with
a total of 24,500 pupils, face closure. Pastors of
Alington Protestant churces oppose use of church
Duimings as segregated private schools if the pub
lic schools are forced to close .Catholic schools.
not subject to state orders, may be the only ones
u carry one. .k.k. ,
Dennis the Menace
The first cast iron bridge in
America was built across the
Erie canal near Frankfort,
N.Y, in 1840.
'I'M HERE 'CAUSE lM NOT SLEpy.j
here 'cause you whistle when you snore
Washington Report
By William S. White
1 n
Bishop Fulton Sheen
Speaks in Portland
Portland (UPI) Bish
op Fulton J. Sheen arrived
here by plane Saturday nieht.
He spoke to graduating sen
iors at Central Catholic high
school Sunday and will con
duct retreats for Oregon
priests until June 20 when
he will speak to the public
at the auditorium.
Idaho Girl Dies
In Fall From Car
Council, Idaho (UPI )
A three-year-old Cam
bridge, Idaho, girl, Nancy
Jean Conrad, died in a Boise
hospital Sunday of injuries
suffered late Saturday when
she fell from a car AVz miles
south of here on Highway 95
near the Idaho - Oregon border.
Washington President Eis
enhower is fast losing control
or is handing over control
of his own foreign policy.
and the orthodox Republican
wmg is moving in.
It means the beginning of
the end of a bipartisan ap
proach in the
world affairs
that has en
dured for 5Vi
years in the
i s e n how
er regime. Ac
tually, this bi-
partisan-
ship had been
in use most
of the time in
wiiiam s. white me a e c a a e
and a half since Pearl Har
bor. ,
The President's progressive
retirement from top command
has been visible, on any close
analysis, for a year or more.
But the most , open and the
most dangerous instance of
this retreat came over the
last week end.
This was when he permit
ted the Senate indeed, he
all but compelled the Senate
to deny to him power that
his own State Department and
all of his closest foreign-policy
backers had sought for
him in his name.
i
rpHE State Department had
encouraged the Senate
Foreign Relations committee
to authorize the President to
give economic assistance to
certain Communist satellite
countries. He could htfve done
this only where he thought
it might help to split the
monolith of the Soviet bloc.
The committee, "by biparti
san majority, has voted to put
this authorization into the
current foreign aid bill. The
motion was from Senator
John F. Kennedy, a Massa
chusetts Democrat.
Suddenly, after a White
House visit, the orthodox Re
publican leader" Senator Wil
liam F. Knowland of Calif
ornia, reversed the whole sit
uation. Knowland, an implac
able opponent of any such au
thority, announced that the
President, too, did not want
any such authority at least
not in the aid bill. President
Eisenhower, it was added,
now would like that "kind of
power but only later in a
separate bill. Everybody
aware of the situation in the
Senate knew that it was now
or never. ,
rpHIS strongly suggestive
A evidence that the Repub
lican Old Guard had over
come not only the President
but his own State Department
had these immediate effects:
1. The rug was pulled from
under Eisenhower's most use
ful friends in the Senate
in both parties. Under the
leadership of Democratic Sen
ator Lyndon B. Johnson of
Texas and Republican Sena
tor Alexander Wiley of Wis
consin, the bipartisans stiU
fought on. But they fought on
to inevitable defeat on what,
with any Presidential back
ing, would have . been an
equally inevitable victory
for Presidential powers.
2. On this vital test the
Democratic leadership and
every Eisenhower Republican
stayed with what they had
been told earlier the Presi
dent wanted.
Every member of the Re
publican Old Guard -r- in
cluding Knowland's prospec
tive successor as Senate lead
er, Senator Everett McKinley
Dirksen of Illinois voted
to deny to the President an
authority he now said he did
not wish after aU.
It is the long-term conse
quences of this affair, how
ever, that hold the true sig;
nificance for the two and a
half more years of the Eisen
hower administration. -
Those who have fought a-
dozen battles for the Presi
dent in the - foreign field do
not hide their soreness and
chagrin. He has gravely weak
ened his position on an even
more critical foreign policy
issue extension of the re
ciprocal trade, or tariff-low
ering, program.
HE B
of
E HAS broken the morale
his own forces in Con
gress, and possibly elsewhere
as he rarely has done before.
Many had gone up to the fir
ing line for him this time at
obvious peril to themselves
They knew that to support
any sort of help for Commun
ist dictatorships would be
bad news politically in nearly
every part of the country.
Some recognized, too, that
such a policy might be bad
in principle, as. well. But they
took the risk because they
felt obliged to back the Con
stitutional right of the Presi
dent to conduct this country's
foreign policy.
Some of them a critical
number in both parties will
be far less ready hereafter to
respond to calls for action
from a commander-in-chief
who, as they see it, signaled
to the charge and has himself
then turned the other way
The orthodox Republicans
hereafter will hold a practi
cal veto power over foreign
policy. And even some of the
bipartisans are in a way not
too sorry. For the orthodox
Republicans, however, much
in error they may be, have
always a clear and predict
able coherence of purpose.
They do not abandon posi
tions once taken; once com
mitted, they fight on to the
end.
(Copyright, 1958, by
United Feature Syndicate Inc)
Communications
Letters to the Editor must
bear the name and address of
the writer although under cer
tain circumstances the use of a
pen name or initial for publica
tion is permissible. The Mail
Tribune reserves the right to
edit all letters with an eye to
clarification and condensation.
Letters submitted for publica
tion must not exceed 400 words.
The letters printed in this
:olumn do not necessarily repre
sent the views of the paper, in
fact the contrary is often the
case.
Wake Up, Grow Up!
To the Editor: When I read
in the paper about the hub
bub the Democratic party
made, through their lawyer,
about being inadvertently list
ed "Democrat" instead of
"Democratic" on their nomin
ation certificates, this is the
thought that crossed my mind,
and I'll wager every serious
thinking individual that reads
or hears about it regardless of
party affiliation:
In such a crucial time in
the world's history, when the
whole free world is looking
to us for mature leadership
and guidance and the Com
munists are watching to pub
licize and capitalize every
little mistake and weakness
we show, how can one of the
two leading parties of the
country make an issue over
such a trivial matter? If this
is a sample of the caliber and
maturity of the leaders of our
narty system, what chance
has the country got to escape
socialism or communism? Be
fore it is too late, in Heavens
name, wake up and grow up!
Yes, I am a committee wom
an, and it would make no dif
ference to meif they had put
elephant party or GOP, or
any other abbreviation of the
Republican party on my cer
tificate. Leila A. Morrow
531 N. Bartlett St.
Medford.
Waiter of Fact
By ROWLAND EVANS JR.
While Joseph Aliop re
ports from Algiers, Row
land Evans Jr. covers the
Washington base.
THE MAGIC NUMBER
IN THE HOUSE
Washington Important tell
tale signs are pointing to the
strongest Democratic majority
in the House next January
since the pinnacle of the
Roosevelt New Deal.
lime remains, 01 course,
for that prospect to come a
cropper before the Nov. 4
election. The chill wind that
blew out of California this
week, however, put new sting
into the bad political weather
that, has dogged, the Republi
cans in one primary election
after another this spring.
Strangely enough, even the
Mid-West Republicans seem
to have election-year jitters,
despite the tradition that
farmers vote Republican when
prices and harvest are good.
How else can one explain the
vote of Rep. George of Kan
sas and several other farm-
state Republicans for- that "so
cialistic dole" that the Demo
crats tried unsuccessfully to
substitute for the Eisenhower
unemployment pay bill?
INFORMED estimates that
the Democrats may pick up
between 20 and 40 new House
seats are immensely signifi
cant. They simply mean that
the 'composition of the new
House could well give the
Northern and Western Demo
crats effective majority con
trol without the help of the
Southern conservatives. If
that happens, the center of
power in the House would
shift from the moderates to
the Northern liberals, and
with it the power to enact
legislation.
Everyone knows that the
Democratic , prospect in the
Senate is excellent. Not so
well known, however, is the
full measure of their prospect
in the House.
Not since 1934 has the party
occupying the white House
increased its seats in the
House in a non-Presidential
Writer Says United States'
Cold War Position Improved
LJL
Charles M.
McCann
when Russia
By CHARLES M. McCANN
UP( Foreign News Analyst
The United States appears
to be in an increasingly strong
position in the cold war with
f"3"' Soviet Russia.
been a radical
alteration in
the relative
s i t u a t ion of
the two great
powers in the
last eight
months.
It was eight
months ago
shocked the
Western world by demonstrat
ing, in launching the first
earth satellite, its progress in
the field of nuclear weapons.
The" Soviet government
took advantage of its success
by launching a cold war of
fensive. Nikolai A. Bulganin, then
Premier, and Nikita S.
Khrushchev, his successor,
started bombarding the West
ern allies with demands for an
immediate summit conference
of heads of government and
at the same time started
threatening allied nations in
Europe and Asia that they
would be destroyed if they
permitted " establishment of
American nuclear weapons
bases on their territory.
Now the United States has
launched its own satellites.
Rejected Soviet Proposals
And Secretary of State John
Foster Dulles, at times stand
ing almost alone, has resisted
all demands from both the
Russian and the allied side
that the United States be
rushed into a summit confer
ence that might turn into a
mere sounding board for
Communist propaganda.
The United States has re-
city you gave us - for our
Buddy Poppy Sale Days held
this year on May 23 and 24
Through the generosity of
your paper and the wonder
ful people of Medford and
surrounding cities our Poppy
Sales were gratifying.
As you aU well know this
money is used entirely for the
use oi rena mutation 01 our
Veterans and their dependent
ones.
So once again the members
of Crater Lake Post and Aux
iliary No. 1833 VFW whole
heatedly extend their warm
est thank you to all you
wonderful people.
Mrs. Russell Zundel,
Buddy Poppy Chairman
Medford
Opposes Phone Hike
To the Editor: About a year
ago, the telephone company
raised its rates and promised
greater coverage. - Only the
SPring prefix got more cover
age. They just moved around
the rest of us. I suggest every
one write to the Public Utili
ties Commissi6ner to refuse
raise. We pay more on an
eight party line now than
four parties do.
R. D. Moore,
Central Point
Buddy Poppy Success
To the Editor: Please accept
our heartfelt thinks to you
and your staff for the publi-J
How About It, Mr. Geddes?
To the Editor: We here in
the fourth congressional dis
trict are very fortunate, that
we had the foresight to elect
Charles p. Porter as our rep
resentative in wasnington
The Talent project was push
ed hard by Mr. Porte; ac
cess roads into our over-ripe
timber areas are being pushed
by Mr. Porter; people inter
ested in mining have welcom
ed the friend they have found
in Mr. Porter; the dictators of
South America rue the day
that you and I sent Mr. Porter
to Washington because under
the pressure being put on
them by Mr. Porter they are
finding it much more difficult
to obtain your dollars and
mine with which to rule their
people and to squander on the
populace of the cess-pool of
America we call "film land
A Mr. Geddes will attempt
to undo these things which
have been accomplished by
Charles Porter at least it
would seem that way because
Geddes has been very slow
in announcing just exactly
what he would do if he were
to replace our excellent, hard
working congressman.
Would Mr. Geddes remove
the splendid work of the Tal
ent project? Would Mr.
Geddes send arms to Latin
American dictators? Would
Mr. Geddes stop all work on
access roads into our over-ripe
timbered areas? Just what
would you do, Mr. Geddes,
that Mr. Porter has not done?
How would you better the ex
cellent results obtained by our
hard working congressman,
Charles O. Porter?
R. L. Brakel,
3045 Kincaid St., .
Eugene, Ore. ,
election. In the five off-year
contests since then, the Ad
ministration party has lost an
average of 44 seats. If that
purely arbitrary yardstick
were applied to the Republi
cans this year, their 1958 total
of 198 would drop to less than
160 seats and the Democrats
would jump from 233 to more
than 270.
ANOTHER statistical hazard
for the Republicans is
their large number of "mar
ginal" districts, the districts
most likely to reflect changes
in voting patterns. Careful
study of results in the 1956
and 1958 elections shows that
the Republicans have 79 seats
that are especially vulnerable,
while the Democrats have
only 51.
Even more significant is the
staggering number of Republi
can incumbents who, for one
reason or another, have de
cided not to run for re-elec
tion. They already total 23,
well over 10 per cent of all
Republican members, and the
list is not closed yet. This
means that new Republican
candidates must be given a
costly build-up and go before
the voters without the advan
tage of . an established repu
tation. 1
But the most nagging and
fundamental of all Republican
worries is the fact that, aside
from farm prices, the trend
of events seems to be running
strongly against them. Many
economists expect the reces
sion to last weU beyond this
fall and predict a fairly long
period of relatively high un
employment. I
HEADLINES that bristle
day after day with omin
ous news from abroad are con
fusing and upsetting a lot of
voters, as this reporter can at
test from a recent survey in
the Middle West. An uneasy
feeling that affair's have been
permitted to get out of hand,
and that the Republican ad
ministration is somehow to
blame, is promising electoral
dividends to the Democrats
On the plus side, the Repub
licans talk hopefully of a bet-ter-than-usual
crop of candi
dates, of cashing in on the
labor union scandals and of
Democratic overconfidence.
The California primary, how
ever, did not demonstrate that
the labor issue will defeat
many Democrats.
What all this means is that
the "magic number'' of Z7U
seems to be within range of
the' Democrats for the first
time since 1936.
If the Democrats elect that
many members, the Northern
ers know they can dispense
with the Republicans and
most of the Southern conserv
atives of their own party and
still command a majority.
Achievement of the "magic
number," in other words,
would not do less than trans
form the entire political cli
mate in the House and in Con
gress as a whole. Such "lib
eral" legislation as school
cbnstruction and income tax
reduction, not even under
serious consideration today,
would pulse with new life.
That, and its impact on the
1960 Presidential election, is
the real stake in November. ,
1958 New York i
Herald Tribune Inc. I
jected also Russia's 'demand
that having completed a big
series of nuclear weapons
tests itself President Eisen
hower agree to an uncondi
tional suspension of its own
tests.
Now Russia has agreed to
technical talks aimed at pro
viding, as part of any mutual
suspension of tests, a control
system that would prevent
cheating.
The Soviet, government has
shown, some disposition, at
least, to negotiate on a busi
ness basis for a real summit
conference at which agree
ment on big world issues
might be possible.
Wants Increased Trade
Khrushchev is making a
strong bid for an immense. in
crease in trade with the Unit
ed States and has Jhiplicitly
admitted Russia's economic
weakness by asking for cred
its to finance its purchases..;
Dulles himself gave a most
encouraging picture of .the
change in the cold war situa
tion when he testified last Fri
day before the Senate For
eign Relations Committee.
Dulles emphasized the in
herent strength of the allied
free world and the essential
weakness of the Communist
world.
Despotisms always seem
stronger than democracies, he
said, because of their rigid im
position of discipline on their
peoples.
"The fact is," Dulles con
tinued, "that the despotisms
are always weaker than they
appear, and the democracies
are usually stronger than
they seem." '
Nixon and Knowland
Putting Up Prestige
In Fall Elections
I'M
By LYLE C. WILSOlt
UPI Correspondent '
Washington (UPI) Vice
President Richard M. Nixon's
political prestige will be up
for grabs this
year in Cali
fornia where
well - organiz
ed Democrats
are maneuv
ering to cut
him down as
a presidential
prospect.
Nixon is
Lyie c. wifccn committed ,ty
desire and circumstances to
make an all out campaign for
the election in November of
Sen. William W. Knowland as
governor of California. Much
has been written about the
rivalry between Nixon' and
Knowland, the Republican
leader of tha Senate. It has
been argued that their big
home state was not big
enough for the ambitions of
these two young men, each of
whom is on a political path
which logically could lead to
a Republican presidential
nomination.
Knowland is substantially
if not irrevocably committed
to Nixon for the 1960 nomi
nation. He calls Nixon the
only major aspirant as of
now. Nixon is even more firm
ly committed to support
Knowland's ambition to be
elected governor.
Rough Time
Democrat Pat Brown gave
Knowland a rough going
over in last week's primary.
Both men filed for the guber
natorial nomination on both
tickets and the primary was
something of a popularity
contest between the pair.
Brown substantially out-polled
the senator.
The political tide in Cali
fornia was running strong on
primary day against. Know
land. It is up to Knowlan
and Nixon in the ensuing
months to reverse that tide
or, each, to stumble away
from the summit of Republi
can Party leadership.
Brown's election would
damage Nixon's prospects
badly after an all-out cam
paign effort in Knowland
behalf. Nixon would then ap
pear to have been repudiat
ed by the voters of his own
state. That could be deadly to
his ambition to . obtain the
1960 Republican presidential
nomination. That would be a
sfceeter triumph for the Dem
ocratic Party than the elec
tion of a Democratic Gover
nor of California after long
years ot failure.
Aggressive Attack
The aggressive intensity of
the Democratic high com
mand's attack on Nixon is a
considerable tribute to the .
vice president. It seems to be
an acklowledgement by the
opposition that he not only
is front-runner now for the
Republican nomination but
would be the most difficult
Republican to beat. The Dem
ocratic effort to knockQoff
both Nixog and Knowlana in
a single state election cam
paign will have the hard-fisted
support of the political
leaders of organized labor.
They-have a double stake 'in
the contest.
Knowland directly chal
lenges the labor - bosses with
an appeal over the heads to
the labor rank and file. It is
an appeal accompained by en
dorsement of strict regulation
of union affairs, largely in be
half of the members, and of
legislation which would out
law the cjosed or union shop.
So, the bosses don't like
Knowland for that, and they
don't like -Nixon, either. . It
should be quite a contest, and
if big labor over-shoots the
mark in California as it did
in 1950 in Ohio in an effort
to defeat the late Sen. Robert
A. Taft, the opposition of big
labor could become a Repub
lican asset.
Eight years ago in Ohio,
labor made such a show
against Taft of its money,
men and muscle as to alien
ate the voters who repudiat
ed labor's interference by a
decisive vote. Taft lost three
or four counties, only, but
carried every industrial coun
ty in the state.
Down with Knowland, of
course, would go any chance
of finding within the Republi
can Party nationally any es
tablished leaders willing 'to
challenge the political power
of organized labor. Brown's
election would tend enor
mously to increase big labor's
political power in the Demo
cratic party where it already
is dominant in spots. If would
nucge bis .bor toward the
driver's eat in the Republi
can Party, too, td" further
ceprivt con)rotive cftizens
of any Substantial0 voice in
U.S. politic
The Facts
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