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iVJlEDFORID MAIf , 'TR.1RTTNR "
Second Section
Second Section
Six Pages
Six Page
ixtYear f T?'nr?rkT?'n nTTrrirvxT ommiv tttt v m moi " " . . . -
miy - i i u-jj-rx- siij, uimj , o u n j. , uuiu j., ivoi. jq JMJ,
i . ' - '
KING PROTECTEES FOR PEARS AND STORAGE ILLS
EIR CAUSES AND PREVENTATIVES ARE DISCUSSED BY
PROF. HARTWIAN IN REPORT TO VALLEY FRUITGROWERS
int half of
V n
hll( was f" . :
.ppaST. to the cas
Lrver, -W J " pk.
PJ" . . i . t.ha rnnn of
, Z,m Auch as An ou
I KacWng ..materials
I cause no Injury to
,7eve to, Bartlett or
I mi may,' when- used on
I Y,f Comloe, .cause serious
and discoloration.
mnro information on
L? 0( :.protctve materials
En an mperiment was con-
i during me " ;
L phase of this experi
,t, bows were prepared.
n. various pads and col-
' . l ..o- Tn Plim-
ken in gene.. "
error ss lar as punmm
ir each series i .
lken from the same bin,
II packed by one packer and
e bows were shipped to
rn the same . "v
In New York City, the
Ues were all storeo
and toward tne ena ol i"
,h. fruit was carefully ex-
tA second phase of this
tnt Involved the use of
moss, Vermicuuie a"
-il.Hals.
ion the results of , this
Unt cannot be accepted
final word regarding pans,
snd other protective ma
in pears. The results thus
Lbttlned, however, at least
((certain trends and Bnouia
interest. A brief summary
results follows:
in the case of varieties
Ls Anjou and Cornice, pack-
ilury Is largely tne resun
Action and rubbing. Injury
pressure also occurs out
itcondary in Importance,
clear, therefore, that tho
Its of. the pack -and' the
of the package are un
it factors In the prevention
:kln( Injury.
There Is a definite reia-
L between' packing : Injury
IN length of time the mm
Ittn In storage. Anjou pears
red after two or three
Is of storage usually show
small amount of Injury.
lime fruit held In storage
ire or six months, however,
develop severe packing in-
Packing injury is con-
lirgely to the fruit that
Into contact with the pack-
Iwlf. Attention must be dl-
Iherefore, to tho protec-
M the fruit at the sides, the
'he top and the bottom.
To protect tho fruit that
Into contact with tho pack-
liwlf, a certain amount of
r or cushioning Is neces-
H Is apparent, however,
he cushioning material must
p mat it retains its sprlngl-
uroughout the transit and
ft periods, and that it is
rem lumps or ridges. Ma-
mat break down as they
n damp in storage are un-
fctory.
To insure aeainBt cutting
edges, the collars must. -ex-
Utove ihe edges of the box,
"T must be made of sub-
" material. Bevelllnir f the
'he box at the KlrtoK and
l aids In the elimination
"g. The crown method of
! wherein the fruit is high
mer and comparatively
the edges also affords pro-
gsirmt this form of in-
Under the conditions of
"Wflment, pads and collars
01 corrugated paper board
more or less marking and
)rtlon In th. ,..,,. f a.
N Cornice. Thev nnnenred to
''"factory f0. varieties such
nd Bosc.
Excelsior pads and oollnrs,
made of wood or paper
. .' """ea some injury to
. netles and lacked in at
. . . .
Ml-depth chip-board col
np0 mad r.t ti.i i ....
f'l. tforded excellent pro-
" '"e edges and impart-
-k.. appearance to
Due to lack of cush
,0ower, these collar. r-
w."" """""ire bruising.
Bads
bu' di not afford
"'Protection. -s
and collars made of
wr covered with paraf
vcd to be quite
nr. Pressure and friction
"ere largely eliminated
were used.
, pW made of 'cotton
, 7 """factory, but may
n d ii i a ... .
u i specimens
cotton carried to des
M . "ce"ent condition
" n In storage.
oJ"1 nd Cornice pack
m Jmo"" carried nicely
: a i "orage but ac
""MKreesble taste and
Uh!? Wked In spruce
lUo, ""usually well. The
i'nL T a'-led protee-
fcetlwi Irnlt period.
sawdust, however appears to be Pears, while In a frozen condition
mP r. Vala lh'S "me- ure ver' etible to bruising
14 Pears packed In "Vcrmi- and discoloration. For this reason
cul te" kept fairly well, but this lhcy 8houW be . handled as caie-
.... .... .u iiu iictiw runy as possible,
advantages.
Weight and Bulge of Boxes
Two viewpoints must be taken
Into account when the matter of
weight and bulge for pear boxes
Is considered; (1) the attitude of
the trade; and (2) the carrying
and keeping quality of the fruit.
' The trado In the large American
cities, generally desire a heavy,
well rounded pack In the case of
standard boxes, and anyono who
hopes to receive top prices must
reckon with this fact. Buyers
gonerally have a better feeling
towards the brands that show full
weight and high bulges. Obviously
one buys a great deal of good
will with an extra pound or two
of fruit, and the difference in
price paid for heavy packs as
against light packs, shows that
tho grower or shipper is being
well paid for the added weight.
Shippers of fruits such as ap.
H iiting During Transit, Storage
Wilting during transit and stor
age Is still a factor of considerable
importance in the handling of
late pears. Bosc, Anjou, and
Winter Nells, frequently appear
on tho market in a wilted condi
tion. Wilting In pears Is due to ex
cessive water loss following pre
mature harvesting or storage at
low humidities. In the case of
Anjous, wilting occurs primarily in
fruit that has been harvested too
soon. This is especially noticeable
In the fruit of the smaller sizes.
Bosc, on the other hand, may wilt
badly even when the fruit has
been picked at the proper time,
case of washed fruit, however,
drying equivalent to that done by
the blower type of machines is
necessary. Moisture such as re
sults from condensation in transit
or In storage, apparently causes
no copper injury. ;
(7) Copper treated wraps are
still largely In the experimental
stage and their general use can
not be recommenced at this time.
To build up a background of
practical information, however, it
would be well for each shipper to
pack some fruit in copper treated
wraps this year.
Internal Browning In Golden Nells
In past seasons, Golden Nells
pears have often developed a form
of Internal browning shortly after
removal from cold storage. This
trouble is usually characterized by
a brownish discoloration of the
core area. The flesh is usually
dry and pithy in texture and the
fruit falls to ripen normally upon
removal -to a warm room.
Tests carried on during the past
season indicate that this trouble
is definitely associated with the
length of time the fruit has been
held in cold storage. When held
in cold storage for periods of two
and three months, the fruit rip
ened normally upon removal to a
ripening room. When held in cold
storage for periods of five and
six months, howevor, the
MAJOR LOV
AFFAIRS
E
OF
CLARA MANY
Former Film Queen Enjoyed
Eight Known Romances
During Height of Holly
wood Career Love and
Rex Bell, at Last.
top tiers of boxes. This is
neninllv tl'lin nf tho fruit ahlnnori
pies, grapefruit, oranges and evenidurB warm weather. Frult shp.
Observations of the past two usually developed the trouble In
seasons have shown that wilting j typical form. Obviously, Golden
in late pears frequently occurs Nells is a fairly short lived var-
durlng transit, particularly in the : lety and Its keeping quality is not
to be compared with that of Win
ter Nolls or other late-season
plums, are taking advantage of
the heavy pack method to gain
favor for their brands, and pear
shippers from the comparatively
new districts are using it as a
means of breaking into the trade.
So far as injury to the fruit
is concerned, it is surprising how
well the so-called heavy - packs
carry. Tests carried on during tho
past two seasons shows that fric
tion injury occurring from the
rubbing and ' movement of the
fruit In the packnge was consid
erably less In the case of the heavy
pucks, than It was In the ease of
the light packs. It is true that
some pressure injury results in
tho case of heavy packs, but the
trade, as a rule, objects less to
pressure injury than it does to
friction Injury.
In considering the matter of
weight and bulge, it must bo re
membered that pears, while In
transit and In storage, undergo a
marked decrease of both ' weight
and volume. Studies to determine
the amount of shrinkage that may
occur in pears show that some
varieties may lose from eight to
15 per cent of their weight and
volume during the transportation
and storage periods.
Weakened Pears May Bo Damaged
By Handling Operations
It Is obvious that partially rip
ened pears, or pears that have
been weakened by long cold stor
age cannot be handled without
showing injury In the form of
friction and pressure bruises. Such
pears are apt to develop injury
at all points of contact no matter
how gently they are moved about.
If poars in this condition are put
over grading or washing equip
ment, or are subject to long hauls,
they invariably show discoloration
upon arrival in eastern markets.
Toward the end of the season,
even the pears stored In New
York City, may develop bruises
following the short trip from the
storage houses to the piers, or
following trucking operations to
various parts of the city. While
this trouble is especially Berlous
in the case of Anjou and Cornice,
it is common to all varieties of
pears when they become weakened
from old age.
Handling Frozen Pears
During severe winter weather,
pears often arrive at their destin
ation in a frozen condition, and,
the matter of handling frozen
pears so that they will recover
with the least amount of Injury
Is of .considerable Importance.
Freezing In transit Is usually
confined to the fruit in Ihe lower
tiers of boxes near the doorways.
There are cases, however, when
tho fruit Is frozen in all parts of
the car.
Experiments carried on during
the past two years show that sat
isfactory rccovory following freczf
ing in pears, is dependent primar
ily upon (1) the severity of the
freezing, (2) the length of time the
fruit remains frozen, (3) the ma
turity of the fruit at the time of
freezing, and, (4) the humidity
conditions under which thawing
occurs.
When frozen for periods of one
or two weeks at temperatures of
27 degrees and 25 degrees Fahr
enheit, pears usually recovered in
a satisfactory manner. When froz
en at these temperatures for per
iods "of three to six weeks how
ever, they did not recover. Freez
ing at temperatures below 25 de
grees Fahrenheit, even for short
periods, resulted in complete
breakdown with no recovery. The
fruit that was firm and green at
the time of freezing usually show
ed greater recovery than that
which was ripe or partly ripe. The
fruit that was permitted to thaw
out at high humidities showed
less wilting than did the fruit that
was defrosted at low humidities.
The temperature at which the
fruit was defrosted did not seem
to affect recovery.
Good results were obtained by
placing the frozen fruit In cold
storage at 2 degrees Fahrenheit
as soon as it arrived. In cold
storage, high humidity Is usually
assured and conditions for recov
ery seem to be about as good as
can be provided. If frozen pears
do not recover In cold storage. It
Is safe to Bssurne that no treat
ment knnn At the oresent time
can save them. When placed in j
cold storage, frozen pears should
be so arranged that air may cir.
ped during the winter or during
the cool fall months, seldom wilts
in transit. Fruit that is precooled
prior to shipping, usually shows
much less wilt upon arrival than
that which has not . been precool
ed. This Is due largely to the fact
that condensation occurs in the
case of the precooled fruit and
that tho moisture added in this
manner prevents loss of water
from the fruit Itself. Lowered
temperatures due to precooling,
also, Insure higher humidities
throughout the car. Sprinkling of
the inside of tho car prior to load
ing, aids in reducing wilt in transit
during warm weather.
Gray Mold or "Nest Rot"
Oray mold or "nest rot" Is a
serious disease of pears in storage.
It is especially severe In the case
of Anjous held past the middle of
February. In fact, most of the
adjustments made following late
sales of Anjou, are made because
of gray mold decay. While it is
most serious in the case of Anjou,
tho trouble is also found In Winter
Nells and Patrick Barry.
Gray mold is a fungous disease
caused by species of Botrytis. It
develops in both . common and
cold storage 'and spreads from
decayed "specimens.to.; those that
ure sound. Nests of 15 to 80
decayed pears are frequently
found.
Following up the Work begun
by Dr. J. S. Cooley of the United
States department of agriculture,
experiments on gray mold control
were conducted during the past
season. These Involved the use
of various chemically treated
wraps as well as the use of ma
terials that might act as physical
harriers to the disease, The fol
lowing summary gives briefly the
results obtained;
(1) Wraps treated with com
pounds of copper proved to be ef
fective in preventing the spread
of gray mold, the most satisfac
tory results being obtained with
wraps containing 6.6 per cent cop
per sulphate (CuS04:5H20).
(2) Wraps treated with com
pounds of calcium, or compounds
of sulphur proved to be ineffec
tive. (3) Cotton wraps and cotton
pads did not prevent the spread
of the disease.
(4) Cellophane wraps proved to
be effective fcirrlers to the spread
of the disease, but the use of
cellophane wraps for pears can
not be recommended until further
experimental work has been done.
(6) The results last Beason
with commercial shipments of
Anjou pears packed in copper
treated wraps were generally sat
isfactory.
(6) Injury from copper-treated
wraps may occur when the fruit
Is excessively wet at packing time.
Rmall amounts of moisture appar-
ontiv rosult In no Injury. In the
pears.
"Pinhole" Rot of Winter Nells
"Pinhole" rot of Winter Nells
Is caused by certain species of
blue mold (Penlcllllum), tho or
ganism apparently gaining en
trance through the lentlcels
(breathing pores) of the fruit. Tho
disease usually makes its appear
ance shortly after the fruit comes
out of cold storage. The early
stages are characterized .by min
ute decay spots which appear at
various places on the surface. The
number of spots per specimen
may vary from one to" as many
as 25 or 30. As the disease pro-'
gresses, the spots Increase In size.
In tho final stages the fruit be
comes entirely decomposed, and
the bluish or green fruiting bodies,
characteristic of blue mold, ap
pear. Pinhole rot Is found in Winter
Nolls pears from all districts. . It
occurs In both washed and. un
washed fruit and while the disease
Is occasionally found in other var
ieties, it Is chiefly confined . to
Winter Nolls. .
In Be lie years, pinhole , rot is
a serious handicap to tho sale of
Winter . Nells pears. While no
figures are available aa to the
amount .of loss caused by this dis
ease, it is safe to assume that dur
ing the season of 1929-30, it de
preciated the value of tho Winter
Nells tonnage by at least one dol
lar per box.
While investigations have been
In progress for some time, no
positive and definite method ,of
control for pinhole rot has been
discovered. It has been found,
however, that the disease la less
severe in the case of fruit that
is malntalnd in a hard green
condition while in, cold storage,
and that is ripened quickly upon
removal. In the case of fruit
that Is stored Immediately after
picking at 30 degrees to 32 de
grees Fahrenheit, and then, Is
ripened at 65 degrees Fahrenheit,
practically no pinhole rot occurs.
This apparently, Is due to the fact
that the disease makes but little
headway In hard-green fruit, and
that by quick ripening at the end
of the storage period, the fruit
goes into consumption before the
disease gets under way. Pinhole
rot Is most severe in fruit that
Is subjected to slew and gradual
ripening.
Scald In Pears
Pear scald Is a physiological dls
ease of pears In storage. PearB
that have reached the "scalding'
Btage, break down rapidly upon
removal from cold storage. The
skin of such pears turns brown,
a foul odor Is developed and
breakdown at the core may occur.
Scalded pears are practically In
edible and have no commercial
value. Work done by Harley and
Fisher shows that scald In pears
By Biinnc Hennensy
HOLLYWOOD, July 11. (UP)
There have been' eight romances
In tho life of Clara Bow in the
fruit 'years since she stepped down from ,
a train to begin her pursuit of
fame In the screen colony, a ;
rather shabby girl with tho prom
ise of a brilliant future. I
The movie colony which knows
her as an impulsive, warm heart- I
ed girl, says she never has been ,
only a passing infatuation. Yet
it must be granted that at pres
ent . Clara seems to be in love
with Rex Bell, tho handsome
young actor on whoso ranch she
Is convalescing.
'iHe has been so sweet to mo,"
she said. "Marriage? I'm not go
ing to get miirriod before I m
(Continued on Page Four)
m Packing pears in CUlate treely about the boxes.
COUNT
THE
YELLOW
BOXES
Real Proof That
Country People
Read the
MAIL TRIBUNE
Clara is just 25. She didn't
say definitely that she was going
to get married when she waB 26;
Just that she wouldn't be married
before then.
Bell's predecessors In the race
for her heart have been Donald
Keith, ' Gilbert Roland, Victor
Fleming, Robert Savage, Gary
Cooper, Harry Hlchman and Dr.
Earl Pearson.
Clara met Donald Keith when
they were working on and off the
screen and he undoubtedly loved
her. Their wedding dnte was pub
lished, but Clara wasn't ready to
marry. Her father warned that
her career might be threatened.
She broke with Kolth.
Gilbert Roland was the heavy
In tho same picture. He Is a Mex
ican, darkly romantic and hand
some. He called her Clarlta and
sanfc Spanish love songs. Both
were -' very young and Roland was
very Jealous, even when she work
ed in a love scene In a picture.
They parted.
Victor Fleming, sandy-hulred
plain, but very amusing, and many
years Clara'B senior, was directing
"The Rough Riders" when she
was .working In "Wings." Some
say their engagement was a pub
licity stunt engineered by the
studio. Others say they truly were
attracted to each other, but that
Fleming, educated, more settled
than tho young girl, soon palled
on her.
Robert Savage, Bon of a million
aire steol manufacturer, was at
tracted by the girl who had at
tracted a nation. He probably
represented class to the girl from
Brooklyn. For a time he held
her. but she tired of him. Savage
slashed his wlsts In an unsuccess
ful attempt to commit suicide,
letting his blood drip on Clara'B
picture.
Gary Cooper she met during the
filming of "Wings" at San An
tonio, Tex. Ho was playing a
small part, was shy and spoke' to
her little. If at all. When she wbb
cast In "Children of Divorce" he
was Belected an her leading man.
A feeling sprang up during thf,
filming of the picture. Each was
a type strange to the other and
they taught each other a lot, but
soon found they did not have
much in common.
Dr. William Karl Pearson was
an Interne in St. Vincent's hos
pital when Clara went thero i"
Februnry, 1929, to undergo an
operation for appendicitis. Dr.
Pearson managed an -Introduction.
At first. Clam was nqt'lntorested,
but then a love affair ;whleh last
ed two years started:; It la said
that when Clara visited Dallas.
Tex., a year agd she'' paid Dr.
Pearson's wifo $20;000. Clara
says she thought Dr. Pearson had
broken with Ills wife - when she
met him.
Hurry Rlchman Is - a curly-
haired song and duiu-o man. Some)
peoplo in Hollywood have ulwnys
thought their love .mRlting was
too much In plain view of news
paper photographors and report
ers to have been sincere. Both
Clara and Harry have protested,
however, that they really wero In
love, but that it wore off.
Rex Bell remains. While his
romance with Clara was known In
Hollywood long before tho trial
of Dnlsy Dcvoe, Miss How's sec
rotary, who was convicted of
theft, it was at that tlnio that it
blossomed In full public view.
Miss Devoe testified bitterly
that he had caused her dismissal.
Ho was with Clara constantly
during the trial later, during her
breakdown, ' was. one of tho only
persons permitted to eee her. It
was to his ranch that she retired
to regain her health.
"Ho has been so sweet," said
Clara.
' I love her and want to marry
her," Bald Rex,
Perhaps the llttlo flapper who
has enacted bo many love scones
on tho screen has found lovo at
last.
HELD IN THAT
PROSPERITY NIGH
PARIS, July llA-(UP) If tho
kitties" of tho gambling tables
are any criterion prosperity must
bo Just around the cornor.
After two very lean years, tho
boHrd of directors of tho Hocloty
of 8ea Baths at Monto Carlo 1-
mowt gloated in reporting to
stockholders that slnco April 1
tho profits of the green tables
have been 6,000,000 francs moro
than during 1930.
Tho Frank Jay Oould casinos
at Juan-les-Flns and Nico have
also .turned In profit reports to
the government which show p
slight Increase over 19.10, al
though all the casinos report that
Germans have taken the soatu
around the table vacated by
Americans when Wall street wont
through its contortions.
So far this summer DeauviHe
and Le Touquet havo seen very
llttlo exciting play. Tho warm
sun has filled tho beaches and
tho players seem - to prefer tho
golden sands and boach bars to
gambling.
All In all, the French govern
ment and French stockholders In
the 168 gambling casinos ot wa
tering places have lost 7(1,000,000
francs from the level of 19H8, tho
ha n ner yea r. But a com pa r Iso n
of kittles bank as far as 1922
shows that gambling profits are
300 per cent greater than 10
years ago, although they are now
the smallest of iflny year lne
1925.
GOLD IDA
EACH YEAR
A!
Agriculture Engineers to
Make Award for 'Most
Meritorious and Excep
tional Service' From Mc
Cormick Fund.
ST. .lOSKl'U, Mich,, .Inly II.
(UP) An annual award of a gold
medal for "exceptional and meri
torious service In tho Interest of
agriculture" has been announced
by tho American Society of Agri
cultural Engineers.
The award, to bo known as tne
Cvrus Hall McCormack Medal"
is based on an endowment fund
Dependable
Abstract
Service
When it comes to all
matters pertaining to ti
les, we are equipped to
serve you well. For 26
years we have been com
piling authoritative title
records enabling us to
offer the finest possible
service.
Title Insurance
Jackson County
Abstract Co.
12) E. Sixth Bt. Phone 41
provided by Cyrus Hall McCor
mlck, Mrs. Emmons Blaine " and
Harold F. McCormlck, children
of Cyrus Hall McCormick, the In
ventor of tho reaper. ' ' -
Established during the centen
ary year of the invention which
revolutlonlied farm production
and lightened immeasurably the
farmer's labor, the award will be
presented annually in recognition
of some outstanding meritorious1
scientific accomplishment In en
gineering us applied to agricul
ture. Workers in all phases of agri
cultural engineering such as farm
power and machinery, farm struc
tures, rural electrification, draln
uge and irrigation, will be eli
gible. The medal, designed by Fred
M. Torrev, Chicago sculptor,
shows on one sldo the figure, ot
a man In an attitude of thought
On the reverse are depleted vari
ous stages in the development of
labor saving devices which havo
removed tho burden of hand
drudgery from the shoulders ot
the modern furmor.
The winner will be selected each
year by a Jury composed of out
standing members of tho Amer
ican Society of Agricultural En
gineers. Tho first award probably
will bo mado at tho 26th annual
meeting of the socltny in June,
1933. - -- '
Any rum racketeer in the , big
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ness. Arkansas PageUp.
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