I
8____________________________HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION'
Automobiles and Good Roads
A Departm ent Designed to Help Farmers W ith Progressive Road Ideal.
N AN u ffo rt to p rev en t w aste of m il
lions of dollars annually in tho dis
trib u tio n of funds for construction of
public roads L ogan W aller Page, di
recto r of th e o ffice of public roads of
the d ep artm en t of ag ricu ltu re, has been
m aking scien tific te sts to determ ine
n h a t m aterials should bo p u t into th e
roads designed to meet d iffe re n t kinds
o f tra ffic . It has been found th a t more
th an #1,0110,000 a day is spent on con
stru ctio n o f roads. No estim ate is made
• f the portion of these funds th a t is
w asted, hut it is believed to m ount in to
th e millions.
E ffo rts are being made to teach the
•o u u try th a t th e ex penditure of large
•urns of money on certain ty p es of
roads may resu lt alm ost iu a to ta l waste.
A road b u iit of m aterials w hich would
be ideal in uno lo cality may not serve
the purpose elsewhere, aud th e money
expended may b ring scarcely any re
m it in reducing th e cost o f hauling or
m aking it easier fo r tho farm er to get
to the shipping p o in t w ith his crops.
To aid th e farm ers who w ant to build
th eir own roads and aai-ist com m unities
th a t desire to im prove roads near by,
the office of public roads of th e d e p a rt
m ent of ag ricu ltu re has em ployed ex
ports to te s t all m aterials and study
th eir usefulness on roods subjected to
certain tr a ffic conditions. Tho office
of public roads is actin g in an advisory
capacity to many sta te s and counties,
giving a p ractical form of n atio n al aid.
On roads w h irr th ere is heavy tra ffic
it has been found th a t certain kinds of
m aterials are b e tte r than o thers and
th a t while one kind of binder may not
serve the pur|>ose, an o th er k in d pre
serves the road in d efin itely . M illions
of dollars doubtless have been w ash’d
beeatuk of th e ubai nee of the scien tific
knowledge.
“ There are tw o ways in which the
engineer may avail him self of the in
form atio n neceSRary to a proper selee
tion of road m a te r ia l,'' says D irector
Iag o . “ The only certain one is to
m ake an actu al service te st on the m a
te ria l under observaiion aud under the
tam e conditions of tra ffic and clim ate
to winch the proposed road will he sub
jected. T his m ethod is im practical ex
cep t in rare iustancus, due to the lapse
of tim e before d efin ite results can be
obtained. The seeoud m ethod is, by
m eans of short tim e lab o rato ry tests,
to approxim ate the destru ctiv e agencies
V which the m aterial will be subjected
•11 the roud, supplem enting th is knowl
•dgc by a study of the results obtained
in practice on m aterial o f a sim ilar na
ture. ’ ’
S
«► Q U E8TIO N OF B ET T E R ROADS
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As f s r back ns 1776 Ad;un
Sm ith, in his “ W ealth of Na
tu rn s,’ ’ w rote as follows: “ Good
roads, cannls and n avigable rivers
by dim inishing the expense of car
riage, put tho rem ote p arts of the
country more nearly upon a level
with those in the neighborhood of
the town. They are upon th a t ae-
count til«- g r e a te s t o f all im p ro v e
0
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0 m erits.
T h e ' e n co u ra g e th e c u lti
vation of th e rem ote, w hich m ust
♦ alw ays be the most expeu-ixe eir
0 d e of th e country. They are ad
0 vantageous to the tow n by break
mg down the monopoly o f the
0 country
in
its
neighborhood,
a- Though they introduce some rival
0 coininodities into the old m arket,
0 th ey o |s'ii many new m arkets, to
0 u s p ro d u c e .”
0
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•
Brings Merc F in e Stock lu te S tate.
E. B. M arks, who already has a large
hei 1 of registered and g rade llo lstein s
a t h i’ tarin in th e A htanum , has re
ta m e d fro m th? K m
a
load
of neo stock, 41 head of heifers, y e a r
lings and calves, which he p u rch as'd
for $■
a t the dispersal sale at 1 i
cotia, N. \
I h - is tho fourth ship
K ent of r ;istc rtd li - L ' i '. s br-night
Into t. a Yakima V aliev this spring.
Tia r: mt parts at IS* w«sl sn.-w is lea»-
’ it> • carl r r tha* nsnal For
tes ti c
est.-rs sa* «Mai Ik 's m J
•c at
and tS r j a .«
k a i l .« ittf ■ ■»*.
no _«n a had firs
p.aivs £«r a
Value of Machinery on The Farm
W riter Explains How Power Will Help W ith Chores and Routine
Duties of Work.
n itely if le ft by ituclf w ith plenty of
A »team engine must have au
a tte n d a n t to keep the w ater a t the pro
per level, lest the crow n sheet be ex
posed an d burned.
The »team engine lias the advantage
o f being able to furnish for short tim es
us much as tw o and one half tim es its
“ rated horsepow er,’ ’ though nt the ex
pense of economy. The gasoline engine
cannot carry an oven load, for it is
rated a t n early its maximum horse
power, and it is most economical a t near
its m aximum horse|>ower. If an y th in g
goes w rong w ith au oil engine, it stops
at once; b u t w ith a steam engine, troti
b k s generally como on gradually and
can be rem edied. The average consum p
tion of an oil engine is one fifth to one-
te a th gallons of oil per horse power per
honr. The coal burned under a steam
engine is from four pounds to tin pounds
p tr horse power per hour. So, if the
cost of these fuels a re known for any
locality, th e fuel expense can be de
term ined. I f wo tak e into ansidora-
tion the convenience of handling and
tho sm all danger, undoubtedly the oil
engine w tho best for small power on the
farm .
•
<t- fuel.
0
M achinery of the rig h t sort on
0 tho farm is perhaps even more
d> im p o rtan t th au th e comm ercial or
«?> pleasure use of th e autom obile to
0 th e farm er. T h at is why we th in k
0 th e article herew ith will be found
0 more th au well w orth perusal.
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BY I. J. CHARLTON,
In stru c to r in F arm M echanics, W ash
ington S ta te College.
NE of th e big step s tow ard m aking
life w orth liv in g on th e farm is
th e introduction of m achinery to
help w ith the chores. A few of the
chores th a t are now perform ed by ma
chinery are pum ping w ater, saw ing
w ool, chopping feed, m ilking, se p a ra t
ing, churning, w ashing, ironing, sw eep
ing, cooking, lighting, sewing, m ixing
bread, m aking ice cream , grin d in g tools,
cleaning grain, grinding grain, clipping,
shearing sheep, currying horses; sp ray
ing, p ain tin g and m aking cider; in fact,
alm ost every irksome job on th e farm
can be handled w ith some sort of me
c.hunical power.
I know of one fam ily th a t carries
w ater a little over 16 rods from a spring
to th e ir house. They generally make
th ree trip s to the spring for every meal
cooked, th a t is, nine trip s each day,
covering more th an 288 rods. The fa m
ily has used the spring since 1856, and
durin g th a t tim e has trav eled 18,396
miles, or three fo u rth s of the
way
around the globe, for w ater. I f thi
carrier trav eled one mile every tw en ty
m inutes, at fiftee n cents per hour, this
would mean $906 w orth of time. It is
about tim e th a t th is fam ily should use
some power oth er th an man power for
carry in g w ater. T here is probably not
a farm in W ashington th a t does not
have an equally undesirable chore th at
could be perform ed by m echanical
power.
Six Form s of Motors.
T here are six form s of m otors in
general use fo r fu rn ish in g pow er—the
anim al body, h eat engines, w ater wheels,
tidal m achines, w indm ills and electrical
motors. All of them can be used on at
least some of th e farm s of W ashington,
and every farm lias the anim al as a
motor.
This article is to deal w ith the m otor
best ad ap ted to most farm s for th e per
form ing of chores.
U ndoubtedly the
electric m otor is th e best suited to this
class of work, but u n fo rtu n ate ly the
electrical cu rren t would be so expensive
in most lo calities th at it is prohibitive.
Wind power is ra th e r uncertain, aiul is
never steady, so it ad ap ts itself to only
a few of th e task s m entioned, but when
it can be used, it is exceedingly cheap.
W ater wheels are. of course, convenient
to but few farm s. But the h eat engine
is one source of pow er th a t, like the ani
inal, ean be had on every farm , and it is
th e most uniform ly n d ap tib le to th e kind
of w ork under discussion.
T here are tw o kinds of beat motor» in
use on the farm -th e steam engine, and
the oil or gas engine. Each one has its
own p a rtic u la r field. In most localities
in W ashington, steam is well suited for
the work th a t requires power for long
in terv als of tim e, and where consider
able pow er is used. The oil engine would
find its field in handling in term itten t
and sm all power jobs. It is the ideal
engine for th e farm chores, and is, of
course, a close com petitor of th e »team
engine iu its field.
Reasons for Preference.
T here are several reasons w hy th e oil
engine i» more p referab le for chores
tin-, the steam erg no. O re is th a t it
can be s’arte-l t ore qui kly. You do
n t have to heat up the w ater. No
¡power is l»st a fte r it is stopped. Stored
heat is lost fr«im th e wut. in the boiler
[of a »team engine, and from th e fuel
in th e g rate. A bo, th ere is littl« dan
'g er of fire, if the oti engine is properly
h io tle d j and lee« danger from an ex
p.oe.jn, if bandied by a careless work
i y-«..
Xhe oti eug«ue «»*x* r a - ti'.dvl.
O
H ints on Buying.
sta rt, is not running a gasoline engine.
He m ust know w hat is liable to g i t
wrong w ith the m achine, aud how to
find the trouble. G enerally it is a w aste
of tim e to tako an engine a p a rt because
it d o esn ’t run, and th is is likely to cause
more dam age th an good.
Coed Boost is Given
For Dairy Cow
I H E milk produced by the average
cow in a year, according to Prof.
C. II. Eckles of the M issouri Agri
cultural College, will sell for about S 'O
a t a cream ery, or when made into first
class b u tter.
A £ood enw of the» dairy :-r< “I v....
make a t least $50 cash i i
, ' 1' 1
T
year.
Many farmers report a
“ '.d i i n
come of $50 to $100 a cow ovrrv year,
aud these figures do not ini
income from the sale of calves and | •'
fed on the ski.-n milk.
“ B u t," says one, “ m ilking ¡.- a ‘ r -
mendous ta s k .’’ A b a m a tte r
f i-t
it only tak es sixty hours, w orth 15
an hour, to milk u cow tw ice a d
for
ten mouths.
Iu a recent year tin ca h in-on floui
a herd of Jersey c a ttle .on the
college farm was $82.50 a
v,
; ‘
te r sold and $12.50 a cow tor u.tik,
skimm ed milk and calve.-, m aking a
to tal income from each cow or ...i.i.
Tho follow ing year the av r. g- i icoru •
per cow from the same
w m >r
than $100 for the en tire he:
t ’
eight. ‘
In p urchasing an oil engine, it is very
im p o rtan t to know how much pow er is
required. U sually, it is well to pur
chase an engine a little more than large
enough to carry the maximum load, for
thoro is alw ays sure to bo som ething ex
tr a for th o engine to do. An engine on
the farm is ju s t like th e hired man. If
he is w illing th ere is alw ays som ething
e x tra fo r him to do.
T here are so many types of engines
B eing ready when the oppor
th a t it is hard for ono to m ake a se
tu n ity comes is w hat ■ ■ ' - I- r
lection
For instance, there is the two
success. Tliero is a big dee and
and four cycle. The la tte r is the most
for B E H N K E W A L K E R t r i ne 1
economical, b u t there are places where
bookkeepers, Btenogr; ; • :s and
the two cycle is quitd*satisiactory. Then
telegraphers.
there are th e air, w ater, and oil cooled
E ig h t hundred and forty-one
engine*. All engines m ust have lomo
d iffe re n t firm s call: -I on u for
means of keeping the cylinder tem p era
help since A ugust 1st. 'He re is
tu re low, or th e lu b ricatin g oil will
no quicker, surer wav to f - u r e
b arn o ff of the piston and cylinder and
rem unerative em ploym ent and
th ey w ill be cut and ruined. There arc
fu tu re success th au to secure our
the high speed and low speed engines,
diploma.
each ad ap ted to a certain class of work
—the ju m p spark, m ake and break, and
hot tube ig n itio n ; the v ertical and hori
zontal engines; the single and m ultiple
cylinder; in fa c t, th ere are innum erable
B U SIN E SS COLLEGE
ty p es and each ty p e has its p a rticu lar
I. M. W alker, Pres. P o rtlan d , Ore
field.
In order for the fa n n e r to determ ine
which engine to buy, he should inform
him self so th a t he und. rstan d s the
ad a p tib ility of tho several types of e n
O btained.
gines an d appliances. I f he m akes a
success of h andling a gasoline engine, he Send Sketch and D escripti >n for Opinion
as to P ate n ta b ility .
must u n d erstan d the principles and
theory of th e m achine and its parts.
P E T E R H A B E R L IN ,
T urning a m achine over to see if it will 200 V ictor Bldg., W ashington, I) C.
W a n t A P o s itio n
*
9
U. S. and Foreign Patents
When In Seattle
TRY THE FRYE
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IT’S CLEAN
IT CAN’T BURN
LOCATION IS RIGHT
Only 3 Blocks From Depots
and Docks.
THE RATES ARE RIGHT
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“IT L O O K S LIKE A HOTEL"
t U f i What They All Say.
THE FRYE IS THE RIGHT
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À