i The Weather i Forecast: Fair tonight and I Thursday; cooler Thursday, I Temperature Highest yesterday 94 Lowest this morning . 67 Special Rate of 30o for one month to new subscriber! will last for only .10 days, beginning August 1. AU subscriptions mat be paid Id advance. MEDFORD 1RIBUNE thirtieth Year MEDFORD, OREGON, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 21, 1935. No. 129. u uuu u I Avs By PAIL MAI.I.ON. (Copyright, 1035, by Paul Mallon) WASH1NQTON, Aug. 21. The head lines are shouting that Senator Gfifss has again played Horatlua at the Icderal reserve j board bridge. They say ha has .epelled the new leal army Intent an 1 n c r e a a lng federal domina tion over bank ing. The atout- hearted Virgin ian himself en ;ouraged that de duction when he looked up from the final draft 3f the new bank PAUL MALLOW 1 JLmHasSi bill with a grin as big as a length wise slice of cantaloupe, ejaculat- . lng: "Am I pleased 1" No one noticed that his adversary. House Chairman Bteagall, who was standing around to see that glass did not claim too much, said noth ing. Nor was any particular atten tion given to the fact that the general of the routed army' (Chair man Eccles of federal reserve) also expressed his pleasure. Suspicious souls, however, will agree that, If both Ecclea and Glass are pleased, one of them la being misled. If you look Into It, you will glean more then a suspicion that It probably la Olasa. For Instance, the biggest dispute centered In the question of con trolling credit Inflation (open mar ket operations). Ecclea wanted sole power within the board under his own thumb. Glass wanted control spread to a committee of seven board members and five reserve bank preal dents. Olaas won. But the subtle catch In It la that President Eoosevelt will select the soven board members, furthermore, through them, he will have a veto power over the selection of the live reserve bank presidents, and. In fact, all reserve bank presidents. If he cannot select a board he can con trol. It will certainly he his own fault. What Senator Glass appeara to have done la to make It annoying but not difficult for the president to do so. Tou can ace the same point bet ter If you look behind the new pro vision kicking Treasury Secretary Morgenthau off the board. The pur pose of thia was to maintain an Illusion that the board Is not sus ceptible to treasury Influence. As a matter of practical fact, the board chairman Is to be Mr. Morgcn thau'a protege. Governor Ecclea. II Mr. Morgenthau cannot work through Mr. Ecclea and the president to In fluence the board aa much as he ever did aa an ex-ofllclo member. It will be because there Is something wrong with Mr. Morgenthau. To make the delusion complete, consider also the provision requiring that all open market operations here after be conducted In the open mar vt nil nrovlslon la supposed to prevent the treasury from dictating to the federal reserve DanKs aa jar as buying government bonds la con- In practice, every insider knows the treasury naa always aicmica . the banks and always wl'I. The hankers' bread la buttered on the treasury side, and all the bankers know It. No law can change tnat The new law therefore may be ex pected to operate In much the aame (Continued on Page 81i) SIDE GLANCES by TRIBUNE REPORTERS i Perhaps Hoover wss right! There s grass growing In the street here on South Ivy. North Ivy. North Grape ana North Fir. and on the sidewalk In ever so many more places. Mllly Gritsch out early, attired In pajamas and bathrobe, plucking a huge bouquet of yellow posies. Don Field and John Koppen trying to lure Bruce Leveret te on a sntpe huntlng expedition, but that young man. rovrrlmc them with a suspicious eye. and refusing to budge. Charlie Pritrhett and Pete Blcas iro alishtins sedately from the bte exmrMnn plane at the airport last nisht. and then breaking into kid l'ke grins a. they tslkrd about the Le Ettineer and Billy Smith, fath-, ers of footballers, proudly surveying j the maneuvers of the budding team at the Men school last night. Franklin Cifon: losing his hook , and uplnnT :n 12-po-ind sfflhead . i then catching the sajn fish later and i TeccverlLf U test uckie. I Senate Resolution Sets Embargo On Munitions Exports W A SHI NGTON , Aug. 21. (AP) A seven-point resolution designed to safeguard American neutrality In event of a foreign war was adopted today by the senate. Attempts already were under way to assure house action. President Roosevelt was reported In favor of the move, coming as it does at a time when the Italo-Ethloptan situation la posing grave questions for European governments In particular. Stirred Into action by ominous war signs abroad and a filibuster by mu nitions committee members, the sen ate speedily endorsed the foreign relations committee compromise reso lution. Representing a compromise be tween a more drastic program advo cated by the special munitions In vestigating committee headed by Sen ator Nye (R.. N. D.). and state de partment attitude, the resolution provides: A mandatory embargo on exports of arms, munitions and Implement of war to all belligerents In a for eign conflict. License Arms Factories. A system of licensing munitions manufacture and export as a perma nent policy or this government, along the lines of the Geneva arms treaty of 1P35. ratified earlier In the session by the senate. A ban against American ships carrying arms or munitions under embargo to any belligerent port or to any neutral port for reshlpment of belligerents. Authority for the president to pro hibit American citizens traveling on ships of belligerent nations, except at their own risk, with 90 days al lowed for citizens to return home from war areas. Authority for the president to prevent ships, ' foreign or American, from carrying men or supplies to belligerent vessels at sea. Authority for the president to re strict or prohibit the enry of bellig erent submarines Into American waters or ports. A national munitions control board to administer the program, consiat- ( Continued on Page Seven) BIG BALD EAGLES PORT ANGELES. Aug. 31. (API- Two large bald eagles dove at Wal lace R. Edwards, 33-year-old fire look out on Luddcn peak, and continued to swoop at him as If to attack until he was able to reach heavy timber, 1,000 feet below, a report reaching here today .said. Edwards swung a stick in the air aa he ran down the trail, and kept the huge birds from hitting him. Edwards, a lookout In the Mount Olympus national monument, said the attacking birds previously chased away six smaller eagles. CLIPPER AT MIDWAY MIDWAY ISLAND (By Pan Ameri can Airways), Aug. 21. (AP) Back from Its pioneering flight to tiny Wake Island, the Pan-American Air ways' clipper plane rested on the la gonn of this atoll station today be fore continuing on to Honolulu, and Alameda, Cal. The clipper arrived here at 4 p. m. yesterday (8 p. m. P. 8. T.) It flew the 1,191 miles from Wake In 7 hours and 56 minutes. Members of the crew said they would remain here a day or so before taking' off for Honolulu. Aliland Fntr to WM RENO, Nev., Aug. 31. (AP) Mar riage licenses issued here included: Homer Blarkman Parton, over 31, and Bernlce Lillian Baptist, 18, both of Ashland Ore. Ethiopian War Cries Echo in By JtMKfl A. MILLS ,tnrlated Pres Foreign Staff ADDIS ABABA. Aug. 31. ( AP) Thousands of tribesmen yelld war cries today In a sham battle In prepa ration for hostilities with Italy. Amrriran negro veterans of Cha teau Thierry and the Hlndenburg line.1, serving as instructors. Joined the fierce, bushy-haired tribesmen in today's sham melee, their Harlrm esqiv shouts of "Give m the works, bovs." mingling with their weird ulu lations of their African brethren. The emperor, arrayed In a smart uniform and a lion's mane headdress, directed the mock clash, which made up in vocal ferocity for Its lack of 2 un. hots result of a cartridee fam ine. L'p at darn, u u tut custom. IF. ITALY ATTACKS (Copyright, 1035. by the Associated Press) LONDON. Aug. 31. Seven leaders of the British cabinet today tenta tively approved a policy demanding financial and economic action against Italy If that country attacks Ethiopia. The ministers had been called Into a special. Informal session by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin! They con ferred two hours. Their decision, although tentative, calls for a strong British stand at Geneva, in the forthcoming League of Nations sessions, for financial and economic sanctions. Tills Idea will be taken up by the full cabinet tomorrow In an emer gency meeting. Throughout the day there were In dications Great Britain might seek American cooperation outside Oeneva for a solution of the Italo-Ethloptan crisis. While Washington Is being kept In formed of developments, an authorl tatlve source said, no appeal to America to review Its policy on the Italo-Ethlopian situation has been made through regular diplomatic channels. It was Indicated, however, that Britain would welcome an Invocation of the Brland-Kellogg pact by the Untied States. PILOT IS KILLED IN MOCK WARFARE PINE CAMP. N. T Aug. 31 ryp) The first casualty of the U. 8. army's mock warfare served aa a grim re minder of actual war conditions to day as national guard division from northeastern states moved into the field to defend the bridge heads of the Indian and Black rivers, key transportation links of the great north country. The casualty occurred last night as Lieut. Robert Scherer, 35, of Olney, fll., army reserve pilot attached to the 87th observation squadron, plung ed to death a mile and a half west of Five Corners. His mechanic. Pri vate George White of Detroit, Mich., "balled out" of the crippled plane and landed safely. Scherer was flying a two-seater Curtlss observation plane and was returning from a night bombardment mission when his motor sputtered and failed above the 44th division area near Cilcium. Post Office Site Bids Are Called WASHINGTON, Aug. 31. (AP) The treasury today called for bids for 91 postoffice sites under the new s)60, 000,000 federal building program. The bids will be received at the postofflces In cities where new sites will be chosen. The cities and date i on which bids will be opened in i eluded: I Oregon: Portland, Ontario, Sept. 4. Sham Battle frail, sad-eyed little monarch was I greeted with a tumultuous roar as ' he left his palace In a shiny new American motorcar to witness a re hearsal of a program for the days 1 ahead. I Leaden skies overhung the a-ene. accentuating the feeling of unreality that these barefoot, lll-equtpped blacks are aparentty tc confront one of- the most modern armies In the world in a few weeks. Rain-swollen clouds, now their chief guarantee against the bursting shells of the Italian artillery, poison gas and foot-burning chemicals i floated above them. But the 'karampt" rainy season , Is ebbing fast and It Is believed hre j thai war will break out much sooner 1 tU&n October. Action Rewarded WASHINGTON. Aug. 31. (AP) Technical Sergeant Stanley R. Morgan was today promoted to master ser geant, the highest non-commissioned army rank. Secretary Dern said the advance ment was "In recognition of his Ini tiative, resourcefulness and fine Judg ment In organizing and directing the recovery of Rogers' and Post's bodies." taking them to the lonely Eskimo vil lage, and transmitting to the outside world a detailed account of the Arc tic tragody near Point Barrow, Alaska.. TELEPHONE PAYS USUAL QUARTERLY DIVIDEND OF $2.25 NEW TORK, Aug. '31. (AP) American Telephone tfc Telegraph company directors today authorized the usual quarterly dividend of $3.35 on the capital stock, which calls for a distribution of about A43.000.000 among the company's 675,000 stock holders. One of the few Important Indus trial concerna to go through the de pression without lowering lta divi dend. American Telephone has an unbroken record since 1931 of 9 an nual disbursements to stockholders. In each year since '1030 the company has had to draw upon surplus to pay a part of the dividend, but In aplte of this policy it had cash reserves of more than $250,000,000 at the end of 1034. In telephone Installations and earnings the trends have been up ward more than a year, but revenues, according to recently published fig ures, are still short or the $9 divi dend requirements. For the five months ended May 31 the company's proportion of net Income of the Bell system was $50,770,000, equal to $2.72 a share of capital stock, against $50, 045.000 or $2.68 a share earned In the first five months of 1934. The dividend Is payable October 16 to stock of record September 18. TULSA LEGION JUNIORS STOCKTON, Cal.. Aug. 31. f AP) In a halr-raslng finish, Tulsa de feated Denver, 1 to 9. today In the semi-finals "of the American Legion Junior baseball tournament for the championship of the western half of the United States. As a result of the victory the Ok la home boys will play the winner of this afternoon's game between Sacra mento and Chicago tomorrow for the right to go to Gajsconia, N. C, to compete In the "little world 'st series" next week. WIDOW OF GANGSTER SERVES PRISON TERM DEDHAM. Mass.. Aug. 31. (AP) Norma Brighton Millm. 20-yar old widow of Murton Ml lien, executed killer, waa reirasrd" from Dedham Jail at 4 a. m. (E. D. T ) today. She completed a one-year sen tence, receiving 36 days off for good behavior, as an accessory to the act ivities of the Mllln-Kaber gang. mho er exrcutfd for the slaying of a policeman during a hold tip at the Needham Truit company In Febru- 4f7 SELASSIE FEARo Emperor of Ethiopia Weeps in Interview Says Prin cipal Powers Do Not Real- ize Danger in Situation By J.AMES A. MILLS Associated Press Foreign Staff. (Copyright, 1835. by the Associated Press) ADDIS ABABA. Aug. 31. (API Weeping as he talked. Emperor Halle Selassie predicted to the Associated Press today. In an interview, that war between Italy and Ethiopia would not only drench the two coun tries In blood, but might drag in the whole world. "If, unhappily, such a conflict leads to a world struggle between the black and white races," said the emperor, "the very existence of hu manity luelf Is threatened. We will be back In 1914. Treaties Will Be Junked. 'There will be no more security for the world In the future than there was then. International trea ties will have no more validity than the word of a thief. "I fear that neither the United States, nor England, nor the other great powers realise the gravity of the situation. "My own people have sufficient courage, endurance and patriotism to bear the brunt of Italy's assaults alone. But If, unfortunately, other (Continued on Page Ten) PARENTS OF POST APPRECIATIVE OF MATSVILLB, Okla., Aug. 31. (AP) The parents of Wiley Post, holding hands on the front porch of their small farm home today, sent the world a message of deep appreciation for kindnesses to their son In life and In death. "We Just want to tell the people of the world how much we appreci ate all that they have done for Wiley, for all of the nice things they have done for us during these hours of our grief." the father aatd, weeping, "Tell them too," said the sobbing mother, "that I am proud to have been the mother of such a son my boy." The aged couple revealed they were present In Oklahoma City yesterday eecluded In an unnoticed automo bile when their son's body arrived at the airport In a huge gleaming transport plane. "It was the most beautiful sight I have ever seen." aald Mrs. Post. "It was Just like Wiley would have wish ed coming back In an airplane." Wiley Post came home today to the spot where he first dreamed his glor ious dreams of distant lands. The people of this community, who knew him as a farm youth with a liking for mechanics, stood mute on the single business street, In which all business had ceased, as a hearse bore the body to the little Baptist church. SALEM MAN'S BODY AT PORT OR. FORD, Aug, 31. AP) The body of Herman H. Robertaon, 45, of Sslem, wss found back of the schoolhouae at Lang tola late yester- Iday. I Search for him waa started when It i was discovered he had not been seen since Saturday. ; Physicians said he died of natural causes. He was visiting an aunt at Langlms. BERT HANEY CHOICE FOR FEDERAL JUDGE WASHINGTON, Aug. 11. (AP i President Roosevelt today nominated Bert E. Haney of Oregon to he the additional Judge for the Ninth Cir cuit Court. i Income Shares Maryland funding, bid !.8; ' tS (1904. Q'iririy looom Him, bid I1J0; FIRE OVER L PL AREA Charles Lammey Injured When Pipe Sets Load of Hay Afire and Horses Panicked 650 A. Burned Charles Lammey, 50, Pong time real- dent and farmer of the district north I of Central Point, sustained a broken left leg, and severe burns about the chest and arms, Tuesday afternoon. ! when a load of hay upon which he ; was riding caught fire from a pipe he waa smoking. Lammey 's efforts to extinguish the blaze, caused the team he waa driving to run away. Lammey waa thrown' from the wagon, and a mass of the burning hay fell upon him. He man aged to extricate himself from this danger, after he had been badly seared. His pipe was lost. In the meantime, the frightened team raced down the road scattering fire brands from the hay-rack and the fire rapidly spreading to the powder-like grass and chapparal. One of the horses was so severely burned. It will have to be shot. The team crashed Into a gate post, enabling the horses to break loose. Neighbors and members of a near by forest camp, extinguished the burning hayrack, and put out the grass fires. Later the wind revived the smoldering sparks. The ftamea racing through the grass, chapparal, and scattered pine trees. Imperiling a half dozen homes. Back-firing was resorted to to save them. The homes of William Lewis. Ben Peart, John Prultt, Marlon Shaw, and the Brophy home were endangered. The fire started near the bowls place, and spread east and north, over the countryside to the Midway high way. In several spots the fire leaped the highway, and threatened to burn to the Crater Lake highway, but was halted. The flames spread over approxima tely 650 acres, before being brought under control by the state forest pa trol, and residents. During the height of the fire, a huge pillar of amoke arose, casting a pall over the foothills. BASEBALL American (1st. game) H H. E. Philadelphia 10 13 1 Cleveland - 5 13 0 Marcum and Richards; Pearson. Hlldebrand, Brown and Breniwl. Second game: . R. H. E. Philadelphia - 0 4 4 Cleveland 3 8 0 Blaeholder, Turbevllle and Berry; L. Brown and Phillips. The score: R. H. E. Washington -....15 IB 3 Chicago - - .- 7 9 8 WhttehlU and Holbrook; Phelps, TletJe, Wyatt and Sewell. (1st. game) R. H. E. Boston 14 3 Detroit 4 V 1 Ostermiriier and R. Ferrell; Crowd er and Hayworth. (lat. game) R. H. E. New York 14 16 1 St. Louis 3 8 3 Ruffing and Dickey: Walkup, T;iom aa, Coffmann and Henuley. National Mat game) R. H. E. Chicago 13 18 0 Philadelphia 13 18 3 Root, Henshaw, Carleton and Hart nettl Jorgena, Peraulo, Blvln, Bow man and Todd, R. H. E. St. Louis 13 10 0 Boston 3 9 3 J. Dean and Delanoey; Smith, Mc Fayden and Mueller. k r. ii. r. Pittsburgh 0 1 Brooklyn 8 10 1 Blrkofer, Blanton. Hoyt and Orace: Eamshaw and Lopez. R. H. E. Cincinnati 0 8 1 New York 3 9 0 Schott and Campbell; Schumacher and Mancuso. CONFEREES HI! SNAG IN HOLDING CO. BILL WASHINGTON, Aug. 31 f API Congressional conferees reported law today they had failed to agree on a compromise regarding the dissolution provision In the utility holding com pany bill. "There Is no chance to get to gether." Senator Wheeler (D. Mont.) aald at the breakup of a meeting be tween the committees appoinld to adjust bouK o4 fc&ftte difference?. Kill 18 Rattlers On Cummons Farm Near Eagle Point EAGLE POINT. Aug. 31. (Spl) According to reports, the ex termination of rattlesnakes han begun In earnest on the Cummons farm north of Eagle Point. Sat urday. August 17, Charles Cum mons Jr., made a record by kilt ing 16 of the poisonous reptiles In one place. Later In the day C. L, Cummons visited the spot and after prying two large rocks out of their former position killed two more large rattlers, making a total of 18 within a few hours. C. L. Cummons has killed a to tal of five this season, while his son Charles, has killed a total of 32, some of which were unusually large. FUNERAL PLANS AWAITING LOS ANGELES, Cal., Aug. 31, ( AP) With the expected arrival here dur ing the afternoon of the bereaved family of Will Rogers, final arrange ment for the famed humorist-actor's funeral services were held up. Mrs. Rogers and the three children Will Jr., Mary and James were to arrive here shortly after noon from lthe east. It waa believed the group would leave the train at some point outside the city and drive first to Glendale, where the comedian s body, lying lu a simple bronze casket, rests I In Forest Lawn chapel. As the entire nation prepared to pay honor tomorrow to "the man who never met a man he didn't like," Oovernor Prank P. Merriam announc ed he would proclaim a state -wide moment of mourning during the fun eral hour tomorrow. The body of the beloved Rogers, returned here last Monday In com pany with his flying companion Wi ley Post, was dressed In character istic fashion blue aerge double breasted suit, white shirt, soft collar and black bow tie the familiar out fit In which he attended elaborate dinners of state and Informal "cow puncher" gatherings alike. i A military guard of honor, com posed of two score army filers from March Field, home of the first wing of the general headquarters air force, will attend the casket of Rogers as the first of several observances Is held. For the first time In the history of the motion picture Industry, every studio In Hollywood will cease all activity at 3 p. m. tomorrow as spe cial services. In honor of the dead co-worker are held. And while private services, with only members of the family and a selected group of Intimate friends In attendance, are held at Forest Lawn, thousands will gather In the Holly wood bowl for services In which every city in the Los Angeles metropolitan area la represented. Conrad Nagel, actor and close friend of Rogers, will read a selection, and Rupert Hughes, noted writer, will deliver the chief tulogy. MP SHOOTING GROWN GOES TO OHIO FARMER VANDALIA. O., Aug. 31. AP) Joe Helstand. 28-ycar-old farmer from Hlllsboro, O.. won the North American clay target championship here today In a shoot-off with nine other marksmen. Hlestand broke 1U0 out of 300 to tie for the title and then broke 100 in a row In the shoot-off to knock the other out of the running. Mrs. Lela Hall ot East Lynn. Mo., won the women's championship with 101 out of 300. Mother Bear Pillages Park Visitors ' Lunch Feeding the bears at Crater Lake: national park Is apt to prove expen sive, particularly If they are fed on peaches and picnic lunches. It was discovered yesterday by Mrs. Wm. El len berg of Medford. her two daugh ters, Doris and Chloe. and relatives of the family visiting here from Cor vallts. Mrs. J. M. Howard. Mrs. R. M. Howard, and her daughter, Marjory Yesterday afternoon tne group vis ited the lake and In returning spied three tiny bears basking in the sun. directly In the path of the car. The fluffy little balls of fur were so charming that the car was stopped and the children loused crackers out of the windows to them. When the available supply of crackers was ex hausted they decided to get some cookies from the compartment on the back of the car and make It real meal for the bruins. The mother bruin, apparently watching t h ese proceed ings from a vantage point In the nearby brush, advanced, upon the party u aooo w GUESTS THURSDAY AT JOINTBANQUET Medford CCC District Of ficers and Chamber Com merce Will Play Hosts Planes to Salem Thursday Officers of the 31st bombardment squadron, stationed for practice at the municipal airport this week, will be guests of honor tomorrow night at the Hotel Medford at a banquet sponsored Jointly by Jackson County Chamber of Commerce and the Med ford CCC district headquarters. The banquet will start promptly at 6:30 o'clock In the basement dining hall. All business men of Medford are Invited, and may telephone the Chamber of Commerce, 63, for res ervations and full Information. W. 8. Bolger, who will be toast master, an nounced that there will be an or chestra and feature entertainment. Following the banquet the officers will be Joined by the men of the bombardment squadron In attending the wrestling matches at the Armory as guests of the Chamber of Com merce and the CCC district. To Salem Thursday Major D. M. Myers announced to day that tomorrow's only bombing mission will be made to Salem, with. the planes In the air approximately four hours, assuring a stop of an hour at the capital city. Bombing and flight formations will be prac ticed enroute. While at the Salem airport, where they will arrive about 8:30, the squadron will be open tor Inspection by the public. Word re ceived at the airport here this after noon indicates that there will be a large crowd on hand In the upstate city to greet the bombors. This morning's northbound mission, taking off at 7:00 a. m., failed to reach the capital city due to head winds and tack of time, but engaged (Continued on Page Ten) 1 CRATER LAKE PERIL Two CCC boys were rescued Sun day by Crater Lake national park ran- , gers after a harrowing experience on Oarfleld peak, according to word from the park received today. The two had climbed the peak, which Is one of the highest In the vicinity of the lake, and left the path to attempt to pick their way to the water's edge. They succeeded In reaching the water but were too exhausted to try to find their way back up. Their predicament waa discovered and a ranger removed them In a boat. ROOSEVELT TALKS OVER AIR TO BOYS TONIGHT WASHINGTON, Aug. 21. President Roosevelt will talk over the air tonight to the Boy Scouts of America, assembled m their respect ive camps in place of the canceled Jamboree planned here. The president will talk for six minutes. BOMBER CHIEFS INVITED TO BADMINTON CONTEST Major Deveraux Myers and Major Harold 8ml th will be guests of the Medford Badminton club at their regular meeting and tournament games tonight. Major Myers, an act ive badminton player, and several of his men will participate In the tour ney, which will start about 8 o'clock. the compartment waa opened, and no amount of "shooing" and waving of arms could convince her that the tasy lunch thus revealed was not for her. She practically climbed In the compartment, devouring peaches, sandwiches and salads alike on her way In and scattering what she did not eat. The excited tourists, seizing her by the scruff of her hairy neck, could not dissuade her from her dinner, and lusty fisticuffs on her rump proved no more effective. Finally leaving the compartment door stand ing wide open, they re-entered the machine and drove hastily away. Mrs. Bruin reluctantly emerging after a few feet and loping hungrily down the highway In pursuit of her fast vanishing dinner and gaily licking her cake-smeared chops. The three Brluns. Jr., withdrawing to the side ot th road, grinned hap pily at theae foolish antics of the old lady, but were going tolerantly about their business of gathering berries as UUs car rounded the next curve.