7
TTOMTC AND FARM MAGAZTNF SE C T IO N
CAUSE OF FOUR-LEAVED CLOVER
Business M ethods C o u n t in F a rm in g
Also a High School Education, Says the United States Depart­
ment of Agriculture.
A RM ERS w ith a high school edu­
cation m ake n early double the
average income of those w ith
m erely a common school education, and
those who s ta rt earliest m ake the most
p ro fits, according to the D epartm ent of
A g ric u ltu re 's in v estig ato rs. The De­
p a rtm e n t 's O ffice o f F arm M anage­
m ent has been conducting a series of
in v estig atio n s in th e corn belt which
hav e brought out many d etails th a t
should be of p ractical value to all a g ri­
cu ltu rists, These results have ju st been
published in a new bulletin.
U nder average conditions the farm ,
according to th is bulletin, is no ¡dace
fo r the weak or fo r those unable to
d irect work. The man who intends to
spend his w orking life in th e country
should s ta rt early, for success is ro t
gained in a monieut b u t by mauy y ears
o f persisten t effo rt. I t is tru e th a t
some farm ers have made small fortunes
in a short tim e, but th is is usually
through a pheuomenal rise in land
v a lu e .. Few men have become rich
from th e real p ro fits of the laud. Those
who have done so usually needed a life ­
tim e in which to work. Through skill
in m auugeiueat and by bard labor a
com fortable liv in g and modi rate p ro fits
may lie expected. Those |>ersons who
are tu rn in g t > th e farm w ith th e inea
of reapin g larg e incomes are doomed
to severe disappointm ent.
Those m aking the poorost incomes
wei -S years of age when they started
f a n n in g and were p a st 30 when they
becam e owners. Du the av erage the old
c st ai i a r m aking the least profits.
M a: v fa rm e rs with very little school­
ing succeed, but these -ante u:en w ould
do b t . r if t i
had the o p p o rtu n ity
o f fu r her train in g . No eae ever h e a rs
a f i . t i u r re g r it th a t he spent a p a rt of
his early L ie in -ehool.
In a list ■ f 2.1 farm s operated by
own r< and 217 f irm s operated by te n ­
a n ts tin re V ’ r- only eig h t men, four
owi . -. and .- n r tenant*, who never
had a school train in g . O f the owners
and 1« nan ts 77 per cent [i!tended a com
mon or d istrict sehaot. A bout lfr per
cent attend* 1 a high sehool, and one
out of evi rv So went to college or to
sonic in stitu tio n of sim ilar grade.
On I he whole th e te n a n ts had received
more education th an th e owners, 23 per
cent o f them h aving more th an ft d is­
tric t school education, w hile only 20 per
cen t of the ow ners had such train in g .
Those men h aving the best train in g
m ade the largest incomes, although th ey
w ere m aterially helped in doing thia
by much larg er farm s and g reater c a p i­
F
4
A
tal.
P ro fita b le F arm ing K eeps the B oy on
th e Farm .
t
F arm in g is a business the same as
any other in d u stry , and until our
schools teach some of th e fun d am en tal
principles governing p ro fitab le fa rm ­
ing, the farm boy is likely to seek work
elsew here. C onsidering th a t the farm
boys of today will be th e farm ers of
tom orrow , too little atte n tio n is given
t<> th eir train in g .
M any boys leave th e farm because
th e y see no fo tu re in it. A nother im ­
p o rta n t reason is th e lack of p ro fitab le
work a t home. A m oderate sized farm
is necessary to give em ploym ent to the
farm er and his sons. The small farm
does not provide w ork; hence, the boys
m ust fin d em ploym ent elsewhere. L et
them fully u n derstand bow farm p ro fits
and losses are m ade and th ere will be
an incentive to rem ain. F irst i..ake
our farm s p ro fitab le, and the question
o f keeping th e boys th ere will solve
itself.
Successful farm in g is an individual,
economic problem. The farm is a com­
b in atio n of enterprises, and th eir in ­
dividual organization will determ ine, in
a largo m easure, its profitableness.
S u ffic ie n t area and a proper organism-
tio n of well selected farm enterprises
to p erm it the maximum use of men,
horses and m achinery, are th e essen­
tia l ch aracteristics of th e most success­
fu l farm s.
a
Size of the Farm Business.
«
and th e cap ital invested. The sm all
farm furnishes a home as well as much
of th e produce consumed by the fam ily.
I f it w ere not fo r these facto rs the
men on th e sm all a rea would hardly
be able to live.
W ages are a rew ard for labor, and
if a farm does not provide work the
pay m ust bo correspondingly small.
The fam ily size farm , which in th e
corn b elt should be above 100 acres,
is unquestionably a more efficien t u n it
th an an area o f 40 acres or less. Crops
can be grown cheaper, labor will be
b e tte r p aid , and th e farm er and his
fam ily will enjoy more of th e b en efits
of modern civilization.
Q uality o f the Farm Business.
The farm er may have su fficien t area
and grow th e rig h t kind of crops, yet
not be successful, owing to the poor
q u ality o f his en tire business. Poor
crops th a t do n et pay th e cost of p ro ­
duction, and th e feeding of these to u n ­
productive livestock, are common causes
of failure. T his c h aracteristic of un
successful farm ing a ttra c ts much pub
lie atten tio n . Such farm s are u n p ro fit­
able larg ely through ignorance or in ­
d ifference on the p a r t of the operator.
U nder good m anagem ent th ey can gen
erallv l>e made successful.
D iv ersity of th e farm ouainess— Im ­
proper organ izatio n of a large farm
lim its its possibilities, ju s t as area
lim its th e sm all farm . Single cro|»s or
single livestock en terp rises seldom u til­
ize farm labor a t its maximum. By
having several crops th ere is not only
b e tte r d istrib u tio n o f labor, b u t the
chances o f to tal loss from crop failures
are lessened. F o rtu n ately , eorn, oats
and w heat u tilize th e fa rm e r's tim e
p re tty thoroughly through the grow ing
season. In some p a rts of th is country
certain crops that, need labor only a
p a rt of th e y ear may be so pro fitab le
th a t th e farm er can a ffo rd to be idle
the rest of th e venr. I'ow ever. these
are the exceptions. M ost crops are not
p ro fitab le enough to p erm it any such
practice. Idle horses and m achinery are
nearly as expensive as idle men. I f the
w orking equipm ent enn all be kept
usy on payinf enterprises, success is
alm ost assured.
Z * INCE a four leaved clover is said
to be “ lu c k y ,” it m ight be well
to known how it happens th a t
while most clover has only th ree leaves,
one is found now and then w ith four.
A ccording to J. P errirnz, who dis
cusses the question in th e A rchives de*
Sciences Physiques et N aturellvs, clov
ers w ith more th an three leaves are due
to tw o causes—-one h ered itary , the
o th er n u tritiv e. A fter a m oist season
clover plants w ith four or even five,
six or seven leaves are relativ ely com
mon, and plants with only tw o leaves
are also seen a t such tim es, b u t these
are very rare.
B ut some are abnorm al by heredity
and reproduce them selves w ith th e same
ch aracteristics in successive y ears when
th eir environm ent rem ains the same,
ex tern al influences m erely m odifying
th e size of the leaves.
COWPEAS AS FOOD FOR MAN.
OM'PEAS are p a rtic u la rly well suit
ed fo r use in localities w here they
will m ature crops, and both their
n u tritiv e value and eneapness, as well
as th e ir good flavor and th e numerous
w avs in which th ey can be used should
recommend them to th e housewife.
Though fav o rab ly known ¡w a staple
food in th e southern states, th e eow|iea
has not come into general use through­
out th e U n ited S tates. I t is well worth
g reatly extended use as it is whole­
some, n u tritio u s and possesses a peculiar
d elicate and pleasing flav o r, i owpeas
are used on th e table in th re e forms.
In th e pod, shelled green aud shelled
dried. In tese th ree form s th ey corre­
spond respectively to strin g beans,
shelled green peas and dried n avy beaus,
and call fo r much the sam e m ethods of
p rep aratio n fo r th e table.
C
T H E STO RY OF
A STUDENT
No. 5.
T h a n k s tn th e sound tra in in g at the
B E H N K E W A JaK ER B U S IN E S S COL­
L E G E . I»n haa “ made g o o d “ and haa
been speedily prom oted.
Som e of o u r g ra d u a te s are holding
p o sitio n s p a y in g from $ 2 .000 to $10,000
p e r annum Wo can do the sam e for you.
B U S IN E S S COLLEGE.
I. M. Walker, President.
PO R TL A N D . OREGON.
W rite us.
No trouble to answ er.
THE LIFE CAREER
“ S ch o o lin g ia yo u th shou ld invariably he
d irected to prep are a person in the t<at w a y
for th e beat p erm a n en t occup ation for w hich
he w c a p a b le /* - Preaid eatC . W Mhot.
This is the Mission of the
F orty-sixth School Year Opens
SEPTEHBER
18th, 1914
W rite for Illustrated loo-page Book­
let, " T he LIFE C areer ," and for Cata­
log containing fu ll information.
d e g r e e C o u r s e s — AGRICULTURE :
Agronomy, Anim al Husbandry, Dairy Hus­
bandry. P oultry Husbandry, Horticulture.
Agriculture for Teachers. FORESTRY,
logging E ngineering . H ome E co ­
nom ics : Domestic Science, Domestic Art.
E ngineering : Electrical, Irrigation,
H ighw ay, Mechanical, Chemical, Mining.
Ceramics.
COMMERCE.
I ndustrial arts .
PHARMACY.
The expense fo r tw ine in c u ttin g 10,
Vocational Courier-Agriculture, D a iry­
000 acres in an E astern s ta te averaged ing, Home M akers’ Course, Industrial
21 cents per acre or seven-tenths of a Arts, Forestry, Business Short Course.
School o f M usic—Piano, String, band,
cent per bushel.
Voice C ulture.
Farmer» Businesa C o u rw by M a il F re *
Women buy from 75 to 90 per cent
A d.lrc«. TKK RKGISTRAK.
of th e m erchandise sold, says a trade
ftw-7-15 to 9-9)
C orvallis, nrer© «
jou rn al.
War and Business
E L IT E P R IV A T E
BUSINESS COLLEGE
life are tw o v a stly d ifferen t thing«—
b u t th ey are alike in thia— proper pre­
paration is NECESSARY to success in
A d ap ta b ility o f the T ype o f Farm ing. either.
Equally im jiortant in th e selection
o f en terp rises to perm it th e miximum
use of labor is the consideration of the
p rofitableness of each. D airy cows and
cash crops may u tilize al lo f the farm
e r 's tim e, but in ce rta in regions, pos­
sibly, d airy ca ttle under th e best man
agem ent could hardly be made to pay
Thfl w»o«t modern method« of instruction
a p ro fit. M arkets and o th er conditions and the bent teachers obtainable, both ia
have to be carefu lly considered in ability and eaperience.
choosing th e enterprises w hich are to
Efficiency—the watchword in n»«4em fenei-
co n stitu te th e main sources o f income. ie«a— is the watchword in this school, Rapid
F ittin g th e rig h t crop to th e soil and progress combined with tboron<hneas. In a
selling it to the proper m arket or feed nutshell—our courses are as abort as any
ing it to th e rig h t k in d o f livestock food courses can he— sad campletiag a course
are im p o rtan t factors. Follow ing such guarantees getting • position. Write today
ty p es of farm in g as are unsuited to th e to C. E. CARLTON, Principal.
MAUDE 1. DECREE. A. M.
region is often a cause of u n p ro fitab le
CENTRAL BUILDING
Principal.
Portland
-
-
•
Oregon
ag ricu ltu re in some o f th e older settled
404 Commonwealth Building,
states.
P ortland, Oregon.
The wide flu ctu atio n in prices of eer
SP E C IA L R A TES
ta in crops m akes it ex trem ely d iffic u lt
I f Y on E nroll B efore Septem ber 1st.
fo r a farm er to choose a d efin ite ro ta
tion. One y ear th ey w ill be such as to
A GREAT OPPORTUNITY
T h irty -N in th Year
give handsom e p ro fits on ce rta in crops,
for young men mechanically inclined is
N
ew
B
uildings—
N
ew
Equipm
ent
and th e next y ear th ey m ay be in s u f­
our Automobile Engineering Course. Too
A d dition s to F a cu lty
receive a thorough knowledge of repair­
ficien t to pay the cost of production.
ing and assembling automobiles, and how
Liberal Arts
Journalism
The question co n fro n tin g th e average
to opertlte gasoline engines of all kinds.
and S cien ces Law
farm er is no t so much one of produc­
California haa more automobiles than
Commerce
A
rchitecture
tion as it is of m arketing. M ost farm
any other Western state. We help -<»■
find a position after griduatiou. I ndorsed
and F inance Teaching
ers arc able to grow e su ffic ie n t quan
by Homo Industry League. Chartered
M edicine
Graduate School
titv of crops to give th e n a very com
1903. Booklet describing this and 00
For C atalogue and L iterature
fo rtab le liv in g if th ey are assured of
other money making courses sent FREE.
Send
Postcard
to
R
egistrar,
I>ept. 0.
reasonable prices fo r th e ir products.
Eugene, Oregon.
H owever, n n d er presen t conditions he
MODERN SCHOOL OF CORRESPONDENCE
Underwood Bldg., Ban Francisco.
farm er has to ta k e big chances w ith
n early all of his crops. I f he is so un­
fo rtu n a te as to have a com bination of
crops every one of which is low in price
in some p a rtic u la r y ear, severe losses
will be th e result. P o tato es, apples,
VOCAL, PHYSICAL AND ESTHETIC CULTURE
peaches ,onions and ra b b a g e are good
LITERATURE, WITH ANALYSTS AND INTERPRETIVE RENDERING
Ulus 'a t ons of th e crops th a t flu ctu ate
BHETOBIO, ORATORY AND DRAMATIC ART
A STUDENTS' CLUB FOB DRILL IN EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEAKING
w idely in price from y e a r to year.
ENTRAL
OMMERCIAL
OLLEGE
C
University of Oregon
G illespie School o f Expression
The e ssen tia l ch aracteristics o f the
more su ccessfu l farm s are a su ffic ie n t
area and a proper organ ization of well-
selected farm enterprises to perm it the
maximum use of m en, horses and ma
chinery.
N o o n i e rp ecta a sm all grocery
store w hich has only a few custom ers a
day to be a g re a t fin an cial success.
The to ta l am ount of business ia in su f­
fic ie n t to earn th e o p erato r a su b sta n ­
tia l income. E x a c tly th e same i t tru e
A h u i t boras, Ariani rad la v a r a w i t o ,
w ith the small farm . The volume of will kelp U keep Ike ek lA rea's teetk eleao
business ia lim ited by the area in crops a«4 eoaoA.
DEBATE AND PARLIAMENTARY LAW
CONTINUOUS FORENOON CLASSES
INDIVIDUAL WORK AFTERNOON AND EVENINGS
A PUBLIC CLASS EVERY MONDAY EVENING
Fall Term Opens October 13, 1914
Individual Work Bc<:o» Stpual« (.
*34 Marrlaon StrMt.
EMMA WILSON GILLESPIE. Principal.
Plioaaa Main 6031. A 4*72.
Portland, O rtfon