TTOMF AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION
Oregon Agricultural College is the Friend of the Farmer
Page of News Notes and Interesting Articles Specially W ritten by College Experts For This Newspaper.
View o t Oregon A gricultural C o'lore
ESSENTIALS OF BREAD MAKING.
i « / > O O D BREAD can be made from
VI eith er good bard w heat flour
or from good so ft w heat flo u r,”
»avs Bean H e n rie tta Calvin of the O re­
gon A gricultural College, “ b u t you
should know whieh yon are using be
cause they require d iffe re n t treatm en t.
H ard w heat flour may be made into a
soft dough, and if it is very hard wheat
then the b read should be kneaded down
several times. S oft w heat flour should
be made into a very s tiff dough and the
bread will not need to rise more th an
one« before it is put into the pans.
‘ ‘ Home made y east is much b e tte r
th an the d ry y east, tl can be likened to
the seed saved b y a good gard en er from
his own henlthy plants. When properly
prepared it co n tain s millions of live,
growing, microscopic plants.
Liquid
y east can be k ep t in a eool, dark place
about two weeks.
‘ ‘Sw eet milk is the best o f all liquids
for bread m aking. I t should be scalded
and then cooled. The m iero-organism s
th a t cause sourness in milk are th u s
heated u n til they all die. Milk bread
will be a little yellow b u t its flav o r is
b e tte r and it is more n u tritio u s th an
w ater bread. W ater may be used in ­
stead of milk, however, and good bread
ean be made w ith it.
‘ ‘ Sugar is a good yeast food. A little
added to the bread does not a ffe e t the
flavor of the bread b u t does quieken
th e action o f the y east. S alt is used for
flavor. Such a small q u a n tity as is nsed
in bread does not m aterially re ta rd the
grow th of y east b u t does w hiten the
bread.
• ‘ Bread while rising must not be k e p t
too warm. More bread is spoiled by too
much beat th an too little . B read th a t
fes Is warm to the hand is too warm.
The bacteria whieh cause sourness, and
are to the bread b ak er as weeds are
to the gardener, grow rapidly in the
dough if it is q u ite w arm .”
The foregtiing inform ation in com pre­
hensive form , to g eth er w ith detailed
d irections for m aking good and whole­
some bread, is found in E xtension Bui
k-tin Series 8. No. 29, ‘ E ssentials o f
Bread M ak in g ,” which may bo had by
w ritin g the E xtension Division, O. A. C.,
C orvallis, Oregon, fo r a copy.
Corvallis, Oregon, the Sole Aim of W hich Is to A Id A griculturists.
w orthless. One p lan tatio n farm er sowed
350 acres to lespedeza w ith u n tested
seed, and reports th a t he secured only
a ten per cent germ ination, resu ltin g in
en tire loss of tim e, labor and seed.
A ctiv ity is g reatest in the m onths of
December, Jan u a ry and F eb ru ary , d u r­
ing whieh tim e m any p lan ters gnve a
g re a t deal of th ought to th e selection
of seed. Heed dealers also tak e a g re a t
deal of in terest in seed testin g , and
one seedsman publishes advice to his eus
turners recommending a freq u en t resort
to th e seed testin g laboratory. N ext to
lespedeza th e seeds most largely sub
m itted for te st are rice, eotton, cow
peas and velvet beans.
A GRICULTURA L B U L L ET IN S.
H E follow ing bulletins, issued by the
E xtension D ivision of th e Oregon
A gricultural College, have been p u b ­
lished sinee Jan u a ry 1, 1914, and copies
m ay be had by residents of Oregon upon
re q u e s t:
Oregon Corn by H. D. Seudder.
How to Conduct a E ly Cam paign by
IL E. W ilson.
F ru it and V egetable B y-Products by
C. I. Lew is and W. 8. Brown.
Feeding Young Chicks by Miss C lara
Nixon.
M aking Babcock T est and K eeping
th e Records, by W. A. B arr.
Feeding and Care of D airy Cows by
E. B. F itts.
Fow l Tuberculosis by T. D. B eckw ith.
S eptic T anks and A bsoiption System s
by T. D. B eckw ith and T. A. T eeter.
F eeding th e D airy Cow by R. R.
G raves.
R aising th e D airy C alf b y E. B. P itts.
F arm B u tte r M aking by O. G. Sim p­
son.
Silo C onstruction and Silage Feeding
by R. R. G raves and W. A. Darr.
Im proving O regon D airy H erds b y R.
R. G raves and E. B. F itts.
Breeds o f C hickens b y J . Dryden.
H an d lin g th e F ru it Crop by C. I.
Lewis and W. S. Brown.
G row ing th e Oregon P o tato Crop by
H. D. Seudder.
How and W hen to S pray the O rchard
by II. S. Jack so n .
In addition to th e foregoing list 31 I n ­
d u stria l Club b u lletin s have been issued
fo r special use o f th e members of the
B o y s’ aad G irls ’ In d u strial Clubs of
Oregon.
T
W H ER E FA RM ER S P R O FIT BY
SEED T EST IN G WORK.
URING th e three y ears o f o p era­ U SE PO ISO N BRAN MASH TO CON­
tion a t B aton Ronge, La., th e co­
TRO L CUTWORMS.
operative seed testin g lab o rato ry
UTW ORMS are m enacing various
doubled th e num ber o f sam ples of seed
garden truck and field crops a t
tested each year. L ast y ear th ere were
points thro u g h o u t th e valley. The
about 900 tests made and 90 per cent of
a tta c k is so general and th e cutworm s
them were for individual farm ers.
are present in such nui bers th a t drastic
T his is in m arked co n trast to the
m easures seem w arran ted to p rev en t the
record at the Oregon A gricultural Col
occurrence o f an epidem ic of th e pest.
lege, where fully 75 per cent of the
A rsenical sprays some tim es prove
te sts made are on sam ples supplied by
practical, according to A. L. L ov ett, in
seed houses. Farm ers have not been so
sect specialist a t th e A gricultural Col
ready to tak e ad vantage of the work
lege. The best general treatm en t fo r th is
in Oregon as they ats in Louisiana,
cutw orm is, however, th e poison bran
w ith the result th a t there is g reater
mash. T his m aterial is prepared as fol­
loss due to im perfect seed in th is state.
There is likew ise g reater "eed of seed low s:
59 pounds
testin g in Louisiana. The v iab ility of B ru n .................. .....
2 ponnds
many kinds of seeds is g reatly reduced W hite arsenie or P aris green
______
2 pounds
bv the heavy rains and hot w eather.
N orthern grown seeds th a t keep th eir S y r u p ....... —......... ...-...................... 2 q u arts
v itality well in the north rapidly lose it Oil of le m o n ..................
2 ounces
Mix these m aterials thoroughly and
in the humid w arm th o f th a south,
an<l a fte r a y ear a lfa lfa nnd clover seed add su fficien t warm w ater to m ake a
are generally w orthless for p lant. But coarse crum bly mash. D e n ’t get th e ma
little of these crops are grown in the terial sloppy; it should fall ap art readily
Red R iver Valley, w ith th e exception a fte r pressing to g eth er in the hand.
o f crimson clover, which is grown on
This m aterial should be sown broad
sandy lands.
cast over the field in th e early even
Lespcdera, or Ja p a n clover, tak es tl
ing. About five ponnds to an acre is
plac - of clover iu rotatio n , n itrificatio n usually su fficien t. Cutworms feed on
of soils and forage, and is especially this m aterial in preference to v e g e ta ­
im p o rtan t in d iv ersified farm ing. T h » tion.
seed is threshed with hulls on. so th a t it
Some succulent crop, such as hog
is likely to heat badly and become weeds or a lfa lfa suraved heavily w ith
D
C
P aris green, then mowed and placed in distributed among th e few. We have
sm all heaps about the field is of some many illu stratio n s of the la tte r method
in European history, and a few eases in
value.
A m erica th a t are right to the point, one
of the best of w hieh is the success­
V A L U E OF SILA G E FE ED .
ful struggle of the grain grow ers of the
f l V I I E re la tiv e value of roots, kale
I and silage— the usual sources of M iddle W est w ith the elevator tr u s t.”
succulence for w inter feeding—;
A RT IN P U E L IC SCHOOLS.
depends upon th e ir composition, com
HAT public sentim ent in A m erica
p a rativ e feeding values, cost of pro
will dem and b e tte r and more beau­
duetion, keeping qualities, and conven­
tifu l arch itectu re, b e tte r planned
ience of fe e d in g ,” says Professor R. R.
G raves, head of th e O. A. C. D airy De- eities, more refinem ent in the fu rn ish ­
ings of homes and n itro a rt iu dress
p artm en t.
“ The to ta l digestible n u trien ts in and daily surroundings, is the belief of
one ton o f corn silage is 32(1 pounds. Miss E dna M. F larid a. in stru cto r in
In a ton of red clover silage the to tal a r t a t the Oregon A gricultural < ollege.
is 224 pounds, b u t the n u tritiv e ratio It is the purpose of a rt in the public
is 1 to 6.9, while in corn it is 1 to 11. schools to tra in the chil 1 to meet these
The d igestible n u trien ts in a ton of demands. The child should be tau g h t
sugar b eets is 224 pounds, w ith a ratio to know the needs of cur people and
of 1 to 8.5. In rutabagas the to tal is th e finest ways o f m eeting those needs.
186 pounds to th e ton, with a ratio the This is where th e appreciation and a p ­
sam e as th a t of sugar beets. The d i­ plication of a r t principles are a vital
gestib le n u trie n ts in a ton of kale are p art of the c h ild ’s train in g . A pprecia­
b u t 139 pounds, w hile tbe ratio is very tion of the beautiful . "d fin er things
narrow — 1 to 2.8. I t is also tru e th a t in life will m ake him happier, broader,
th e n u trie n ts of apple pomace silage more liberal nud an inspiration to his
are p re tty high, about 216 pounds to fellow creatures. Thus it is th a t a rt is
the ton. T heir n u tritiv e ratio is the fo r th e m any and not fo r the few.
w idest of any of the common w inter
succulents, being 1 to 15.3.
B A SK ETR Y E X H IB IT .
‘ ‘ The corn and clover silage eontain
O LEA R N nnd to construct articles
th e g re a te st percentage o f dry m atter,
of basketry, reed and ra ffia , in a
while kale and some of the roots eon
course of fo rty hours, was accom­
ta in 90 per cent w ater. One ton of
plished
by a num ber of summer school
corn silage contains as much digestible
n u trien ts as a ton and a h a lf of sugar students a t the Oregon A gricultural Col­
beets, 1.8 tons ru tab ag as or carrots, lege. A collection of baskets and
basketry a rts w as made by the in stru c­
and 2.3 tons of k a le .”
tor, Miss H elen Cowgill, last T hursday
afternoon. Some of the individual ex ­
AMMONIA IN SOILS.
hibits showed very g reat progress by
I l N P i l E tran sfo rm atio n of nitrogen the exhibitors, and one mem ber of the
| ous substances into am m onia in class had five well executed pieces of
soils is one of the most im por­ various a rtistic designs all prepared in
ta n t phases of the nitrogen cycle in the spaee of tw o weeks.
so ils,” says I ’rofessor T. D. B eckw ith,
bacteriologist a t th e Oregon A gricul­
H IT S SCRUB SIR E S.
tu ral College. ‘ ‘ I t represents a certain
stag e in th e process of decom position, f tW R I lE SCRUB S IR E has done in-
| estim able dam age to the q u ality
and bears a close relatio n to soil fe r­
of W ashington livestock. He is
tility problems. The ehem ieal reaction,
in whieh am m onia is one of th e end a curse to his ow ner, who is cursed by
products, depends upon m any factors. his neighbors. The pure bred sire th a t
M oisture and tem p eratu re of soils, as is backed by parents and g ran d p aren ts
well as physical and chem ical composi­ of high m erit will add q u ality to the
tion, play an im p o rtan t p a rt in d eter offsprings of your h e rd .” From the
m ining the am ount o f am m onia pro­ foregoing, whieh was tak en from the
duced. Soils th a t are well aerated are W ashington S ta te College news le tte r,
favo-able to am m onification. Lime is it is evident th a t Oregon is not going
o f d istin c t b en efit in acid and heavy to be le ft alone to fig h t th e b a ttle s for
soils, sw eetening and lig h ten in g them b e tte r sires for the d airy breds. B et­
so th a t aeration and chemical reaction te r herds, rig h t feeding, proper m anage­
ean proceed. I t m ay be said in general m ent and sa n ita ry products are the
th a t while am m onification is a neces­ things sought by the d airy dep artm en t
sary and com plicated p a rt of tbe p re­ of the Oregon A gricultural College.
T
T
p aratio n of plant food in soil, fo rtu n ­
ately fo r the farm er it proceeds most
readily in those soils th a t are in good
condition for cu ltiv atio n , so th a t is a
m a tte r th a t will regulate itse lf in soils
th a t are kept in otherw ise good condi­
tion for crop production.”
A. H. BURTON
E ducation—
I g ra d u a te d
from S outhern
Hlinoi
S ta te
Normal, 1901;
U niversity o f
Illinois, 1907;
U niversity o f
Oregon L a w
School, 1912.
L IM IT IN G POW ERS OF TRUST.
H E problem for the fu tu re is the
| regulation, not th e destruction
o f the tr u s t,” says Dr. H ector
Macpherson, of th e Oregon A gricul­
tu ral College. ‘ ‘ The question of the
Experience —
Taught 6 y ea ra
statesm an who is intelligently solicitous
In c o u n t r y
for th e w elfare of our dem ocracy is not
schools, 6 vearo
‘Shall large com binations e x i s t ! ’ b u t
ae principal and
rath er. ‘ In w hat form and under w hat
a a superintend­
lim itatio ns shall they e x is t.” We w ant
ent, 7 years ia
to g et rid of the evils of the tru s t and
Progressive
la r g e
h ig h
preserve th e economies of consolidation.
Nominee
e c h o e l a ; new
One way to accom plish th is is for the
state, by v irtu e of its police power, to State Superintendent w att..’ i n o
compel publicity, regulate prices, and
of School.
P°rt'
control the treatm en t -f workmen. A n­
Principles — I favor loafer term* for coun­
oth er method is fo r the masses to tak e try tchoole, consolidation where practical,
over the control of indi s tr j and com­ better teacher«, teacher« promoted for merit
merce, and d istrib u te the p ro fits among only, practical ecureea, 8tate ■ money mom
the m anv. which have heretofore been 1 •oonomicaUv eiocuded.
ic T