By PETER WEBB
United Press Correspondent
On the Gaza Strip Border,
Israel U.P.) This is the no
man's land of an undeclared war.
Hundreds of young Israeli pio
neer settlers here are celebrat
ing the Biblical feast of Pass
over, marking the Jews' libera
tion from Egyptian captivity.
They observe it while literally
looking down Egyptian gun bar
rels. On these frontline farms,
where children use reinforced
concrete dugouts as sandboxes,
there is a strange irony in the
ancient Hebrew rites which re
tell the Jewish exodus from
Egypt and the swallowing up
of Pharaoh's armies in the
Red Sea.
Today Egypt's forces, armed
with 600-mph MIG-15 jets and
Stalin tanks supplied by Russia,
are less than 800 yards away and
there's no Red Sea between
them.
Typical is the settlement of
J a h a 1 o r. Overlooking it are
Egyptian machine gun posts
cording to legend, Samson halted
carrying Gaza's gates on his
back.
Here live some 100 young pio
neer settlers, women and chil
dren, cultivating the sunparched
border farmlands and doubling
as frontier guards. Average age
of the adults is 20.
In event of war they will be
Israel's first line of defense.
There will be no retreating.
Their ' orders are to stand and
fight.
In the sparkling spring sun
shine which brightens even the
drab communal buildings and
severely functional layout of the
farm, it is hard to believe war
is near. Then you notice the
barbed wire perimeter and the
high wooden guard towers.
At night, floodlights sweep the
area outside the perimeter, prob
ing for infiltrating Arab guer
rilla bands alleged responsible
for scores of hit and run attacks.
Their latest tactic, according to
the Jews, is to creep across at
night and destroy crops now al
most ready for spring harvest.
A young settlement "leader
grinned ruefully as he talked
"But we shall have more than
enough for our Passover dinner,"
he said. "And our parents are
coming down to join us."
"We were talking in their new
recreation room, boasting an an
cient radio set, brightly covered
chairs and a handful of modern
paintings. Beside the radio stood
a twisted piece of metal, the tail
fin of a 120-millimeter mortar
bomb which fell on the settle
ment a few months ago.
Jahaloz forms part of a string
of frontier farms which are be
ing fortified against attack. Is
rael Premier David Ben-Gurion
and members of the army high
command recently visited the
settlement.
There are reports of strong
Egyptian troop concentrations in
the Gaza strip area. But it is im
possible to see any of them as
one gazes, across the rolling
green hills toward red-roofed
Gaza with the blue Mediterra
nean in the background.
"We know they have moved
troops up and we are ready for
anything," said one young Kib-
butznik (the name given mem
bers of the collective farms).
A few yards away girls in
work-soiled blue jeans and loose
fitting : sweaters that would do
nothing for Marilyn Monroe
were turning a tin-roofed barn
into a dining room for Passover
Eve supper. Rough wooden ta
bles and benches were being
hauled into position. Others in
the kitchen prepared unleaven
ed bread, bitter herbs, symbolic'
of the days spent in the wilder
ness, and apples dipped in honey
to represent Israel's return to
the promised land.
This week there will be danc
ing in the fields as the first ears
of corn are cut in traditional
Passover ceremonies. But it will
be dancing behind barbed wire
with guards, hands on guns,
scanning the countryside.
On quiet days, nothing seems
more remote than war along this
lush green borderland, now dap
pled with spring flowers.
Yet nearly 1000 persons have
been ' killed or wounded along
Israel's frontiers in the last few
years of "peace."
I perched on the hill where, ac
celand Proposal
To K
larms Officials
Washington (U.R With
drawal of American forces from
Iceland would seriously damage
Free World defense strategy
and hand Moscow at least a
whopping propaganda triumph
if not more, officials said today.
For this reason, the State and
Defense departments are
alarmed over the recommenda
tion by Iceland's Parliament
that U.S. troops be pulled out
The United States will seek
through diplomatic channels to
dissuade the Icelanders from
carrying through the Parlia
ment's suggestion.
Said No Longer Needed
The Iceland lawmakers con
tend American forces are no
longer needed on their island
because East-West tensions have
eased. This was diputed Thurs
day by Secretary of State John
Foster Dulles in talking to a
group of foreign service officers.
He said the cold war is still on
and "is worldwide in scope."
"The danger constantly exists
that that struggle could break
from the so-called cold war into
a hot war," Dulles said.
In the view of American
strategists, withdrawal of U.S.
forces from Iceland would:
Dangerous Opening
1. Leave a dangerous opening
in the North Atlantic Treaty Or
ganization's Atlantic defense
Bank Debits Show
Increase Over '55
Eugens The southern Oregon
banking area during February
reported an increase of 10.6 per
cent over the same period a year
ago, but showed a decrease of
11.4 per cent from the January,
1956, total.
Bank debjts, regarded as in
dicators of current business ac
tivity, are complied by the
bureau of business research at
the University of Oregon.
Bank debits for the state last
month showed a 6.3 per cent in
crease over a year ago.
Southern Oregon, which in
cludes Medford, Ashland and
Grants Pass, totaled $54,968,216
last month, compared to $62,051,
120 during January. Feburary
debits for the state totaled Sl,
325,094,427, compared to Jan
uary's $1,472,609,612, a decrease
of 10 per cent.
Bank debits represent the dol
lar value of checks drawn
against the deposit accounts of
individuals and business firms.
Payment of Surplus
Processing Cost QK'd
Washington (U.R) House
Senate conferees today approved
the government paying the cost
of processing surplus food crops
given to needy persons in this
country and abroad.
The conferees voted to leave
'such a provision in a new farm
bill. It would cover such pro
cessing as manufacture of flour
from wheat and packaging of
butter.
Last night, the conferees dealt
the administration another blow
by approving a provision that
would give dairy farmers an
extra $120 million in income
this year. The support price of
manufacturing milk would be
increased to $3.25 per handred
weight, a hike of 10 cents. The
butterfat support price would be
increased by between two and
three cents per pound.
City Offices Close
In Honor of D. L. Flynn
Offices in the Medford city
hall closed from 1 to 2:30 p.m.
today, during funeral services
for Diamond L. Flynn, 59, for
mer Medford mayor, who , died
unexpectedly Wednesday morn
ing. City; departments and em
ployees are among those making
contributions to the heart fund
in memory of the former mayor.
Corvallis (U.R) Selection
cf Miss Jan Markstaller, queen
of the 1954 Portland Rose Festi
val, to be National Moonlight
Girl of Phi Sigma Kappa fra
ternity has been announced here.
amove Trooos
strategy. Iceland is a NATO
member.
2. Tempt other nations to ask
American-allied forces to get out
of defense bases spotted else
where around Russia's peri
meter. 3. Spread the idea that the
"cold war" is over and the need
for collective defense systems
likewise has passed. This is Mos
cow's propaganda line.
Voter Registration
In County 25,808;
Deadline April 17
A total of 25,808 people have
registered in Jackson county to
vote in the May primary, the
county clerk's office reported to
day. This represents a total gain
in registrations of 368 since the
last tally was made March 22.
Republican registrations total
14,272, Democrats 11,011 and
miscellaneous 525.
A total of 199 Democrats, 165
Republicans and 4 Independents
have registered since March 22.
Deadline for voter registrations
for the May 18 primary election
is April 17.
Confusion Develops
Officials said that consider
able confusion has developed
over cancellation of outdated
voter registrations. A number
of people are under the erroneous
impression that they do not have
to reregister this year if they
voted in the 1952 presidential
election. Officials pointed out,
however, that any citizen who
has not voted in a primary or
general election during the past
two years must file a new regis
tration. Others who must reregister in
order to be eligible to vote in the
May primary are those who have
moved within their precincts or
into other precincts or to other
counties in the state since the
last election; those whose ad
dresses have been changed by
order of the post office; those
whose names have been changed
by marriage; and those who de
sire to change from one political
party to another.
Chamber Directors
Adopt Tax Report
The board of directors of the
Jackson County Chamber of
Commerce yesterday unani
mously adopted the tax report
prepared by the chamber's legis
lative committee.
It authorized Committee
Chairman Frank J. Van Dyke
to present the report to the state
legislative interim committee on
taxation at a meeting in Salem
tomorrow. The chamber, will
also be represented the week fol
lowing at a statewide chamber
tax forum in Salem, at which
time this chamber's view on
taxation will be presented by
Van Dyke and LeRoy Spangler,
who helped prepare the report.
The board unanimously au
thorized the preparation of a
resolution honoring the late
Diamond L. Flynn, former may
or of Medford and a longtime
member of and worker in the
chamber.
The chamber office, now lo
cated at 5 South Riverside ave.,
will move tiv new quarters in
the new D'Anjou building on
South Central ave., on April 13,
the board was informed. It au
thorized the move at a previous
meeting.
Ike Asked To Address
Linfield Commencement
Washington (U.R) Rep.
Walter Norblad (R-Ore.) today
renewed an invitation to Presi
dent Eisenhower to deliver the
commencement address this year
at Linfield College at McMinn
ville, Ore.
The college is celebrating its
100th anniversary this year. Nor
blad issued the invitation last
year but was told he was too
early for 1956 commitments.
Norblad said Linfield would set
it's commencement at the eon
viencft of the President
State Legislators
Declared Plotters
On Morse Defeat
Sweetland Says Laws
Amendment Was Plan
Portland (U.R) State Sen.
Monroe Sweetland charged yes
terday that the Republican ma
jority of the 1955 Legislature
planned the defeat of Sen. Wayne
Morse (D-Ore.), when it amend
ed the election laws.
Sweetland, candidate for
Democratic nomination as secre
tary of state, attacked the amend
ments in a speech before the
Willamette Democratic Society
here yesterday. He particularly
criticized the requirement that
each voter sign the poll book
twice. He said this resulted in
great delay in a Eugene water
board election this week.
Party Line Split
Sweetland claimed the double
signing requirement and others
were in bills that saw a party
line split. Democrats opposed
the legislation, he said.
"These election amendments
constitute a deliberate . attempt
on the part of schemers in back
of Republican strategy to defeat
Wayne Morse. I've weighed my
words carefully, and that is what
I mean. It was a calculated at
tempt to throw the election to
Republicans on Nov. 6."
He said proponents of the
amendments were seeking to cur
tail voting by "certain blocks"
of voters "who work for a liv
ing, who don't control their own
time, and who crowd the polls
the last few hours."
Second Decisions
Discussion Slated
The second topic in the Great
Decisions series, "What Should
the U.S. do about Germany in
Europe?" will be discussed in
radio and TV programs this
week and next, and in Sunday's
issue of the Medford Mail
Tribune.
Broadcast times for programs
on local stations encouraging
and explaining the weekly topic
will remain the same as last
week, with Dr. Clifford Miller,
Southern Oregon college social
scientist, speaking on KBES-TV
Tuesday from 2:30 to 2:45 p.m.,
and a SOC panel speaking on
KYJC from 6 to 6:30 Saturday;
KMED, 9 to 9:30 p.m. Sunday;
and KWIN (Ashland) from 8 to
8:30 p.m. Monday.
The Great Decisions program,
conducted with great success in
Portland, Corvallis, Eugene,
Springfield and elsewhere in
Oregon last year, began in Med
ford last week. It brings infor
mation on foreign affairs, dis
seminated through press, radio,
television and brochures, for
use in informal discussion
groups.
Medford Attorney Don Han
sen is chairman of a temporary
committee organized to present
the program.
West Europe Red
Leaders in Meeting
London (U.R) West Eu
rope's top Communist leaders
were meeting here and in Rome
today to puzzle out the Kremlin's
new anti-Stalin line that has
thrown the Communist party
into convulsions of confusion.
In London, British Communist
leader Harry Pollitt ignored
Moscow's new anti-Stalin line as
he opened a national party con
gress, the first held outside the
Iron Curtain since the Soviet
switch. There were rumors he
may be fired.
Maurice Thorez, leader of the
big French Communist party,
turned up in Rome and was ex
pected to meet secretly today
with Italian Communist party
boss Palmiro Togliatti to try to
prevent wholesale defections
from the ranks.
Clear, Cold Weather
Forecast Easter Sunday
The Medford weather bu
reau today predicted clear,
cold weather for Easter wor
shippers Sunday morning,
with increasing cloudiness
Sunday afternoon.
It is possible that there may
be a low overcast over the val
ley early Easter morning,
weathermen said, but no rain
is expected.
Weather
FORECAST: Showers tonight
and Saturday morning. Par
tial clearing Saturday after
noon. Low tonight 35 to 38;
High Saturday 58.
Highest Yesterday ...
Lowest this Morning
6
41
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DllllflU tXi. JJi"jr ""-" " -
awaits arrival of Treasury agents with seizure notice that will close his otfice m
spectacular move against the party for non-payment of taxes. (International Soundphoto)
Texa
ns Frightened
Baytown, Tex. (U.R) An ex
plosion ripped open the side of
an oil tanker docked at Baytown
Thursday night, injuring only
two crewmen but triggering
short-lived fears among residents
of this port city of a repitition
of the 1947 Texas City disaster.
Baytown is only 25 miles from
Texas City, where 512 persons
were killed in a series of explo
sions :aboard a French vessel,
and property damage was esti
mated between $40,000,000 and
$70,000,000.
Kerosene Being Loaded
The Baytown explosion came
as kerosene was being loaded
into a 3,0C0-barrel compartment
of the "Esso Peterson," a 10,000
ton vessel operated by Humble
Oil and Refining Co. and moored
to a Humble dock.
Two seamen were blown into
the water and two others hurt.
One of those soaked but unin
jured, Donald Ayres, 22, of Hills
ville, Va., said, " I saw a flash
and I was gone."
Early today the firm issued
a statement saying, "We're back
in business. The crew has re
turned to the ship."
"We have not determined the
More French Troops
Pour Into Algeria
Algiers (U.R) Another 1300
NATO-trained French troops
poured ashore in Algeria today
and the 17-month-old rebellion
showed no sogns of lessening. '
French military authorities
said 240 persons had died in the
last 72 hours of fighting 202
rebels, 28 French soldiers and
10 Algerian civilians.
The Arab League pledged its
full support yesterday to the
Arab insurrection against the
French and French sources ex
pressed fear it would flame 'the
revolt to even greater propor
tions. - '
The 1300 French troops land
ed where the vanguard of 30,000
NATO troops France is pulling
out of former German barracks
to fight in Algeria. '
German Woman Bearing Wounds of Christ
Turns Back Estimated 6,000 Visitors
Konnersrek, Germany '(U.R)
Therese Neumann, a simple pea
sant woman who bleeds each
Good Friday from wounds simi
lar to those of Christ on the
Cross, refused to permit visitors
to see her ordeal today.
It was the second time the 58-year-old
daughter of a Bavarian
tailor had turned back pilgrims
who make the arduous trip to
this tiny mountain village every
Good Friday.
Visitors Wait Outside
An estimated 6000 visitors, in
cluding German and American
servicemen and . their families,
waited outside the little house
to see Miss Neumann's suffer
ing. Some have been admitted
in the past. But this year she
refused to allow them to file
through her room. .
However, members of her
family reported that Miss IJeu-
mann suffered today as she has
Medford
51st Year 26 Pages
I.. HWUMii I I 1 1 '
A lion oHitnr nf New York's
actual cause of the explosion,"
the statement went on. "We had
just,started loading kerosene and
she went up and ruptured the
side of the vessel."
Dock Near Tank Farm
The dock area is only a short
distance from a 3,000-acre "tank
farm" on which vast quantities
of gasoline and other inflam
mable fuels are stored.
The blast was felt in Galves
ton, .Tex.,... more- than 30 miles
away. A flash fire which burned
more than an hour after the
blast could be seen throughout
Baytown, a city of 25,000 per
sons. Police said about 100 patrol
men, some from other cities,
were called out to direct traffic
as hundreds of persons living
near the waterfront left their
homes.
Censuses of Towns
Hears Completion
Censuses in two Jackson
county towns neared final tabu
lation today. A third count
showed an increase since the last
census.
; Talent, which completed a
house-to-house census yesterday,
counted 895 residents, an in
crease of 156 more than the 739
in the 1950 federal census.
Final tabulation of a new Ash
land census is expected to be
completed by early next week,
City Superintendent Elmer Bie
gel said today.
The census, which Biegel said
is in the "mopping-up" stage, is
being taken to determine accur
ate population figures in order
to provide a basis for possible
increase in pro rata shares of
Certain state funds.
Biegel said the count has al
ready passed the 8,000 mark,
compared to 7,739 in the 1950
federal census.
Everett Ravenor, director of
the census at Jacksonville, said
the house-to-house count there
should be tabulated late today.
The census there in 1950 was
1,190.
for the past 30 years on nearly
every Good Friday and on a
number of other occasions dur
ing the year.
She is one of the most famous
of the more than 300 persons
throughout history who have
borne the stigmata, which are
wounds resembling those of
Christ. They appear on the
hands, feet, side and forehead.
Blood flows from the wounds.
Few Drops of Blood Appear
Father Franz Naber, 84, par
ish priest here, said that a few
drops of blood appeared from a
wound below Miss Neumann's
heart during today's ordeal. It
was in the same place as the
spot where a centurion's lance
pierced Christ's body.
The first person to bear the
stigmata was St. Francis of As
sisi in 1224. The" wounds ap
peared in the same place where
Christ was crowned with thorns,
MEDFORD, OREGON, FRIDAY, MARCH 30, 1956
.;..K.-.,V,.,,.V..V..V.....-..W.- ,
Communist Dailv Worker.
Hitchcock Takes
Stand Opposing
Deschutes Dam
Portland '(U.R) Phil Hitch
cock, Republican candidate for
United States Senator, today
took a stand in opposition to
construction of Pelton dam on
the Deschutes river.
Speaking before a conserva
tionist audience of Izaak Walton
leaguers here, Hitchcock said
"this is a question of the federal
government, stepping in and ig
noring the state's right to deter
mine the use of its own water."
He declared that he " was
"firmly opposed to any proce
dure of this type that attempts
to go around the state's laws."
The former state senator said
"conservation with multiple use
is one of the biggest uses facing
Oregon voters this year."
Hitchcock said that "there are
good reasons to believe that rec
reation may be the biggest use
for our state's natural beauty
by 1960." But he said that even
if the recreation irdustry brings
in more dollars, "we must re
member that it is not the basic
industry of our state. The basic
industries are agriculture and
lumber; people still have to
have food to eat and houses to
live in." ,
The conservation problem, he
said "hinges largely on access
both roads into forest areas and
boat landings on streams and
lakes."
Police Hold Man
For Threat To Ike
Denver (U.R) The Secret
Service office here said today
it has arrested a 35-year-old
Kentuckian who threatened to
kill President Eisenhower.
The man was identified as
Sam Stepp, a transient ,from
Inez, Ky.
The Secret Service said Stepp
declared in a hotel bar in Buena
Vista, colo., Monday night that
"President Eisenhower is a
German s.o.b. and if I ever get
close enough to kill him, I'll
kill him."
"I have a 30-30 bullet for
him," he was quoted as saying.
nailed to the cross and lanced in
the side by a soldier's spear on
Calvary.
The Roman Catholic church
considers the stigmata to be a
"gratuitous gift of divine grace."
It is extremely stringent in ex
amining cases of stigmata be
fore recognizing them officially
as being of supernatural origin.
There is no known case of , the
church officially recognizing the
supernatural origin of stigmata
during the lifetime of the person
bearing them.
Church Takes No Stand
In the case of Miss Neumann,
a deeply religious person whose
wounds have been observed by
many, the church has taken no
stand. Vatican sources have said
the church's attitude in her case
is "benevolent." They said noth
ing objectionable has been found
so far. - -
AgIDcod Hops
; San Francisco (U.R) Adlai
E. Stevenson, after attacking Re
publican proposals to cut down
the duties of the presidency,
flew to Chicago today to spend
Easter with his son, John.
Stevenson wound up a two
day visit to Los Angeles and San
Francisco with a promise to re
turn in May to wage an intensive
battle for California's 68 votes
to the Democratic National Con
vention. He is battling Sen. Estes Ke
fauver (D-Tenn.) in the June 5
primary, one that may decide
Stevenson's fate as a Democratic
candidate.
Series of Conferences
Arriving in San Francisco yes
terday afternoon from Los An
geles, Stevenson plunged im
mediately into a series of con
ferences with Democratic' lead
ers supporting him. Last night,
he made a 15-minute local TV
and radio talk, met union lead
ers at the AFL Labor Temple
and spoke to campaign workers.
. In his. TV-radio talk,. Steven
son scored the Republicans for
proposing that the duties of the
presidency - be lessened. Declar
ing it is "imperative" for the
Democrats to elect a President
this year, he said:
"... I think we must arrest
this new and serious proposal to
revise the role of the presidency
by cutting down, by diminishing
that great office to meet the
present unfortunate circum
stances." Stevenson also said Demo
crats must elect their own candi
date to arrest "this domination
of our government by a single
economic interest while the big
get bigger and small business
disappears."
Small Businesses Fail
"Did you know that right here
in California, 19 times as many
small businesses failed last year
as 10 years ago? Small business
men are being squeezed just as
the farmers are, and they both
need help and they need it now."
Stevenson opened his talk
with an attack on Kefauver and
his supporters for claiming that
Stevenson's campaign in Cali
fornia was run by "bosses" and
a "machine."
"Political bosses are unknown
in California and there are
mighty few of them any more,
anywhere," he said. ". . . The
Woodbury -lorenz To
Liquidate KF Operation
Klamath Falls (U.R) J. C.
Strong, Klamath Falls manager
of Woodbury-Lorenz Industrial
Supply Co. and Woodbury-Lorenz
Hardware, confirmed today
that the Klamath Falls operation
of the firm will be liquidated.
Strong said the Medford
branch o f Woodbury-Lorenz
would continue in operation.
Eisenhower Attends
Good Friday Service
Washington U.R) President
and Mrs. Eisenhower today at
tended crowded Good Friday
services at the National Presby
terian church.
The first family took their
regular seats up toward the
front of the overflowing church
and remained during a 20-min-ute
part of the service.
Roxy Ann Butte Road
Graded by City Crews
The 3V4 mile road up and
around Roxy Ann butte was
graded by city crews this
week, making it passable to
the picnic grounds in lime for
Easter Sunday.
Rain might again make the
road hard to travel. City Man
ager . Robert Duff said, be
cause winter weather re
moved a large quantity of
gravL .'
Tribune
Price 5c
No. 8
only boss out here is the
sovereign people."
Stevenson also pointed out
that his slate of delegates in
cluded 15 members of Kefauver's
1952 delegation.
"Were they bosses when they
supported him in 1952?" he
asked.
Valley Telephones
Due to Get Letter
Prefixes in Year
' Telephone numbers in Med
ford, Gold Hill, Jacksonville,
Ashland, Phoenix and Talent
are scheduled to get prefixes
and become seven-digit numbers
about February or March, 1957.
Jack Creager, manager of the
Pacific Telephone and Telegraph
company here, said the new
numbers are part of a number
ing, plan now being established
throughout the United States
and Canada for a uniform sys
tem to permit long-distance call
ing, first by operators, and even
tually by customers.
Similar Numbers
The numbers will be similar to
present Central Point numbers,
which are prefixed NOrmandy
4. The numbers will have three
digit prefixes, two letters and
a numeral, and four other num
erals. Medford numbers will be pre
fixed SPring 2 and SPring 3,
with four other numerals; Gold
Hill numbers will be prefixed
ULrich 5; Phoenix-Talent pre
fixes will be KEystone 5; and
Ashland prefixes will be MUr
dock 2,-MUrdock 5, and MUr
dock 9.
A new Phoenix-Talent ex
change will be established when
prefixed numbers go into effect,
Creager said.
The company was recently au
thorized to provide expanded
toll-free dialing service in Rogue
valley.
Talent Council to
Consider Marshal
Talent The Talent city coun
cil will meet at 8 p.m. today to
hear citizens' complaints about
the discharge of City Marshal
John Baldwin and to consider
hiring a new marshal.
The marshal was fired by the
council in a special meeting at
the home of Mayor Keith Thore
son March 19. At the same meet
ing, the council asked ' that
Baldwin submit his resignation
effective April 1.
A petition asking that Bald
win be reinstated has since been
signed by about 170 Talent citi
zens. It will be presented to the
council tonight.
About 60 citizens met Wed
nesday in the city hall to protest
the action taken by the council
against Baldwin.
The mayor and council charg
ed that a number of complaints
had been received about Bald
win, who was hired two years
ago, and that he had demonstrat
ed he didn't know how to hook
up city fire equipment.
Egypt Premier Bldmes
U. S. for Controversy '
New York (U.R) Premier Ga-
mal Nasser of Egypt, in an inter
view with the foreign editor of
the Scripps-Howard Newspaper
Alliance, said today tht the
United States was to "blame for
the present Israeli-Arab contro
versy.
In the interview, Nasser also
accused the United States of sup
porting British and French colo-
nialism and of forcing Egypt to
purchase arms from the Soviet
Union. "" " - v
. .