X
Eisenhower's Politieal Breed
Real Issue . . Human Freedom Against Bureaucracy
By KEVIN McCANN
President, The Defiance College
In currant discussions of the availability of General of the Amy Dwight D. Eisenhower
- for tha Republican nomination for tha proaidaney in 1952. tha comment ia often made: "What
doaa ha atand for?" i
Tha Supreme Commander for the Allied Power in Europe ia prevented by Army regula-
- tions from engaging in political controversy, from formally offering hia viowa on domestic
v and foreign issue, while he is in uniform.
Yet. his opinions on a variety of topics, national and international; hia theories of govern-
mens, hia philosophy of life, hia hopes for peace, hia achievements as tha administrator of th
' Allied victory in Europe and aa tha overseer of a great educational institution. Columbia Uni
versity, have become known through hia reports, speeches and letters.
In twelve articles, beginning today, the Mew York Herald Tribune presents a sampling of
,.. General Eisenhower's beliefs as a public service to tha American electorate. Tha articles are
' based on a forthcoming Doubleday and Company book, "The Man From Abilene." by Kevin
' McCann, who served Eisenhower when the general was chief of staff, followed him to Colum
bia and later to SHAPE headquarters t Paris. - : ; r.
General of the Army Dwight
D. Eisenhower, Supreme Com
mander for the Allied Powers
in Europe, has publicly and pri
vately pointed out that his cur
rent : assignment as boss of
NATO "is a project in which
the. United States has invested
billions and in which success is
mandatory to our nation's
security."
As a consequence he. cannot
participate in current political
argument. But for more than a
year in his NATO command,
and for. two and a half years as
president of Columbia univer
sity, for a long stretch as chief
of staff in Washington and be
fore that as the general architect
"of victory against the Axis pow
ers in Europe he has watched
the unfolding of events. He has
seen Fascism topple, Commu
nism rise. He has seen his native
United States come to fuli pow
er, and now stand in peril.
Estimates Set Forth - -
"And from his knowledge of
' America and its people, he set
forth recently in a letter to a
friend from his headquarters
near Paris this estimate of our
aspirations in the great political
year of 1952.:
"As of now, I feel safe in say
ing that the great concern of the
American people is
- "(1) renewed assurance that
we really have a two-party sys
tem;
; ."(2) honesty and integrity in
government;
"(3) acknowledgment that the
resources of even such a country
as ours have limits;
"(4) that reckless and exces
sive spending and taxation can,
In the long run, be as danger
ous to our way of life as are ex
ternal threats;
"(5) hope of establishing an
administration in Washington
that can provide a unifying in
fluence, possibly even inspira
tion; "(6) a hope of getting an
administr a tioni characterized
throughout by a sense of justice,
fair play, and" consideration for
all our citizens rather than
slickness in appealing to special
interests and pressure' groups;
and
'(7) confidence that our af
fairs in the outside world will
be handled intelligently and
firmly so as to regain for-us a
position of security and respect,
and to do this in such a way as
to avoid extravagance.
Political Creed Framed
In another letter, written in
late January to a friend, Gen
Eisenhower framed this capsule
version of his - own political
creed:
"The real issue of today's
political life is human free
' dom against bureaucracy and
regimentation; it is a healthy
two-party system against an
overwhelming single party;
it is clean efficiency and com
plete honesty in all echelons
of government as opposed to
bureaucratic bungling; it is
justice and fairness for all as
opposed to special favors for
pressure groups; it is sensible .
co-operation in a world in
which our own balance in
spiritual, economic, and mili
tary strength must be pre
served as opposed to stupid
isolation or to attempts to buy
safety."
'Pointing out that he had ex
pressed himself clearly many
times on such matters, he added:
k "If what my .friends now
need from me is a descrip
tion of how I'd apply these
purposes to. taxes, to budgets
and deficits, to Formosa and
Yugoslavia, , to... farm parity,
and so on, and so on I should
say. that they are not taking
very seriously my convictions
as to the importance to Amer
ica of my current duties and
responsibilities. More over,
circumstances change particu
lar applications- they do not
change principles, basic char-
Woman Inmate Calls Taxi
To Esca pe F rom State Pen
Salem (U.R)--Mickele O'Brien,
27,- escaped from Oregon State
prison Wednesday night by call
ing a cab and having it drive her
to" Portland, Warden Virgil
CMalley reported.
Worked for Deputy Warden
Miss O'Brien, alias Norma
Leech, was working in the home
of Deputy Warden Gene Halley.
She phoned a taxi late last night
to meet her at a street well out
side the prison gates, then walk
ed nonchalantly to the place and
got in the cab. It took her to
Portland, 50 miles away.
Washington State police were
alerted when it was reported
w
GEN. DWIGHT EISENHOWEh
acter, values, and purposes.'
Positive Views on Taxation
- Gen. Eisenhower has very
positive views on taxation and
the problem it creates in mod
ern America. He has considered
the tax burden in connection
with his widely-known stand on
preserving individual and state
rights against federal encroach
ments, r .
"Extravagance in govern
mental spending'," he wrote re
cently to a friend of long stand
ing, "brings about ever-increasing3
taxes taxes which, if long
continued, will strangle - incen
tive, the very quality which
built the nation . . . Meanwhile,
the government debt rises. The
value of our money becomes the
football of politics subjected to
the political whim of the mo
ment. Inflation has partially de
stroyed our savings and our life
insurance values. '
"The government penetrates
more and more into our daily
living; its answer to excessive
control is more control. In this
whole process, the abuse of the
taxing power has been one of
the chief weapons the govern
ment has used.
"It is a favorite weapon for
three reasons. The first of these
is that it is the readiest at hand.
The second is that unjust and
unwise taxation, tending toward
the destruction of freedom can
be made to appear, temporarily,
as humanitarian concern for the
masses. "
Some Slogans Sweet Music
"Slogans like 'Soak the Rich'
Meat Men Indicted
For Tax Evasion
San Francisco (U.R) Two
California meat packers with in
terests in Oregon have been in
dicted by a federal, grand jury
for income tax evasion.
They were Dante M. Tognoli,
Fairfax, and Frank J. Benedetti,
San Rafael.
Tognoli, 41-year-old owner of
Del Monte Meat Company, Inc.,
of San Francisco and partner in
the Del Monte Meat Company
and the Central Market, both in
Portland," was accused m six
counts of evading $37,081 in his
and his wife's income taxes in
1945-46. He also was -charged
with attempting to evade $93,860
in federal taxes on the San Fran
cisco firm in 1945-46.
De Benedetti, 62, was indicted
on four counts for evading $66,
717 in his and his wife's 1945-46
taxes. He is owner of the William
Taaffe Company ot San ' Fran
cisco, the Idaho Meat Packers of
Caldwell, Ida., and an Oakdale,
Calif., cattle and sheep company.
De Benedetti also is a partner
in the two Portland firms in
cluded in the indictment against
Tognoli.
she had been seen in the vi
cinity of Vancouver, Wash. She
was reported in company with
a man who was paroled only a
couple of days ago from Oregon
State prison.
Former California Inmate ,
Michele O'Brien was. received
at the prison last July from
Clatsop county for aifive-year
sentence for obtaining .money
under false pretenses. She form
erly : had done . time- in Cali
fornia. ':UV- ' t .- :
Warden CMalley said Michele
financed the taxi trip to Portland
by stealing money from Mrs.
Halley's purse. - -. '
are sweet to the ears of millions,
and the protests of the few who
discern the catastrophic effects
upon the worker and the free
dom of the masses are scorn
fully dismissed as the screams
of the wicked, enduring deserv
ed punishment
"The third reason is that few
people are conscious of the con
nection between a prosperous,
free enterprise and fredom
national solvency and individual
freedom. Worthless money and
bankruptcy lead to nationaliza
tion of property; a development
that compels bureaucratic con
trol .which must finally . give
way to autocratic control.
"So, our problem is to pre
serve the opportunities of all
citizens to make certain that our
synthesis of social, economic
and political organization and
procedure is designed to bring
happiness and prosperity to the
millions, and,' while doing this,
to prevent unwarranted govern
mental encrocahment into our
private, affairs to examine the
need for each of the alleged
necessary controls over private
business and living."
Opinion Summed Vp
In public speeches in the
United States, Gen. Eisenhower
summed up his opinion on taxes:
"How far can a government
go in taxing away property
rights and . still not leave the
government the master of the
people instead of its servant? We
have, I think, repudiated a the
ory that, fundamentally, there
was a struggle in this country
between human rights and prop
erty rights. We repudiated it
when we realized that property
rights are only one of the hu
man rights."
On the related issue, of Fed
eral economy, he has stated:
''If. solvency and security are
not synonymous, they are so
closely related that the differ
ence, if any, is scarcely discern
ible."; ,--VX. "
' Copyright, 1952
New York Herald Tribune, Inc.
Independent Retail
Grocers To Study
Prices for Milk
Wholesale . and retail milk
price shedules will come up for
discussion today when Jackson
and Josephine county independ
ent grocers and milk dealers
meet here.
H. E. Carlson, secrettary of the
Oregon Independent Retail Gro
cers association, has called a
meeting of the group for 8 p.m
today at the Medford hotel.
Although a two-cents per quart
margin to dealers is allowed by
the state milk marketing admin
istration, local organized action
on the retailers' part is neces
sary "in order that this margin
may be established," Carlson
said. It is IVi cents here now.
Dealers would be satisfied
with the two cent margin, he
added. He said they are sympa
thetic toward producers and re
alize production costs are higher
here than in other parts of the
state but he said labor and other
costs of retailing miik have also
increased.
The dealers will also discuss
labor contracts with grocery
clerks and meat cutters. In
equitable" office of price stabil
ization markups and the "unfair"
classifying of stores rendering
credit and delivery service with
cash and carry chain stores will
also be reviewed, Carlson re
ported.
President To Withhold
Political Announcement
Washington (U.PJ Presi
dent Truman told a news con
ference Thursday that he ' will
make no announcement of his
political plans during his forth
coming visit to Key West, Fla.,
which is expected to last until
March 28.
Mr. Truman announced that
he will nominate Paul Walker as
chairman of the Federal Com
munications commission. Walker
is now vice-chairman.
Duke of Windsor Sails
To Resume Self Exile
London (U.R) The Duke of
Windsor, a lonely figure in black,
sailed for New York in the liner
Queen Elizabeth Thursday to
resume his self-imposed exile.
Philadelphia (U.R) Federal
mediators .called a second meet
ing of union-management spokes-
taien Thursday to try to settle
the four -day -old Philadelphia
port tie-up. - -
MEDFORD
Ualtet rrass TmU Uim wire
46th Year 20 Pages
Ml
srTBC HI JUL (i
s jf " 1,11 3 M
MEW HOME FOR TRANSIENTS DEDICATED The group
of religious, business and civic leaders which gathered at the
Salvation Army's new transient welfare home just north of
Medford is shown here during dedication services Wednes
day. The dark brown shaked building is located on former
city-owned property at what was the old Medford disposal
plant. Grounds are partially landscaped. Work and materials
Subcommittees
Tackle Probem
Of Repatriation
Panmunjom, Korea (U.R)
Subcommittees of the Korean
truce negotiating teams will at
tempt Thursday to break a po
tentially dangerous deadlock
over the issue of forced repatria
tion of prisoners of war.
Staff officers wrestled with
the problem for three weeks.
The Communists insisted that
prisoners of war held by the
Allies be sent home, by force
if necessary, regardless of their
own desires. The Allies said they
would "never" agree to do that.
Confessing failure to find any
basis of agreement, the staff of
ficers decided to turn the issue
back to the main delegations.
As a result. Rear Adm. Ruth
ven E. Libby, for the Allies, and
North Korean Gen. Lee Sang
Cho will meet with a staff of
fellow subcommitteemen to re
start talks on the subcommit
tee level.
Red China Determined
To Liberate Formosa
Tokyo U.R) A Peiping
radio broadcast said Thursday
night that Red China is "ada
mantly determined to liberate
Formosa by any means" and is
"fully capable of actually liber
ating Formosa."
The broadcast by the official
radio mouthpiece of the Chinese
Communist government "was
made in the Japanese language
and recorded here.
"The Chinese people under
Communist rule are not only ada
mantly determined to liberate
Formosa by any means but are
fully capable of actually liberat
ing Tormosa," it said.
Jury Acquits Cabbie
Of Illegal Liquor Sale
A district court lurv vesterdav
acquitted Walter Lee Harris,
Medford cab driver, of a charce
of illegal sale of alcoholic liquor.
Harris was defended during the
two-day trial by Attorney Ed
ward C. Kellv. The chare was
brought by the district attorney's
ottice on a complaint signed by
an agent of the State Liquor
Control Commission.
A jury trial of a second cab
driver, Elmer W. Abbott, 1212
Withington street onened todav.
He also is accused by a com
plaint of illegal sale of liquor
and is being defended by Kelly.
A third driver pleaded guilty
to a similar charge earlier this
month and paid a $95 fine.
Mandatory Bath Ends
Woman's Pose as Man -
Monroe. La. (U.R) Com
plaints in the men's block of
city jail here.that 14 days was
loo Ion j for an inmate to go
baihless ended a Negro worn
an's 11-year pose as a roan. ,''
Police Capt, Homer J. Me
Murry said Cammie King, alias
Sam Lowia. threatened other
prisoners with a knife when
they tried to force hex to take
a bath Wednesday. . ....
MeMurry's insistence that
she bathe, drew confession
from the woman that aha as
sumed the role of a man 11
years ago to make life
"easier.' -
MEDFORD, OREGON,
lost
Salvation Army's New
Welfare Center Here
A handsome new building to,
house . transient men and indig
ent families. was dedicated here
yesterday by the Salvation
Army.
Built entirely of donated ma
terials and with worn contr b-
uted by organized labor, the new
structure is situated on a land
scaped tract purchased from the
city near the junction of High
way 99 and 62.
The dedicatory services were
conducted by Maj. Harry L.
Larsen, commander of the Ore
gon and Southern Idaho divis
ions of the Salvation Army. He
said he accepted the building to
further the Army s creed that
"a man may be down but not
always out.
Keys Presented
The keys to the building were
formally presented to Capt.
Thomas Mack, Salvation Army
commandant in Medford, by
A. A. "Tony" Lausman, vice
chairman of the advisory board.
Council Chairman Paul Selby
represented Mayor Diamond
Flynn.
After group singing and other
musical numbers by Mrs. Mack
and Miss Carol Davis, the bene
diction was asked by Captain
Mack and the dedication audi
ence was shown through the
new facility. The Rev. D. Kirk-
land West gave the invocation.
The Salvation Army now has
available, in addition to its Cita
del at 236 North Bartlett street,
modern, spacious dormitory
space for transient men, office
space, rooms for families and a
large kitchen and dining room.
Still Need Furniture
Captain Mack pointed out
that though the building itself
is ready itr occupancy, it still
lacks furniture. Donations will
be gratefully received, he said.
The members of the advisory
board who were chiefly respons
ible for the fund-faising cam
paign are: Walter Leverette,
chairman; A. A. Lausmann, vice-
chairman; Eugene Thorndike,
treasurer; E. B. DeVoe, Frank
Van Dyke, Herb Grey, Floyd
Baker, Ralph Sweeney, Moore
Hamilton, Victor Kengla, Jorgen
Jorgenson, Warren Hamlin, John
Snider, Al Leighton, Everett
Faber, Reese Alexander, Lynn
Cram, Dick House, Ray Baker,
Charles Crary and Stanley G.
Parrish.
Speaks to Kiwanians
Major Larson was guest
speaker at the Kiwams club
Methodists Will Build
Home at Milwaukie
Portland (U.R) A five-story,
$1,750,000 old peoples' home
with accommodations for 270
persons will be built by Oregon
Methodists near Milwaukie, the
Rev. Edward Terry, president of
the sponsoring corporation, an
nounced Thursday. ;
He said construction . would
begin not later than the first
of 1953. .;
BULLETIN
Washington (U.R) Sen.,
Richard B. Russell of Georgia
. announced Thursday that he is
a candidate for the Demo
cratic presidential nomination.
v Russell is the second avowed
candidate for the Democratic
nomination. Sen. Esies Ke
fauver (D.. Tenn.) previously
announced he is in the race
"to the finiih.'
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY
were donated by Medford firms and labor organizations but
furnishings will still have to be donated. The building will
supplement present Salvation Army headquaiters on Bartlett
street and will be used solely for temporary housing for tran
sient men and homeless families. It was formally accepted yes
terday by Maj. Harry L. Larsen, divisional commander of the
Oregon and southern Idaho division of the Army.
i (Brainerd Photo)
meeting at noon yesterday. He
said there won't be a change of
conditions in the world unless
there is a regeneration a change
of heart of man.
There are a lot of "three-year-olds
in the drivers seat" in Amer
ica, he continued, saying, 'Their
hearts have not developed at
the same rate as their brains."
Speaking at a dinner meeting
for members of the Salvation
Army advisory board, their
wives, guests and Salvation
Army officials last night. Major
Larson stressed the complexity
of today's living and its terrific
pressures.- Under existing condi
tions people seem not to have
the time to think things through
and to recognize true values. It
is time to reappraise our price
less heritage of ireedom, endang
ered by apathy, he said
Spiritual Material Aid
The Salvation Army, 87 years
old, serves 92 countries, but is
not a professional agency, Ma
jor Larson said. The Army seeks
to bring aid and comfort to
those in need in the true spirit
of love, with spiritual as well as
material help. Every effort will
Agreement Grants
US Bases in Japan
Tokyo (U.R) Japan signed an
agreement Thursday granting
the United States air, naval and
army bases in Japan to serve as
a defense of the islands and a
barrier to Communist expansion
in the Pacific.
The agreement implements
the U. S.-Japanese security
treaty. It becomes effective with
the ratification of the Japa
nese peace treaty and the end
of occupation.
The agreement does not list
the specific base areas, buildings
and communications lines the
American forces will use. These
details will be worked out by
a U. S.-Japanese committee
which will meet regularly in
Tokyo.
Collazo Conviction
Upheld by Court
Washington (U.R) The U.
S. Court of Appeals Thursday
upheld the conviction of Oscar
Collazo, Puerto Rican revolution
ary, under death sentence for
shooting a White House police
man during an attempt to assas
sinate President Truman on Nov
1, 1950. ;
Collazo originally was sen
tenced to die in the electric chair
on Oct. 26, 1951, but the date
was postponed indefinitely to al
low for an appeal.
New Merchant Police
Not Part of Department
Police Chief Clatous McCredie
said today that the Medford po
lice department is not connected
with a new private merchant po
lice -service being established
here. ; . "
He said several merchants
have received letters from the
new firm giving the impression
that the city police department
is actively associated with the
venture. The department, how
ever, has no objections to the es
tablishment of the- service, the
police chief added.
Tribune
Unit. Press Fall UuH Wire
28, 1952 No. 296
Transient
Dedicated
be made to make those served
at the new building better men
and women.
High tribute was paid by the
speaker to the community spirit
and work of the advisory board
for the completion of the trans
ient center, one of the finest of
its kind in the northwest. Major
Larson complimented Captain
and Mrs. .Mack upon their lead
ership of Salvation Army activi
ties in this area.
The Rev. George R. V. Bolster
of St. Mark's Episcopal Church
represented the Medford 'Min
isterial association in a tribute
to : the Salvation Army. The
thanks of the city of Medford
for the Salvation Army's effec
tive answer to the transient prob
lem was voiced by Councilman
Selby. D. Ford McCormick, rep
resenting the YMCA, voiced sim
ilar praise.
Cite Cooperation
Leverette extended thanks to
Parrish, building contractor for
the transient center. Outstanding
cooperation of the electricians
of this city, under the leader
ship- of Crary, was recognized.
Lausmann, chairman of the
building committee, told how a
contracting firm 'was organized
by three board members to fa
cilitate immediate construction
of the much needed transient
center. The result of a, com
munity working together "is a
$45,000 building completed for
$22,000. DeVoe told how lum
ber for the center was donated
within 30 minutes, and how gen
erous has been the assistance ex
tended throughout the com
munity. Certificates of special appreci
ation were awarded Leverette,
Lausmann and DeVoe for out
standing service in completing
the project.
Balloon Load Found;
Saucer Scare Eased
Waldport, Ore. (U.R) A bar
rel of sand found here with three
parachutes attached was identi
fied Thursday as the load from
a General Mills-manufactured
balloon used in cosmic ray ex
periments at the 75,000 to 100.-
000 foot level
A spokesman for General
Mills' laboratory in Minneapolis
said the balloons, which tempo
rarily revived the "flying sau
cer" scare, were released at Til
lamook, Ore.
G
HST May Intervene To Save
Alaska Statehood Measure
Washington (U.R) President
Truman said Thursday that Sen.
Joseph C. O'Mahoney,1 D-Wyo.,
may try to get the Senate to re
consider its action in sending
the Alaskan statehood bill back
to committee. v -v, -
The president also said he
may intervene in an effort to
save the measure. ;? - .
Senate Votes Recommittal
The Senate Wednesday voted
45-44 for recommittal -in : an
action . which some observers
thought might kill the chances
of Alaskan statehood in this
session of Congress.
But Mr. Truman, who con
ferred with CMahoney earlier
Thursday, told his news confer
ence that the senator discussed
with him the possibility of re
Weather
FORECAST: Fair through Fri
. day with patches of tog la
valleys Friday morning. Low .
tonight 30. High Friday e.
Temp.
Righeit Yesterday 3
Lowest thli Morning J
Flaming Gasoline
Tank Trailer Hit
Near Morgan, Utah
Registered Mail
Included in Loss
Morgan, Utah U.R) Nine car
loads of mail destined for Cali
fornia and Utah were demolished
Thursday when a Union Pacific
fast mail train hit a flaming gaso
line tank trailer that had supped
onto the mainline tracks near
here.
No one was injured but au
thorities said they "doubted seri
ously" if much of the mail could
be salvaged.
Damage Estimated
Damage was estimated at
"more than $1,000,000" by P. J.
Lynch, Union Pacific vice presi
dent in charge of operations.
Lynch said the estimate was only
tentative until a detailed investi
gation was made.
One of the 10 crewmen on the
train, F. W. Pritchett of Ogden,
narrowly escaped death. His uni
form overcoat was burned from
his back as he helped others from
the crew coach. The truck driver,
Fred Berrier, 33, Rock Springs,
Wyo., was superficially burned
as he jumped from his cab.
11 Cars in Train
The Union Pacific said there
were 11 cars in the train. A crew
coach and baggage car and the
engine escaped with only minor
damage. But the nine mail cars
were gutted.
Five cars of mail were bound
for the Oakland, Calif., mail ter
minal for redistribution in the
San Francisco bay area and nor
thern California. One was for
Los Angeles, one for Ogden and
one for Salt Lake City. The ninth
was a railway postoffice car
where clerks sorted mail en
route.
Registered Mail Included
One car was entirely com
posed of registered mau.
Howard Taggart, operator of
a motel near the scene, said.
x ue ianK u aiier was ' loaaea
with 6,800 gallons of 100 octane
gasoline." "The driver I don't
know his name but he worked
for the Call Company of Afton,
Wyo. said he lost control on ice
that covered a curve.
"The trailer jacknifed through
a guard rail md straddled the
mainline tracks. It exploded and
caught fire as it landed. A few
seconds later, UP's No. 5 regular
fast westbound mail traL-. came
out of the tunnel.
Engineer Couldn't Stop
"The engineer couldn't stop.
The oil-burning locomotive got
past okay, but the tender was
ruptured and the cars behind
were sprayed with burning gaso
line and oil. The crew got out but
the cars were burned to- the
wheels. The load of mail is an
awful mess."
No Preparations Made
l r i Ai fi
in race 01 uimriKe
By UNITED PRESS
The nation's oil industry ap
parently, has made no prepara
tions to increase its stored sup
plies of petroleum products to
meet a threatened strike of -275,-000
union workers set for mid-
mgnr. ounaay, a spoi cnecK indi
cated Thursday.
The unions were polling their
membership on a government
mediator s reauest for a week's
delay in the threatened walkout.
which potentially could curtail
the life blood of the -nation's
transportation system.
Refiners m the rich Texas and
Louisiana gulf coast area the
greatest petroleum processing
section in the world reported
no efforts were being made to
increase storage of gasoline and
oil in bulk storagetanks to meet
any posible shortage occasioned
by a strike.
consideration. He said O'Ma
honey earlier Thursday, told his
news conference that the sena
tor discussed with him the pos
sibility of reconsideration. He
said O'Mahoney, chairman of
the Senate Interior committee,
returned to Capitol Hill to
work, on strategy to save the
statehood legislation.
Fight Said Still On
O'Mahoney had told reporters
he would keep plugging for the
measure and would fight a move
to sidetrack a companion bill to
admit Hawaii to the union.
Concerning the basic issue of
statehood, the President said
that as far as he is concerned
the fight is still on. He said he .
hopes to devise some method of:
aiding the statehood legislation.
IE
T