Becommendeu IV T A T Weather
FORECAST: Fair through Mon
day with early morning fog
and continued mild tempera
tures. High Sunday 72-75; low
Sunday night about 48; nigh
Monday about 75.
Temp.
Highest yesterday 74
Lowest yesterday morning 46
1 5 3
30 ffges
50th Year
MEDFORD 3
NDAY, OCTOBER 16, 1955
Price 5c
No. 176
I . Cull I aatul Ai, 8 m ''' " I Miu4 D. Cull la XAir.
A
.orselnlurls
lem
MP Challenge;
Tells .Peace Mope
Wayne L. Morse, senior sena
tor from Oregon, last night threw
down the gauntlet to Secretary
of the Interior Douglas McKay
and other Republicans to
make next year's election into
a great debate on natural re
sources policies.
He' told his audience the fate
of the world lies on the. devel
opment of international juridio
ial Drocesses: he outlined his pol
itical philosophy as .one of
"ideals put to work," and pledg
ed himself to continue as-the
elected representative of all the
people of Oregon, as their leg
lslative counsel."
At Dinner Meeting
The Democratic senator, who
joined the party after two years
as an Independent following his
resignation from the Republican
party, addressed an audience
150 persons at . a public dinner
sponsored by the. Democratic or
ganizations of the county.
His hard-hitting, two-hour talk
touched on a score of points
dealing with natural resources
and their development, on a sen
ator's responsibilities for inde
pendent thought under the con
stitution, on party unity, and
party responsibility, on govern
mental ethics, on development of
nuclear weapons, on public pow
er vs. "partnership" and possible
. alternatives, on the boxcar short
age and what is being done about
it, on the history of the Talent
project and his role in its appro
val, on other appropriations for
Oregon, on the situation in Asia,
and on the threat of war.
Asks Analysis
He concluded with a plea for
the people of Oregon to analyze
the issues of the "day oh the facts.
If this is done, he said, "you
needn't worry about the actions
,of government."
Senator Morse left no doubt
about his support of federal pro
jects for the development of hyd
roelectric energy in Oregon. But,
he added, if it can be clearly
shown, after a unified fight for
c o n g r e s ional appropriations,
that the congress will not go
along with further development
then, and then only, he would
be willing to . work toward an
other solution.
"Not 'partnership,' " he declar
ed, "but the pooling of power un
der a joint federal-state corpor
ate setup which "would guarantee
an adequate power supply to the
area. He haven't scratched the
, surface of the possibilities of de
velopment. And we must stop
the 'grab' of natural resources
embodied in the so-called 'part
nership' proposals," he sfated.
Cite Car Shortage
He began his talk on ' a quiet
note, explaining his concept that
a senator is a "legislative coun
sel" for all the people, no shat
ter of what party. He elaborated
on this by commenting on a
statement made by S. A. Mogan
in announcing the closure of his
mills here due to a boxcar short
age. Mogan had questioned the
efforts of Senator Morse and
Sen. Richard Neuberger (D-Ore.)
in working for more cars.
The senior senator has made
seven presentations in recent
weeks to ' the ' Interstate Com
merce Commission, he said, seek
ing data on the shortage; he has
been fighting the annual short
age for six years, and will cop?
tinue to do so. If it is. shown the
railroads are 'not living up to
their primary responsibility of
providing service, (and the sen
ator said he questions that they
have,) two courses are open. The
first is to fore them to build
adequate supplies of cars. The
second, to be used only if the
railroads can show it would be
a real hardship to do so, would
be some sort of federal aid,
based on the welfare of all the
people, he said.
Replacements Only
On the basis of the evidence
he has seen so far. - Senator
Morse said, it is indicated that
the cars the railroads are build
. ing are replacements and this
do not represent added supplies.
He added he is tired of the ex
cuse that the shortage is "sea
sonal.? He pledged his continued
efforts for a solution to the short
age. " ,
In describing the Talent proj
ect, he declared he has supported
it since its inception, and was re
sponsible for having it revived
by President Truman when it
"was as dead as 'a dodo." He
continued his support, he said,
when the ' Republican adminis
tration budgeted nothing for the
project, and he and Senator Neu
berger, with the help of Con
gresswoman Edith Green (D-
Ore.) succeeded in having $154,
000 appropriated for it.
He praised the . "teamwork"
of the three of them, and praised
the "great record" made by Sen
ator Neuberger . and Represen
tative Green during their first
session.
Cites Increase ' .
He cited a number of examples
of increased, appropriations for
Oregon projects secured largely
through the efforts of the three
working through a Democratic
congress when the Republicans
provided nothing. He charged
that Republican representatives
have been attempting to have
"de-authorized" already approv
ed federal projects, thus delay
ing their construction. 1 .
Turning to foreign policy, he
reiterated many of. his state
mehts made at a United Nations
meeting Friday night, praising
President Eisenhower's Geneva
statement; citing the need for
peaceful and juridical . pro
cedures m international affairs.
and the need to bring the
"vicious and lying propaganda'
of the Communists into the light
so it could be combated in the
fight for the minds of mankind
everywhere. ' '
Hints At Weapons
The senator hinted at the de
velopment by both the U.S. and
Russia cf weapons far more
powerful than the hydrogen
bomb, and said that within 25
years a war of annihilation,
sending the .world back 'to the
dark ages, could be fought .with
out the use of a single airplane
by guided missies which could
mpointthe -world. wm-h
The nations of the world
must be brought to know they
have everything to lose through
war, he said, and he stated he
would be glad to have his rec
ord judged on his foreign policy
stands.
. He explained his fight against
the resolution which gave the
president authority to start
fighting in China on the Con
stitutional ground that it at
tempted to give . the president
war declaring power which only
congress has. .
Asks Unity
- As to the 1956 election, the
senator again pleaded for party
unity. He said : he hopes the
Democratic convention will be
"wide open," and that the nomi
nee of free and uncomitted dele
gates Would be president at the
end of 1956.
Sid Ainsworth, Ashland, was
master of ceremonies, and Bob
Boyer, chairman of the Demo
cratic Central committee, intro
duced the senator.
Earlier in the day, Senator
Morse attended a meeting of
some 75 persons interested in
conservation and irrigation, held
at the "Hanleylands" residence
of Mrs. E. B. Hanley, during
which he heard a number of
problems dealing with soil and
water development and manage
ment.' ."
He characterized their state
ments as examples of what a
representative needs and must
have presentations of facts on
which problems can be solved.
Problems Listed '
Among the. problems ' ""men
tioned by the local spokesmen
were those of the erosion prob
lem along both sides of , the
Rogue river and along Jackson
creek; the need for the Army
engineers- to launch an over-all
water conservation program; the
problem of gravel removal from
the river resulting in flood con
ditions in places; the lack of
adequate ground water supplies
for farmers individual reclama
tion and irrigation projects, aihd
the aggravation of these prob
lems by the destruction of trees
and grass by fire. Others dis
cussed . the Talent project, em
phasizing its importance to this
area and the need of the people
to understand that importance,
and the need for additional
water throughout the entire area.
.The senator described his sup
port for irrigation and reclama
tion, and discussed it in light of
the nation's needs for food sup
plies, not only at home but for
the building up of underdevelop
ed economics throughout the
world, where greater prosperity
would benefit this country.
His appearances here yester
day conclude his itinerary in
Jackson county during his cur
rent visit. He was to return to
his Eugene home today.
(Sn story on Pag 7)
O&CAdminisfrative
Change Annouced
By Secretary McKay
Says Maximum Use
Of Timber Planned
. Washington (U.R) Inter
ior Secretary (Douglas McKay
Saturday announced administra
tive changes for Oregon andCal
if ornia railroad land "to- assure
maximum use" of the federally
owned timber. ' -
The so-called O&C land locat
ed in western Oregon consists
of more than 2,000,000 acres
granted by the government to
the Oregon and Calif ornia Co.
in 1866. It reverted to the gov
ernment in 1916 because the
company failed to live up to con
ditions of the grant. ... " -"
Will Increase Volume N
McKay said changes. 'recom
mended by the' Bureau' of Land
Management and approved by
him include "new, forward-looking,
steps which will, eventually
increase the volume of O&C
timber annually available in
western Oregon.: ii
"They will pay for themselves
many times over in assuring the
continued economic " . advance
ment of many Oregon tommunit
ies as well as providing increased
revenues for federal, state arid
local treasuries," McKay said.
A Senate interior subcommit
tee and a House government op
erations subcommittee have been
looking into government" policies
in timber sales. Both are .sched
uled to hold hearings in the Pac
ific Northwest some time next
month. .'
Changes' Listed
McKay said O&C policy chang
es will: ;
1. Amend existing regulations
to permit lifting of eight-year-old
marketing restrictions gov
erning timber sales when deem
ed necessary. .
2. Revamp . appraisal proced
ures to reflect morecl6sely.the.
results of competitive sales, of
O&C timber in western Oregon.
3. Increase the total allowable
cut of O&C forests from 534,000,
000 board feet a year to 588,000,
000 board feet.
: 4. Recommend addition al
funds to expand and intensify
the forest management'program
on O&C lands.
Four Girls Hurt
In Head-On Wreck
Four girls were injured when
the cars in which they were rid
ing collided almost h'ead-on
about 2:15 p.mi yesterday on
Highway 99 near the 'Rogue
River junction. "
Taken to Grants Pass hospital
were Mrs. Sharon A. Woods, 17,
of Cottage Grove; Anna Q.
Ryland, 17, alio of Cottage
Grove; Yvonne E. Whitelock, 21,
of Grants Pass, and Betty L.
Brazie, 24, also of Grants Pass.
' Miss Ryland, a passenger in
Mrs. Woods car, and Miss Brazie,
a pasenger in Miss Whitelock's
vehicle, were treated for severe
facial lacerations. State police
said both girls went through the
windshield of the cars in which
they were riding.
.Miss Whitelock suffered a
simple pelvis fracture, police
said, and Mrs. Woods suffered
minor cuts and bruises.
Police said Mrs. Wood and
Miss Ryland were returning to
Cottage Grove from Medford at
the time of the accident.
Bonn, Germany (U.R)
Chancellor Konrad Adenauer
continued to make progress to
ward recovery from bronchial
pneumonia but is still running a
slight fever, a Bonn government
spokesman said. . The 79-year-old
chancellor has been confined to
his bed at his home in nearby
Rhoendorf since Oct. 7.
Hearings on Valuation of
Orchard Trees Concluded
Hearings on the valuation of
orchard trees were completed
Saturday in the courthouse by
representatives of the state tax
commission. .
225 Appeal Considered '
. Some 225 appeals of assessed
tree valuations by orchard own
ers were considered during the
hearings which began Oct. 3.
The controversy developed last
spring when the tax commission
ordered the board of equaliza
tion here to assess orchard trees
and put them on the tax rolls.
The board did so, but it was later
ruled that the board had failed
to provide for adequate hearings
for the orchard owners.
The hearings were concered
T. COLEMAN ANDREWS
Revenue Chief Quits
President Accepts
Resignation From
Coleman Andrews
- Denver U.R) President Ei
senhower Saturday "regretful
ly" accepted the resignation of
T. Coleman Andrews as com
missioner of internal revenue
effective Oct. 31.
The President's action was an
nounced by Secretary of Treas
ury George M: Humphrey after
a bedside visit with the recu
perating chief executive at Fitz-
simons Army hospital.'
To Join Insurance Firm
Humphrey told newsmen at
the temporary White House at
Lowry Air Force Base that An
drews was resigning because of
"commitments and arrange
ments" that he has made in
Richmond, Va., his home.
Andrews had confirmed ear
lier Saturday that he had of
fered his resignation effective
Oct. 31. He will become board
chairman of an insurance firm
Nov. 1. '"...- ,V:- .r;.; .
;; Accomga nyhlg JJj Eisenbow
er's acceptance as-ajpuxchang&
of letters between him and An
drews. Humphrey said Andrews has
"done a remarkable job" in re
organizing the Internal Revenue
Service and "done it with great
distinction and effectiveness."
Sports Bulletins
Portland (U.R) Oregon's
Webfoots pushed a punchless
University of California foot
ball team all over the field
Saturday night for a 21 to 0
Pacific Coast conference vic
tory before 21,515 fans in
Multnomah stadium.
Stockton, Calif. (U.R)
College of Pacific came from
behind with two second half
touchdowns here Saturday
night to upset the Oregon State
college football team, 13 to 7.
Local Milk Price
To Go Up Monday
The local home delivery and
recommended store price of milk
will advance one cent per quart
Monday, according to two dairy
product distributing concerns.
Snider's Dairy Products com
pany and Jorgenson's Dairy
Products reported that the price
raise will effect 3.8 milk, pre
ium milk, skim milk, buttermilk,
chocolate milk, and half and half
milk. The price "of cream items
will remain the same.
Prices , paid to producers i of
grade A milk were raised 42
cents per hundred-weight Satur
day. The reason for the raise was
increased farm production costs,
according to ..Richard Wester
berg, president of Oregon Milk
Producers.
only with valuation and did not
involve any legal objections to
the action of the tax commission.
May Appeal
Orchardist, if they wish to do
so, may later appeal on legal
grounds before the state tax
commission, according, to State
Tax Commissioner Sam Stewart.
Rulings of the tax commission
may also be appealed to the cir
cuit court on the basis of tran
scripts made of. the hearings.
Stewart has announced that
some orders reducing valuation
on orchards will be issued, and
it is hoped additional rulings,
based on the hearings, can be
handed down starting early in
the week. .'"'
Ike Confers With
Treasury Secretary
On Budget Program
President Sits Up
For Brief Period
Denver (U.R) President
Eisenhower sat up 'Saturday for
the first time since he was strick
en with a . heart attack three
weeks ago. -. . V
After a conference with Sec
retary of Treasury George M.
Humphrey and a quiet afternoon
the President was lifted by two
medical corpsmen from his bed
and put in a . big upholstered
chair for 15 minutes.
Hopes For Balanced Budget
Humphrey reported to , the
President that he is "hopeful" of
a balanced budget in fiscal 1956
and that a balanced budget would
be followed'by a tax cut.
Mr. Eisenhower's doctors had
fcaid he probably could begin
sitting : up a little of each day
during the " fourth week of his
recovery. The President was
stricken September 24, and so
began the fourth week of his
recovery Saturday. -
In their final medical bulle
tin of the day, the President's
doctors said his condition "con-
tinues to progress satisfactorily
without complications." ".
Enjoys Outing
Before his visit from Humph
rey, the President enjoyed a 45-
minute outing, his longest to date
on the sun terrace near his eighth
floor room at Fitzsimons Army
hospital until about 4:30 p.m.,
(MST) after he had napped and
rested most of the afternoon.
"I think- our taxes are too high
and I think we ought to get them
down," Humphrey told report
ers after he finished a 15-min-
ute session at the President's bed
side in Fitzsimons Army hospital.
Six Dead, 21 Hurt
. i . "
in Bus-IrACrask
Michigan City) find. XU.R) A
double-decker . Greyhound bus
rammed into , a stalled trailer
truck, on a "killer" highway
early Saturday, killing six per
sons and injuring 21 others.
The bus, enroute from Chi
cago to New York, rammed the
steel-laden truck three miles east
of here with such force that the
lower deck was crushed by the
rear of the trailer. The second
deck was sheared off. '
Wrecking crews, firemen and
squads of ambulance workers
labored two hours to free
trapped passengers and remove
the dead and injured.
Truck driver Harry Williams,
43', Oak Lawn, 111., said he tried
to flag down the bus after he
pulled over on U.S. Route 20 to
repair the air brakes on his
truck. .
"I waved, a flare," Williams
said. "It wouldn't stop so I
jumped aside.". He was injured
by flying debris.
Flyni To Preside
At LOC Convention
' Portland U.R) The League
of Oregon Cities will hold its
1955 convention here Oct. 23-26.
. Keynote of the meeting will be
a review of' 30 years of Oregon
municipal history. League Pres
ident Diamond L. Flynn of Med
ford will preside.
Banquet speaker will be Gov.
Paul Patterson.
EAGLE Mike Campbell, above,
was awarded his eagle scout
badge at a court of honor at the
Phoenix Community hair last
Thursday evening. Mike is the
first member of Phoenix 'Boy
Scout Troop 15 to win the cov
eted award, highest in scouting,
in the 15-year history of the
troop.
S
Faure taes Council as
IPolitioal risis Srous
I 1 v i
- i in
LULL
FIRST ENLISTEE-Colonel. William H. Prentice, right, com
manding officer of the 417th Engineer Aviation Brigade, adminis
ters oath of enlistihent to Joseph E. Shelton, 1059 Morrow rd.,
Medford, the first person to enlist in the newly activated reserve
unit here. Formal activation ceremonies for the unit will be held
at 8 p.m. Tuesday in Medford High school auditorium. Private
Shelton enlisted under the armed forces reserve act of 1955, which
permits men between 17 and, 18Vfe to continue schooling with only
a six-month active duty training period. Private Shelton plans to
attend college upon graduation from Crater High school next
spring. , V ( '
IHloivDSng Storms LStit
New EngDand States
Boston U.R) A howling
northeaster poured river waters
over banks in New England Sat
urday, threatening new disaster
in the same- areas ravaged by the
floods of Hurricane Diane less
than two months ago.
. Winsted, Conn., which suffer
ed most from ,, the disastrous
floods of. August, was in the path
of , the new flood. The greatest
rainfall. ,in,J,he.jiieiv. storm.area,
was reported there ' a total of
7.8 inches before noon Saturday.
Hundreds of refugees from
Boxcar Shortage
Causes Shutdown
Of Mogan Lumber
i ' "..' .' "' V
Mogan Lumber company' offi
cials announced yesterday , the
company will shut down opera
tions in Tiller and Eagle Point
sawmills and the White City re
milling plant- early this week
because of the railroad boxcar
shortage. -.'
The company "employs about
250 men, and S. A. Mogan, owner
of the company, 'said at least
four men will be put of employ
ment in associated industries
for every one unemployed by
the company. - .
Doesn't Blame SP
Mogan said he "does not blame
the Southern Pacific for, this
shortage" because 4he shortage
is . nation-wide. He said the
Southern Pacific "has done more
than most carriers to keep
abreast of the times." He blamed
the shortage on the American
railroads' "arrogant refusal to
keep enough rolling stock on
hand to take care of peak move
ments of freight" -
He - said the company has
enough lumber at the White City
operation to load about 300 box
cars.' ' '
At least , eight other lumber
companies in the Rogue valley
have closed down because of the
boxcar shortage in the past few
weeks. Some companies, which
have resumed operations, com
bined the shortage and deer
season ' to suspend operations
temporarily. :
100-Mile-an-Hour Speeder
Given Jail Term, $75 Fine
i Ashland Morris Lee Stringer,
19, Ashland, was given a' stiff
sentence by Justice of the Peace
Nellie Burns last -week after a
police chase at speeds up to 100
miles per hour.
He was fined $75 plus costs of
$4.50, was sentenced to serve 30
days in the county jail, and his
driver's license was suspended
for 30 days.
Can Ran Out of Gas
Stringer was arrested by a
Yreka, Calif., city police officer
who chased him all the way
from Yreka to a spot in the
Siskiyous on the Oregon side of
the border where the car finally
ran out of gas. The driver was
accompanied by two other young
men. The Yreka officer first
noticed the car as it flashed
( --i
rrv - A
v.
Hurricane Diane who only re
cently had returned .to- their
homes moved out again to rescue
shelters on high ground while
the river levels rose dangerously
and high tides pounded the
coast.
At least 13 were known dead
in New York, New Jersey, Penn
sylvania and New England. '
, Blajridf ord,. Massir a hamlet of
500 in- the Berkshire foothills
was isolated for the second time
in eight weeks. The main high
way, from Boston to Albany was
washed out. Hundreds of streets
were flooded. ' Airline flights
were cancelled. Flood waters
tore away railroad bridges and
snarled rail traffic.
Connecticut Hard Hit ,
i Army Engineers said the Win-
sted-Waterbury area oi Connecti
cut, chief target of Hurricane
Diane, probably would be the
hardest hit again. They worked
to cut a "back door" to a lake
which would take off rising wa
ters before the flood poured over
a cliff in Winsted.
"This storm is feeding on
ocean water just like Diane,"
said Forecaster Al Flahive of
the U, S. Weather Bureau.
Diane dumped up to 21 inches
of rain on the flood area. By
noon, Elmira, N.Y., had more
than seven inches. Parts of south
ern and central New England
had more than five inches and
the rain was expected to con
tinue into today.
Flahive . explained that the
storm " sucked up ocean water
and carried it inland on an east
erly gale.
Queen Mother Visits
Near Try sting Place -'
;- Windsor, En g lan d (U.R)
Queen mother Elizabeth came
to Windsor Saturday to be near
the week end trysting place of
fier , daughter, Princess Mar
garet, and Peter Townsend.
The queen mother put up
for the week end at Windsor
Roypl Lodge, only a few miles
from the secluded country es
tate where Margaret and Town
send, snug from the speculating
world, were together to test
their love.
through the California city.
, Speeds of more than 100 miles
per hour were clocked up dur
ing the chase, the officer report
ed. He suspected at first that
the car and its passengers might
have been involved in a serious
crime and were making a get
away ,. "
; The officer experienced no dif
ficulty in making the arrest after
the car stopped from lack of
gas. - '
Stringer was arrested by Ore
gon state police recently on a
similar charge. The Yreka of
ficer was. able to make the ar
rest under the doctrine of "hot
pursuit," which permits him to
make arrests outside his juris
diction provided he is in pursuit
of the offender at the time.
France May Lose
Status as World
Power, Cofy Warns
Viofence Erupts
In North Africa
Paris (U.R) Premier Edgar
Faure announced the long-delayed
throne council for Morocco
Saturday night in a bold move
to save his government from col
lapse. ' .
By appointing the council,
Faure hoped to win Socialist
neutrality in the National As
sembly confidence vote Tuesday
on French policy in Algeria.
Growing Crisis -
The announcement came as
spreading disorders produced a
growing political crisis in Paris,
and President Rene Coty warn
ed that the instability' of th e
Fourth Republic may cost France
its position as a world power.
Violence erupted in Marrak-
esh and Casablanca Friday night
and Saturday, while . rebelling
tribesmen continued to skirmish
along the Spanish Moroccan bor
der.
Faure's coalition cabinet need
ed the strong Socialist Yote to
survive the confidence vote
Tuesday, just 10 days before the
Big Four foreign ministers meet
ing in Geneva.
The premier i had the support
of the Socialist bloc for his Morr
ocean program, but not for his
Algerian policies. Now that the
throne council has been appoint
ed, it was believed that the soc
ialists might abstain in Tuesday's
vote. .. . - - .
May Ignite Demonstration
-'"While the throve appointment
was designed to head off a col
lapse in Paris, it threatened to
ignite new demonstrations by
French settlers irP Morocco.,
Their leaders have opposed the
inclusion of Si Bekkai, the for
mer Pasha of Sefrou, and even
the idea of a council itself. The
settlers fear tht Bekkai, a
strong nationalist, might herald
the return of exiled Sultan Sidi
Mohammed, Ben Youssef, depos
ed two years ago.
Faure has promised it will not.
To help offset the fears, he put
four men in the council instead
of three to dilute the influence
of Si Bekkai. ;
Football
WEST I
UCLA 21, Stanford 13
Baylor L3, Washington 7
Washington StateoS, Idaho 0
Wyoming 23, Tulsa 19
College of Idaho 20, Willam
ette 13
Utah State 32, Montana
SOUTHWEST
Texas A8cM 19, Texas Chris
tian 16
Oklahoma 44, Kansas 6
Arkansas 27, Texas 20
' Southern Methodist 20, Rice
0
Texas Western 29, Arizona 0
Houston 21, Oklahoma A8cM '
13
MIDWEST
Illinois 21, Minnesota 13
Michigan 14, Northwestern 2
Duke 20, Ohio State 14
Michigan State 21, Noire
Dame 7
Iowa 20, Purdue 20 .
Indiana 14, Villanova 7
Iowa . State 20, Missouri 14
Colorado 34, Kansas State 13
Cincinnati 13, Marquette 12
SOUTH .
Tennessee 20, Alabama 0 -
Mississippi 27, Tulane 13
Virginia Tech 7, Richmond 7
Maryland 25, North Carolina
7
Virginia 20, VMI 13
Auburn 14, Georgia Tech 12
Florida 18, LSU 14
North Carolina Stats 13,
Wake Forest 13
Georgia 47, Florida State 14
Mississippi State 20, Ken
tucky 14
EAST
George Washington 25, Penn
sylvania 6
Harvard 1, Columbia 7
Pittsburgh 21, Nebraska 7
Yale 34, Cornell 6
Lafayette 21, Dartmouth 13
Colgate 15, Princeton 6
Syracuse 13, Army 0
Navy 34, Penn State 14
Rutgers 14, Brown 12
West Virginia 39, William &
Mary 13
Boston College 23. Detroit
! t
t ;i
HI
... . 4. . , I - 1