MEDFOHD (OREGON) MAIL TRIBUWE JTVB
Agreement Upon Raising of Iron Curtain Expected at Big Four Conference
Thursday. July 21, 1935
Matter of Fact
Stewart Alsop
I
i 1
.AIL-
Stewart Alsop
grandchildren,
AT GENEVA
Geneva Even more than
usual on these occasions, the
great central question here is.
of course,
m "What are the
Russians real
ly up to?"
Com m u n ist
party secre
tary Khrush
chev has bab
bled happily
to" President
Eisenh o w e r
about such
matters as
weddings and
while Premier
Bulganin, in his formal remarks,
has sung an old familiar song
as regards all the really import
ant issues. The fact is that there
is as yet very little really solid
evidence as to whether there has
been a genuine and important
change in Soviet foreign policy.
But at this early stage it is at
least encouraging that the most
experienced observers of all
three Western powers, both
here in Geneva and in Moscow
aro unanimous on one DOint
The Soviet rulers really do
want to lessen tensions. They
Teally do want to reduce the
risk of world war. Interpret
ing Soviet policy, according to
one who has interpreted it suc
cessfully in the past, is more a
matter of the sense of smell
than of assessing hard evi
dence.
And the best smellers all
smell the same thing a real if
temporary and tactical, change.
The best smellers also agree
rather closely on the reasons for
the change. These may be listed
about as follows:
First, the Soviets, having ex
ploded their own hydrogen
bomb, have had time to ponder
the nightmare meaning of hy
drogen warfare. In Moscow
there are reports of course
impossible to confirm that
the Russian experts, like our
own underestimated the power
of the bomb; and that as a re
sult large numbers of Soviet
scientists and soldiers were kill
ed in their first test. In any case,
there is plenty of evidence that
the Russians, having had a good
first-hand look at the new wea
pons, take them far more ser
iously than in the days before
they broke the American mono
poly. PARADOXICALLY, the fact
that -the Chinese have not
had the same sobering exper
ience is one reason why ex
perienced observers here believe
that the threat of general war
now lies far more in China than
in Russia. Second, the Soviet
leaders also want a breathing
space from external danger in
order to clean up all sorts of
messy situations within the Sov
iet empire and the Soviet Union
itself. Here it should be said,
hastily and flatly, that the Sov
iet system is not "on the point
of collapse," or anywhere near
the point of collapse. The Sov
iet rulers face a serious agricul
tural problem and a serious
problem of inflation. But a sys
tem which has survived deliber
ate mass starvation and history's
most terrible war is not going
to founder overnight because of
a drought. In fact the internal
problem is really less economic
than political.
The political problem con
fronting the Soviet leaders has
been defined as the problem of
running a dictatorship without a
dictator. But it is even more
complicated than that. It is also
a problem of trying to run a
dictatorship without even a
clearly defined number one
man here in Geneva, for the
truth is, no one really knows
who is the Soviet number one
sometimes it looks like Bulgan
in, and sometimes Khrushchev.
Just before this reporter left
Moscow last Saturday, there
were widespread reports that
the question of a number one
had been finally settled, and
that after this conference Khru
shchev would take over from
Bulganin as Premier. But no
one believes that the wiley
Khrushchev is within striking
distance of wielding supreme
power. And the Soviet system
absolutely requires a dictator
for it is a system which by its
very nature must dictate every
aspect of life, from the average
of corn planted to the design oi
ladies' summer print dresses.
Yet the present Soviet rulers,
probably even including Khru
shchev, are united on one point
they do not want to repeat
the unpleasant experience of
the Stalin-Beria period, when
they themselves lived in con
stant, deadly danger. Strange as
it may seem to 'Western minds,
those who know Russia well are
profoundly convinced that this
problem of running a dictator
ship without a dictator is one
of the gravest and most insolu
ble problems the Russians face,
and a major reason why they
want a real breathing space.
TY the same token, the Soviet
rulers have also failed to find
an efficient way to run their
empire without an emperor. In
a recent chat with the Indone
sian Ambassador in Moscow, the
always talkative Khrushchev
frankly admitted that the satel
lites were proving trouble
some. In the old days, he re
marked nostalgically, when Rus
sia was the only Communist
country, the Communist parties
elsewhere did what Moscow told
them without question. But
nowadays, with Communists
actually running the govern
ment in the "people's democra
cies," they had begun to de
velop a regrettable habit of put
ting their own national inte
rests first.
The satellites are not going
In The Day's News
By FRANK JENKINS
Chairman Lewis Strauss of the
Atomic Energy' Commission
made a fascinatingly interesting
little talk in Schenectady, N. Y.,
on the future of atomic power.
It is fascinating because in it he
said:
"There is hope for the day
when the atom will serve ONLY
AS THE SERVANT OF MAN
and NEVER AGAIN as his destroyer."
HE SPOKE at a ceremony at
which a trifling amount of
power generated by the working
model of an atomic engine for
the atomic submarine Sea Wolf
was channeled into a public util
ity system at Schenectady, where
the Sea Wolf's engine was built.
The event is significant be
cause it was the first atomic
power ever sold for commercial
to liberate themselves over
night. But satellite restlessness
is certainly a greater problem
for th present formless junta
than for the all-powerful and
greatly feared Stalin. There are
even serious observers in Mos
cow who are convinced that the
Soviet policy of populating the
"new lands" in central Asia is
motivated more by fear of Chi
nese expansion than by the need
for increased food sources.
This by no means exhausts
the list of reasons advanced by
the experts for the Soviet
change. There is the real fear
of a rearmed Germany, and the
hope that honey may succeed in
preventing German rearma
ment where vinegar failed.
There is the heavy expense of
equipping the huge Red Army
with tactical atomic weapons.
And there is the development of
a new, conservative middle
class in Russia in the fac
tories, this new class wears
clean linen smocks, to dis
tinguish its members from the
lesser breed of manual work
ers. Some observers would put
this last phenomenon at the top
of the list, rather than the bot
tom. At any 'rate, there are
plenty of reasons why the Sov
iets may want to reduce the
international temperature.
But there are no sound rea
sons to support the favorite
American theory that it is sim
ple weakness that causes the
Russians to smile so coyly and
continually at President Eisen
hower here. On the contrary,
in some ways-the Russians are
stronger than ever before, as
anyone who witnessed their re
cent air show would agree. Nor
is there anything to suggest
that the Soviets are now pre
pared to alter their basic doc
trine, or to make really major
concessions to the West in order
to win a settlement.
. Copyright, 1955, New York
Hearld Tribune Inc.
Dead line Sunday Classified is at
noon Saturday; 10 a.m. Monday for
Monday: other days 5:30 Drevious day.
use. The sale, of course, was a
mere token.
IS HIS hope (that the time will
come when the atom will
serve SOLELY as the servant
of man) a vain one?
Not necessarily.
Let's go back to poison gas. In
destructive capability, it is only
an infant in comparison with the
atom bomb. But it was (and still
is) a weapon capable of depopu
lating whole cities if used in
heavy concentrations in a sur
prise attack by air.
TT HASN'T been so used.
Chiefly, it hasn't been so
used because the horror of it has
prevented man from attempting
to use it as an instrument of
wholesale destruction.
Ever since World War I every
body has had poison gas in suf
ficient quantity to destroy hu
man life in whole cities, but no
body has used it in such an at
tempt. Let's be realistic. The big
reason why it hasn't been so used
is that everybody has been afraid
of RETALIATION.
That could be true in the case
of the atom bomb.
BUT let's get back to atomic
power for peace.
The first actual sale of it for
commercial use (a mere token
sale) was made the other day.
Atomic energy, as the CHIEF
source of power in our economy,
will come more rapidly than
electric power has come because
the world moves much more
swiftly now than in the past.
But it won't come in a day.
THERE are difficulties in the
way of its use. And dangers.
There is the problem, for ex
ample, of disposal of the ASHES
of atomic fuel the radioactive
residue left after the power has
been extracted. That problem is
already receiving much study.
The present idea is to carry these
"ashes" out to sea in special
containers and sink them.
But ;
It is presently estimated that
with use of the atom as the chief
source of power for peacetime
industry and human living these
ashes could POISON ALL THE
OCEANS WITH DEADLY RA
DIOACTIVITY. And
Suppose an atomic reactor in
your town should BLOW UP. .
THESE problems, of course,
will be solved.
In TIME.
But the time won't be day
after tomorrow.
MEANWHILE
Here in Southern Oregon
and Far , Northern California,
we'd better get the power of our
great rivers developed while
somebody still wants to develop
it.
Then we will have it.
It will be a long, LONG time
before atomic power for peace
will supplant already developed
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! ' J ?
Understanding
Almost Certain
To Be Reached
Geneva (U.R) A four-power
agreement on raising the Iron
Curtain between East and West
was confidently expected today
to result from the Big Four sum
mit talks.
The conference scheduled for
mal discussion of "development
of contacts between East and
West" as one of the four main
items on the agenda.
Conference sources predicted
that an understanding was al
most certain to be reached on
this point. But it would be done
by slow stages.
Observers said the talks would
set only the broad outlines of
the scope of future contacts be
tween the East and West which
have been divided for nearly 10
years.
Relax International Tension
Behind the move lies the as
sumption that direct contacts be
tween the two camps might
prove one of the most effective
ways to relax international ten
sion. East and West still have
widely differing ideas on the
nature of such contacts and on
how they could usefully be set
up and developed.
But both President Eisenhow
er and Soviet Premier Nikolai
Bulganin have indicated that
they attach importance to easing
the barriers between the two
worlds.
Harmful Consequences
Mr. Eisenhower warned in his
opening policy statement at the
summit conference. Monday
against the harmful consequen
ces of keeping people isolated
from the outside. He pointed
specifically to the "artificial bar
riers such as now interfere with
communications."
"It is time that all curtains
whether of guns or laws or regu
lations should begin to come
down," the President said.
Bulganin called for "a broad
development of international
contacts and cooperation in the
field of culture and science, for
the removal of obstacles imped
ing intercourse among nations."
Britain, France Back U.S.
Both Britain and France stand
solidly behind the United States
and are prepared to go along
with any moves for the raising
of the Iron Curtain and easing
communications between East
and West, conference officials
emohasized today.
The West has most prominent
ly in mind an understanding
with Russia which would enable
Western diplomats and press
representatives to move more
freely in the Communist East.
Russia has in mind, in addi
tion to cultural contacts, a
loosening up of the West's trade
embargo.
Ike Gives Easy Lessons To Russ
Geneva (U.R) President Ei
senhower has given the Russians
some-easy lessons in the art of
propaganda by doing what comes
naturally, and it appeared today
the Soviets are apt pupils.
The newly-affable Communists
suddenly threw open the gates to
their villa late Wednesday and
posed agreeably on the lawn for
all photographers who wanted a
crack at them.
This move came a day after
Mr. Eisenhower had tied up traf
fic in downtown Geneva by walk
ing on the spur of the moment
into a toy store to buy presents
for "my kids" his grandchil
dren, Barbara, Susan and David.
In the conference chamber it
self on the first day, Soviet Pre
mier Nikolai Bulganin used his
position as last speaker to bid
for the headlines with his new
two-stage security program.
But the President smothered a
lot of the propaganda effect by
giving his enthusiastic cheers to
Bulganin for saying his piece in
such a nice way.
On the second day of the par
ley, the President again collected
the headlines. He also won Bul
ganin's tribute when he turned,
wide-eyed and open-faced, to So
viet Marshal Georgi Zhukov to
be his witness that he hated war.
Pilot Avoids House
To Save Eight Persons
Lepanto, Ark. (U.R) A cot
ton duster pilot saved eight per
sons from possible death
Wednesday by swerving to avoid
their house before crashing to
his death.
The pilot, Roy E. Craven of
Lepanto, was killed when the
plane crashed 10 feet from the
home of E. W. Adams of Lepanto.
Adams, sitting on the porch,
said he sat "frozen" as the pilot'
"looked me in the eye" then
swerved the plane. Seven mem
bers of the Adams family were
inside .the house. . .
Still without appearing to try.
the President, who is not a great
phrase maker, came up with the
third day's best catchline when
he urged Russia to join the West
in finding a "bridge to peace."
Mr. Eisenhower also has
shown a nice public relations
touch in countering the few crit
icisms against him without ap
pearing . to notice they were
there.
Some critics were saying un
kind things about the fact he
stood on protocol as the only
head of state here and declined
to attend the round of dinners
given by the three premiers.
But he took the steam out of
any suggestion that he was a
stuffed shirt by inviting Zhukov
in for a man-to-man lunch be
tween old war comrades Wednes
day. He even walked out on the
porch to meet Zhukov.
The President gets a bigger
hand than any of the other heads
of government when he rides
around Geneva.
power from falling water.
AND- '
If, with the aid of abundant
power from the falling water of
our great rivers, we can develop
BIG industries to use our native
raw materials
These industries will STILL
BE HERE to be powered with
atomic energy if and when the
time comes that atomic energy
is the chief source of commercial
power.
Drain Police Chief -Finds
Needed Blood
Minneapolis (U.R) Elmer
Winslow, a small town police
chief 2,000 miles from home
knew just where to go to get
help.
Winslow,' chief of police at
Drain, Ore., and his wife had
brought their 13-year-old son
here for a heart operation. When
they arrived Tuesday night, doc
tors decided 18 pints of fresh
blood would be needed during
the operation, set for next Wed
nesday. Winslow was faced with find
ing 18 blood donors in a city
where he didn't know a single
person.
So, he went to police head
quarters and told his story. By
noon 13 policemen had volun
teered blood. Police said they
were sure other donors would
be found as soon as the story
got around the police force.
Wilma Montesi Scandal
Reopened in Italy
Rome -i-(U.R) The reopening
of the scandalous Wilma Mon
tesi case 'stirred excitement in
streets and salons alike today.
Investigating Magistrate Raf
faele Sepe reopened the case.
Wednesday when he formally
ordered trial for Piero Piccioni,
son of Italy's former foreign
minister, on charges of causing
the death of dark-haired beauty
Wilma Montesi. Eleven others
were ordered tried, including
self-styled Marquis Ugo Mon
tagna and former Rome police
chief Saverio Polito.
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