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PAGE SIX
MEDFORD MAIL TRTBUNE, rEDFORD, OREGON, MONDAY, FEBRUARY A 3911,
y
Lime-Sulphur Its Use as a
Fungicide and an Insecticide
-By-Prbf.
P. J..O'Claru, Pulhologibt. Written usjiocially for the Med ford
Mail Tribune.
(Copyright, 1011, by Hertford Printing Company.)
Melba, the Queen of Song,
To Make Last Tour.
INSTALLMENT I.
Introduction.
This bulletin Is written to moot the
demands of two classes of fruit glow
ers; first, those "who arc more or
loss acquainted with tho uso of llmc
sulphur; second, those who liavo had
no ordhard practice and may bo class
ed as beginners. Among thoso be
longing to tho first class I may say
much will be found In tho bul
letin which will seem to them as
elementary, but, on tho whole,
enough of tho history, chemistry and
the new uses of llmc-suliihur will be
given to make tho matter not only
Interesting, but Instructive. Enough
of technical matter will ho Introduc
ed so as to glvo thoso who have had
collcgo work opportunity to easily
find food for thought as well as
study. Kor the growers who havo
had no tochnlcnl training, I may say
that the bulletin will contain enough
of tho elements and will lead up
gradually to tho technical ho that
they may bo ablo to comprehend tho
text without any great difficulty. It
will ho so arranged that such matter
as they may not desire to use for
practical purposes mny bo left out
so far as they aro concerned.
Tho writer hns realized for a long
tlmo .that tlo fruit growers of tho
vulley havo no up-to-date bulletins
giving Instruction as to tho uso of
Umo-sulphur, or, for that matter,
fungicides In general. In tho numer
ous locturcs which have been given
In tho past, tho wrltor has alBo real
ized that on tho whole tho growers
of the Hoguo HIvor valley aro capa
blo of comprehending technical mat
ter, either from tho lecture platform
or from texts and bulletins, in no
other district with which tho writer
Is acquainted docs such a condition
obtain. Of course, tho reason is self
ovldent, sluco a large percentage of
tho growers aro men who havo had
technical training and havo left other
walks of llfo whore education seemed
far more necessary to them than Is
usual with tho man who tills the soil.
Tho growers of tho Itoguo HIvor
valley ns a whole aro thoroforo fully
equipped to carry on tholr now occu
pation of fruit growing with much
greater Intelligence than those who
havo not had tho training necessary
to tho understanding of tho technical
methods now employed on all suc
ressful farms. Tho novlco In fruit
growing In tho Itoguo Itlvor vnlley
usually becomes a well trained hor
ticulturist within a vory short time.
History or (lie Ltm or Sulphur us nu
Insecticide.
Tho chomlcal olemont sulphur has
been known for a great many years,
oven from vory nurlont times, hav
ing boon used as a modlrlno by the
Greeks and Romans. The alchemists
considered It an essential portion or
all combustible substances and dur
ing this period, while credit was giv
en to tho phlogiston theory, it was
looked upon as a compound of sul
phuric acid with phlogiston. Sulphur,
or courBo, Is found uncomblucd and
thorofoio any method Tor preparing
tho olement from Its compounds is
of no oHsontlonul value In tho labora
tory. Sulphur, while occurring In
tho free stuto in nature, Is also round
In many of tho rocks, and pyrites of
Iron Ih often uirod to secuio sulphur.
This Is doito by heating tho rock.
Hooks containing sulphur, as well as
trm sulphur, exist In tho neighbor
hood of volcano and hiiiiih of the
gruatost dopoHlU are touud In koHIi-
drn Italy and Clclly. l'reo sulphur Ih
nluo round in Louisiana, California
and other parts or tho United Statu.
Tho sulphur which we rind upon
tho mnrkut is found In three forms,
namely: tho flowers of sulphur, flour
of sulphur and tho stick sulphur or
brimstone. The riowers or sulphur
couslitts or sulphur which hns been
sublimed and is made dhectly from
tho crude sulphur or brltuutouo b)
boating, cunning the sulphur to pnw
Into a cooling chamber where It de
posit upon tho walls In a vory finely
divided state. It In tills grade or sul
phur that Is commonly used to con
trol grupo nilldow. Tho flour of sul
phur 1b nothing more or loss than
tho ground or powdered brimstone.
Either tho riowors or sulphur or flour
of sulphur may bo used In tho prep
aration or lime-sulphur.
The uso or sulphur as an Insectl
oldo datM from tho year 1851 rind
appears to haVe boon first proposed
l)y John Hulborford In Now South
Waloa, Australia. The sulphur was
romblnod with tobacco and was
Known as tho tobacoo-and-Hulphur
dip, tho formula coiuIsIIuk or one
pound of tobacuo leaven, one pound
of flowers of sulphur, and five linpt
rial gallons or water. This formula
was used as a dip for tbo control or
Hhecp seal), which for u Ion lima had
ljuon one of the great manure to
Hhuop ruling thiouKhout Him world.
I'atur liiuo and sulphur were combin
ed In various ways and they wro
termed tbo llmo nnd sulphur dips.
Tho various llmo and sulphur dips
woro known as tho Vlctoiluu lime
nud-nulphur dip, first proposed by
Mr. Howe and ndoptcd by the Austra
lian sanitary authorities ns official;
this contained 20 C-C pounds flowers
of sulphur, 10 G-12 pounds fresh
slaked lime, nnd 100 gallons of wa
ter; tho South African ofricial llme-
and-sulphur dip which contained lfi
pounds or flowers of sulphur, 15
pounds unslaked lime, and 100 gal-
Ions of wntcr.
Following these two formulao came
a largo number of others which were
used throughout Australia, Africa
and tho United States. Tho states of
California nnd Oregon were proba
bly among tho first to make use of
tho lline-sulphur ns n sheep dip, fol
lowing tho examplo of tho Austra
lian shcop raisers.
Limc-sUlphur uu an Inscctlcido was
first used for treating sheep scab
and no thought was given as to Its
posslblo use for keeping insects in
juring plants under control, Its uso
In tho orchards or this country camo
about as an accidental discovery. It
may be stated that somo or tho first
formulae or lline-Hiilphur also con
tained salt, and wo find that It was
this typo of mixture that was used
first In California as early as lfi80.
Tho discovery was made by 1 Du
sey of Fresno, Cal. Ho tested the
sheep dip obtained from a neighbor
who had boon treating a herd of
sheep for scab, thinking that If It
killed the lico or scab on sheep, It
ought to kill Insects nfrccting trocs.
This happy discovery soon beenmo
known quite generally, but tho uso of
Ilmc-sulphur did not becomo general
for several yoarB aftorwards, por
haps for at Idast ten yenrs or nioro.
Tho first attempts at using lime-sulphur
In tho custom states woro far
from successful, largely because lit
tle was known as to tho host strength
to Uho and tho best tlmo to apply
It. In fact, some or tho flrat tests
made by prominent entomologists
woro reported as failures and the
recommendations were mndo that
mlsclblo oils, kerosene emulsions and
itlior sprays woro moro offectlvo as
a scallclde.
The first uso to which lime-sulphur
was put In the orchards or this coun-
ry was that of destroying scale In
sects, principally of tho Snn .loso
scale. It has only been within com
paratively recent yenrs that Its value
is a fungicide has become such as to
compare favorably with what has al
ways been thought to bo tbo most Im
portant fungicide, namely, tho Hor
Icuux mixture. As a matter of fact,
within certain limits It may be said
hat lime-sulphur has largely taken
the place of Bordeaux, both as a dor
tinitt spray and a summer spray.
While tho present llnio-sulphur wash
Is recognized as ono of tho most lin
lortant spray materials, both as a
contact lusoctlclde and fungicide, It
Is also recognized ih ono of tho iiiobI
Inconvenient and disagreeable, In
ract, IU disagreeable nature Is tho
'inly thing that tho orchardlsts or tho
irosent day havo against it. Seme
me has Hit Id that It Is tho dirtiest,
'iioasIoHt and nastiest spray mixture
iver invented and perhaps for that
roasoii It Ih oao or the most effec
tive. The commercial lline-sulphur
compounds havo now bo largely tak
en the place of the homo made lime-
tulphur that the trouble and lucon-1
venience of making it has been re j
moved, but the Inconvenience of up
ihlnjj It still remains. It Is possi
ble that In the ruturo we wilt llnd a
ulxtuio or compound which will hoi
Just as offoolho as a fungicide nnd
Insecticide, and not ba tho dlHiigtee
Ide nature of llino-uulphur, but. until
inch a spray Is round, we shall hno
to content ourwohen with what wo al
ready have, namely, one or tho beet.
If not tho best all round fungicide
uid Insecticide yet (Uncovered. With
the urlous combinations uf lime
sulphur and other compounds, which
a h et liuve not been fully developed,
we may expect lu the future inatix
things of great Importance to the
fruit Hiower and farmer In xcueral.
Mtue. Nellie Melba, once the peer of all songsters, after tin absence off the
concert stage of two years Is going to make her farewell tour of the United
States. Mine. Melba has enough money to retire now, but answering the re
quest of her many friends has promised one more tour. There have. been
many reports that ago has marred the wonderful Melba voice. Pattl's fare
well tour, It will bo recnllcd, was one of sorrow, for her musical powers
had bowed before age.
SMITH MERGER GETS
$1,000,000 RAILWAY
SAN FHANCISCO, Fob. IS. Tho
POPE REPRESENTED
AT RYAN OBSEQUIES
PIIILADULPIII'A, 1'A., Feb. 111.-
Kast Shore and Subur.mn Hallway witlt Monaiguor FuWonio, papal del
company, an electric line that cost .. .. , ,. u ,u
UUll' ill llll V,'(I1UU kjlflllf PV.Ilb 1
special representative of the pope,
the funeral of the late Archbishop
Patrick John Itynn, will be held here
on Tluu'Mlny. Cardinal Gibbons,
Arlicbisliops Olennon and Farley and
u ilo.on bishops wilt attend.
Tlie poiitil'ieiul high mass will lie
celebrated by Mislip 1'ioiidorgiist oi
Philadelphia. Cardiuul GihhnuH will
conduct the services for the denl
Archbishop Glennon will preach.
51,000,000 and furnishes tho local
passenger connection betweon HIcli
motid In Contra Costa county nnd
Oakland and other cities in Alameda
county, was acquired yesterday by
the United Properties company, re
cently formed, with F. M. Smith ns
one of tho leading fnctois.
The transfer of tho property has
not actually been mndo, but an agree
ment was reached whereby tho Unit
ed Propel ties company can tako over
the Richmond Hue at any tlmo.
This, It is expected, will bo within
a few days.
The change In ownership of the
Kast Shore and Suburban means tho
extension of tho Key Houto Into Rich
nHiiid nt an early dato.
It was reported whon the $200,
000,000 mergor was announced that
the Key Houto would bo extended to
that city.
The Fast Shore and Suburban bo-
FRISC0 HOLIDAYS IN
. HONOR OF EMANCIPATOR
SAN PK'ANTISCO, Cal., Feb. III. -Tho
postoffice and all banks were
clo-cil here today in honor 'of Lin
coln's birthday nnd appropriate exer
cises were held in the public schools
cud or tho city to tho bay shore.
There Is an extension to tho Blako
quarry, farther on toward San Pablo.
Kins at the county line, whore It meets us well as a brum It lino to San Pablo
the Oakland Traction load on San nnd another rrom Stego to Richmond.
Pablo inouue. Running through j In all there aro 22 miles of tho sys
Stege, it follows McDonald avenue tent. Its service Is already utgrown.
In Richmond and on through the . ,
Standard Oil refinery nt the upper , flnr-kins for health
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If, however, you aro seek
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BFHLIN. Feb 1.: 'I In ui.uo.1
public alarm for the health and pei-.
hapM tho life or Wuuwor WIIUhiii Ui
felt bar today. The uneatdneux or
the poopla ban bn litcrwuori b u
iliahH ot oontmdlcuiry tulciucnu us
tt tho kulwr's UIumm, aud ndu n
one outside court circles rentl) kuows
how tjorlOU Ills tudlniHMdllnit is The
ruler's Immediate t)umtKenuuu wei
t-micollod today aud tlila ha bimih
tUKtod the rear of the nopuUro thut
a fatal tormlnutlpii of bit lllue is
not an Impossibility.
"I. Mr Hi r MirV
The .uKleil inlluence given
your messages by the clean,
crisp sheets wilt wipe out the
expense item and leave a bal
ance on the other side.
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AND OTHER ILLS OP THE" HOD1
AT THE
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AS NATORIUM
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(The House of Efficiency)
S"?e Oregon-Washington
Railroad (El
Navigation Co.
Sells round-trip tlckota, for for three
months, allowing $0.00 worth ot
accommodation at tho Sanato
rium, a Portland and all
O.-W. R. & N. Stations
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For further information and Illus
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General Passenger Agent,
PORTLAND, OREGON.
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