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Mountain Vtllty In th
(Prapamt b lh National (ItoiraphU
(orlaty, WaahllWIas, U. C
ONK o( (lie uiiwl remarkubl o
ronipllnhmcnt In uiiovvrlng
the aci-reti of the piiHt In the
Western lu'inlihcre was tin
dUcuver; a few jeart nuu of Muchu
I'lci'liu, liidtU'ii .refill! city of tli In
ens. In tli mountain fuatnenwi of
I'eru. The dliruvctr in iniide hy an
eiK'd!tlou wnt out by the Niitlmial
UeoKrnphlc aovlrty and Yulr unlver
rlty under the leadership of I'rof. Ill
ram ItliiKhnin, now United Htutri arn
ator from CounwtUut.
There la no part of the world which
offers to the u lentlflc explon-r a more
attractive field than the liluldund. of
I'eru and Itollvlu.
In the Unit place, this region con
tains the VPHtlin-a of the numt ancient
and nioxt advanced eulture In South
Amerlcn. Thrae rrniulna coin-Ut lu
part of the nil in of roads and aque
ducta; wnlla and terraces, fortrcuws,
towns and cities, llexhles the works of
the ancient enulnei-rs anil arehllecta,
there are the fragmentary remnlna of
the ancient nietalliireUts, potters, and
weavers. Here and there In old burial
cave may be found lwolnici)S of
bronze and silver ornaments, tools
and utensils. Originally there was
considerable fold to be found; but
four centuries of treaure seekers
have h it so little In the way of pre
cious metals fur the modern explorer
that he niust have other objects In
view or he will be anclly disappointed.
The larger part of the population
of this lofty Amerlcnn Tibet today
Is composed of non Spanish siienklni
Indians. Their commonest lunKuuge Is
Kechua or gulchua.
The hlsti rleal tfeocrnpliy of the
Andes of Peru and Itollvla offers
series of problems of Intense Inter
est These Include the oilnln of the
ancient cllles, such as Thihuiimirn,
Cuzco, and Mnrliu rirrhti; the rela
tion of the different type of architec
ture. Including; the monolithic, the
adobe, and the rubble ; the question of
the migration of races, the.rpread of
the ancient civilization, and the se
quence of cultures, beside a thou
sand and one queries as to the man
ners and customs, government, re
ligion, and philosophy of those Illiter
ate but very skillful engineer and
Soldier, the tncas, and their prede
cessor, the "Megnlltlilc Folk."-
Had 8ystm of Highways,
Mnchu Plocliu was first found after
climb over mountain ridges and
alonr sheer cliffs. Later the remains
of old highways were found. It thus
appears that the hullih-rs of Muchu
I'lcchu had an elaborate system of
highways throughout this little known
and almost unexplored country which
lies between the I'mbnmha valley and
the Apurlmnc ThU region was once
densely populated, and Mnchu I'lecha
wns Its mpltnl. There are no other
ruins In the region that approach the
hidden city In mngnlflrenee, nil hough
there are a (rent many whose archi
tecture bears R striking reseniblniic
to the les Important buildings In
Mnchu I'lcchu Itself.
Study of the remains found at
Mnchu riccbn Indicate that wa have
here an essentially Inca city, using
the term Inca In It most reasonable
sense that Is. to designate the tribes
and nations that occupied the iniijor
part of the central Andes from earliest
times down to the Ppiuilsh conquest.
Lack of timber, the prevalence of
heavy ruins during part of the year,
and the ease with which stone might
be procured early led In the develop
ment of atone as building material.
Strength and ermimenco were se
cured through the keying together of
Irregular block. The upper and lower
surface of these atone were fre
quently convexed or concaved, the
convexity of one stone approximating
the concavity of the adjoining stone.
In constructing their walls the pure
arch was not evolved. They developed
several Ingenious device such as
"lock-holes" for fastening the bar
back of door J "ring-atone," which
were Inserted In the gables to enable
the roofing beam to be tied on ; pro
jecting stone cylinder, which could
be used a point to which to tie the
roof and kwp It from blowing off.
The ancient builder also provided for
ventilation und drainage.
Although li e buildings are extreme
ly well built, there I no cement or
niorlar In the masonry, and tliers Is
Machu Pleohu Rtglon.
no means of preventing the roots of
forest trees from penetrating the
walls and eventually tearing them all
down. In several esses gigantic trees
were found perched on the very tips
of the gnhle ends of small and beau
tifully constructed houses. It was
dlllU-utt to rut down and get such
trees out of the way without seriously
damaging the house walla.
City of Rsfug.
Macho I'lcchu was essentially a city
of refuge. It Is perched on a moun
tain top In the most Innecesslbtt
corner of the most Inacreaslble sec
tion of the rrubamlia river. Apparent
ly there I no part of the Andes that
baa been better defended by nature.
A atupcudou canyon, where the
principal rock la granite and where
the precipices are frequently over !,
UK) fi-ot sheer, presents difficulties of
attack and facilities for defense sec
ond to none. Here on a narrow ridge,
Hanked ou all sides by precipitous or
nearly precipitous slopes, a highly
civilized iH-ople arllxllr, Inventive,
and capable of sustained endeavor at
some time In the renn to past built
tnemselvcs a city of refuge.
HI nee they had no Iron or steel
tiMila only atone hammers Its con
struct Inn must have cost many gen
erations. If not centuries, of effort
Across Hie ridge, and defending the
builder from attack on the side of
the main mountain range, they con
structed two wi.ll. One of them, con
stituting the outer line of defense,
lead from precipice to precipice,
utilizing as best It can the natural
steepness of the hill.
Ileynnd this, and on top of the
mount iiln called Muchu I'lcchu. which
overlooks the valley frmn the very
summit ef one of the niwt stupendous
precipices In the canyon. Is constructed
a signal station, from which the ap
proach of an enemy could lie Instantly
communicated to the rlty Mow, With
in the outer wull they constructed an
extensive series of agricultural ter
races, atone lined and averaging about
right feet high. Iletween these and
the city Is a steep, dry moat and the
Inner wall.
When the members of an attacking
force bad safely mwntlated the
precipitous and easily defended sides
of the moat, tliey would still find
themselves outside the Inner defenses
of the city, which consisted of a wall
from fifteen to twenty ft-et high, coin
posed nf the largest stones that could
he found In the vicinity many of
them hni'e bowlders weighing many
ton. This wall Is carried straight
across the ridge from one precipitous
side to the other. These defenses are
on the south aide nf the rlty.
On the north aide, on the narrow
ridge connecting the city with lluayn
I'lcchu, atrotig defensive terrnce
were afrateglcally placed en a to
render nil the danger of an attack
on this aide.
Construction of the Houses.
On 'entering the city, perhaps the
first characteristic that strikes on
Is Hint large majority nf the houses
were story and a half In height,
with gable ends, end that these gnhle
ends are marked by cylindrical block
projecting nut from the house Insurli
a way ns to suggest the Idea of the
end of the rafter. The wooden
rafter have all disappeared, hut the
ring-stone to which they were tied
may tlll be seen.
The next most conspicuous feature
nf Machu I'lcchu I the quantity of
stairways, there being over tlK), large
and small, within the city. Koine of
them have more thnn IV) step, while
otliers have but three or four. In
some cases each step Is a single block
of stone 3 or 4 feet wide. In others
the entire atulrwny alx, eight, or ten
steps, pa the rase might be wat rul
out of a single granite boulder.
The largest level apace In the city
wns carefully graded and terraced, so
ns to lie used for agricultural pur
poses, on the product of which the
Itihnhltniits could fall back for a time
In ruse of a siege.
It seems probable that one reason
why the. city was deserted was a
change In climate, resulting In scar
city of water supply. At the present
time there are only three small springs
on the mountain side, and In the dry
season these could barely furnish wa
ter enough for cooking and drinking
purposes for 40 or CO people.
The BABY 1
V S.W vS
Why do so many, many babies of to
day escspe alt the little fretful spoils
and Infantile ailments that used ta
worry mothers through the duy, and
keep them up linlf the nlghtt
If you don't know the answer, yon)
haven't discovered pure, harmless Cs
torla. It I sweet to ttio taste, and
tweet In the little atomarh. And Its
gentle Influence seem felt all through
the tiny system. Not even distaste
ful dose of caster oil does so much
good.
Kletchor's Caatorla Is purely vege
table, so you may glv It freely, at
first sign of colic; or constipation! or
diarrhea. Or those pinny times when
you Just don't know what the mat
ter. For real sickness, call the doc
tor, always. At other times, few
drops of Fletcher's Castorla.
The doctor often tells you to do Just
that; and always an) a Fletcher'
Other preparations may be just
pure. Just as free from dsngeroua
drugs, but Why experiment Ilesldes,
the book oo rare and feeding of bablea
that come with Fletcher's Castorla la
worth Ha weight In gold I
I Children Cry for
HOT rilftMM n4 thf tymptnm f
High HI'mM I'rsjtMur fti quU hlj rll)t
by Jir.Nnlld f,.r trial. CI-, tti-tm.
If. riuo H l.l f., tun )rnu, CIK.
riHOM MT n.4 s "1
rw m hu4 tws.tpt.iit. Writ fur titi
alar on N!ti Kuaat. Mi. htn A Am
rtsM, Irvdtta Trad, , Crwniii, N. Was.
Iu ma. a f-ku.4 m 4u it. Ma
t-.nr waft IftVt I .) fttftt t
PW anlnMU ftnt) fix.ta ftt
p. IS lauat ria atlas ftn4 JjHr
tnfia and i'ftwslt4i laaUvct). .ft (
ill" imtpr m imni-M (
naklra ltaaliartff, Bt rai
drlr4 ! ft4 aaaibla or Iliad
sksii an t-'Ssr. Ir a-"
IsawU.
V sstiaUltaal
oft trtlvftl II fur ftsiHl IWlMtiftft
m 0 tH insuaitai ti.r laffft
HftKMv riiiiro.
11 rifik
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To Cool a Durn
Use Hanford'i Balum of Mjrrrli
Umt Sv fm Sm Mia, If aal falaal. AS Saakn.
3
Optimiti Point $ Out
Silver Lining to Cloud
Raniey Olddeld. the famous auto
moblllat, aald oo disembarking at
New York from his Kumpean lour;
"We are capturing more and morw
of the Kuropcan automobll trade.
In London, Paris, everywhere, you)
are thousands of American automo
biles. Home people ssy that our
trade la going to auffrr In Kuro
now on account of bard times and
so on, but for many reasons I don't
accept that view. I'm an optimist
there.
"The fact Is, I'm an optimist every
where. AH things, I claim, have their
bright side.
"Take, for Instance, the old saying
that few cople practice what they
preach. That la very and, of course,
but how much sadder It would be If
w ail preached what wa practical
Boy of Ten Bu$y Criminal
Police officials of New Ilrlghton, N.
&, are searching for a ten year ol J
boy, who wns a model pupil during
the daytime and a cracksman at
night. After he waa arrested and bait
confessed to 22 Crimea, Including T of
breaking Into and entering stores, ha
disappeared.
Knockout Immintnt
Peaceful Old I.ady-Wlll yon two
boya atop fighting If I give yon ten
cents earhT
The Stronger Boy Make It a quar
ter for the winner, Indy.
What Is a pnrngrnpher doing In hi
Idle hour If he ran'l keep up wltlr
current literature?
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