ROME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION
The Agricultural College Is a Valuable Friend to the Farmer
Bulletins and News Notes From the Staff at Pullman.
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VIEW OF WASHIMiTOX AGRICILTI'RAI, COI.LKUB AT I'lXI.MAX, WASH. ITS SOLE AIM 18 TO AID AfJHICl LT1 HIST.X.
Spraying in the Spring and Summer
BY H. L. REES, Plant Pathologist.
THE annual Spring spraying during
the dormant season is the one which
the owner ot a home or commercial
orchard is liable to be rather careless
about. Spraying must be done at the
right time and very thoroughly to make
it successful and profitable. The fault or
habit of "putting it off" when applied to
spraying, causes more loss and dissatis
faction than any other factor. Everything
should be ready in ample season, so that
when the proper time to spray arrives the
work can be done immediately. Fungi
and insects do not wait for the tardy fruit
grower. While he is hunting up pumps,
nozzles, hose and sprays, and preparing
them for use, the pests keep right on de
veloping, growing and spreading damage
and death. When finally the procrastin
ating grower is ready to spray he finds
the pests so thoroughly intrenched that
at the most he can only succeed in de
stroying a part of them. His delay has
removed his chances to prevent or eradi
cate these pests, whereas prompt and
vigorous action on his part at the right
time would have assured a healthy and
unaffected crop.
In the April, 1914, Monthly Bulletin,
two comprehensive articles on sprays,
spraying and spraying machinery were
published, and while the points and facts
noted there are still true in the main, this
article is published at this time to remind
the growers that it is necessary to take
steps immediately to combat the orchard
pests if they are to be kept under Control
this Summer. To successfully combat any
pest there are four essential problems
which must be settled first before spray
ing is begun.
1. What is the pest against which we
are working?
2. What spray should be used?
3. When should the spray be applied?
4. Will the available equipment apply
the spray efficiently and economically?
Reasons for Failure,
When these questions have been satis
factorily answered and the proper equip
ment provided, the grower is ready to
spray. Many growers fail because of the
lack of attention to these problems. Prob
ably the moat failures result from one of
the following points:
1. Use of the wrong spray.
2. Spraying at the wrong time.
3. Lack of necessary pressure.
4. Lack of thoroughness in applying
ipray.
The use of the wrong spray or improper
methods in mixing or diluting spray will
render it valueless. Likewise the appli
cation ot it too soon or too late will not
give the desired results. The necessary
amount of pressure needed is usually
overlooked by the grower. As long as he
Jias enough to send the spray a few feet
distant from the nozzle he may think that
that is sufficient, regardless of its pene
trating power. It must be remembered
that a single cylinder hand pump of any
kind must be worked energetically and
faithfully to give the desired results. The
nozzle is probably given the least thought
and yet its Importance is considerable.
Without going into a discussion of the
relative merits of the different nozzles,
suffice it to say that the large chambered
disc nozzle is the best. Then finally there
is the personal element. With every other
condition right, absolute failure may re
sult from carelessness in the method ot
applying or lack of thoroughness.
As stated before the annual Spring
spraying is one about which the growers
are inclined to be careless; but which Is
important. The horticultural law of the
State of Washington requires a Spring
!A page of Interesting Heme from the t
Orrgun Agricultural College at ConralUt i
i will alternate ia the farm weekly with
page of new note from the Washington
State College at rollmen. Thla will afford
' an Interchange of view from the two big
agricultural college of the Northwest that
t nhould prove of benefit to the render, for
4 the innlltutloai deal with nimllar prntoleme.
dormant spraying of fruit trees, likewise
later spraying for protection and pre
vention. The following spraying programmes for
Spring, Summer and Fall, have been
found to be efficient and satisfactory bpth
in Washington and Oregon and are 'rec
ommended for Western Washington or
chards. Apples and Tears.
1. In the Spring just as the tips of the
leaves are emerging or just before. Slight
injury may occur to the tips of the first
leaves but this is not serious.
Lime sulphur, 1-10 or 12; black leaf,
40, 1-1000. Dilute lime sulphur and add
black leaf 40 at the rate of 1 pint to 120
or 125 gallons of spray. This spray is
for mosses, lichens, Bcale insects, aphis,
pear leaf blister mite and red spider.
. 2. When the flower buds have sep
arated in the cluster and show pink:
Bordeaux, 5-5-50 or lime sulphur, 1-30,
preferably the former.
Lead arsenate, paste form, 2 pounds, or
powdered, 1 pound to 50 gallons of di
luted spray. Black leaf 40, 1-1000 it
aphis is present.
This Is the first scab spray and will
control the bud moth if the Fall spray
has not been applied, and also the tent
caterpillars and other leaf eating insects.
The lime sulphur will also kill the red
spiders if any are present.
3. Just after the majority ot petals
have fallen:
Lime sulphur, 1-30.
Lead arsenate as under No. 2, If bud
moth or leaf-eating insects are present.
Black leaf 40, as under No. 2, if aphis
is present. Add whale oil soap 1 pound
to 100 gallons of spray if black leaf 40
is added.
This Is the second scab spray, and lead
arsenate and black leaf 40 are to be added
if necessary.
If previous spraying has not killed the
oyster shell scale, black leaf 40 applied
about June 1 when they are hatching will
destroy all of them provided the spray
covers them.
4. Ten days or two weeks later,
lime sulphur, 1-30.
Lead arsenate and black leaf 40 as uu
der No. 3.
6. First to 15th of September.
Bordeaux, 4-4-50.
Lead arsenate paste 2 pounds, or pow
der 1 pound to 50 gallons of water.
If anthracnose is serious or has pre
viously affected the fruit, use Bordeaux
at this time. It has been found in Oregon
that this is the best time of the year to
kill the bud moth. Lead arsenate should
be applied if it has not been controlled
by other sprayings. '
6. After the fruit fe! picked:
Bordeaux, 6-6-50 or lime-sulphur, 1-10.
, This spray is for the control of apple
anthrocnose and should be applied im
mediately after the fruit is picked. Lime
sulphur may control it, but Bordeaux is
certain to. If the disease Is serlQus, apply
again in about two weeks.
Orchard Pes! 8.
The four principal pests of stone frtiils
are leaf curl and brown rot, caused by
fungi, and aphis and slugs.
Leaf curl Bordeaux 5-5-50 or lime
sulphur 1-10 or 12 as the buds are swell
ing in the Spring; The latter if scale in
sects are present.
Brown Rot Difficult to control in
moist weather.
1. Two weeks after blooming.
2. Three weeks later.
3. One month before fruit ripens.
On prunes, cherry and plum, use Bor
deaux 5-5-50 or atomic sulphur 1-10. On
peaches, atomic sulphur 1-10. Omit third
spray on cherries. In any case a sticker
should be added. Resin fish oil soap Is
recommended.
Aphis Black leaf 40, 1-1000 as soon
as they appear.
Cherry and Pear Slug Lead arsenate
paste 2 pounds or powder 1 pound to GO
gallons of water, or throw lime, ashes or
dust over each slug, thoroughly covering
them, until they disappear.
Apple Mildew Dormant and scab
spraying may control, If not, apply
atomic sulphur 3-50 as soon as the mil
dew begins to appear.
Peach Mildew Atomic sulphur 1-10
as soon as the mildew begins to appear.
Apple Tingls and Apple Leaf Hopper
When insects become abundant, spray
with black leaf 40, 1-1000 to which has
been added 1 pound of whale oil soap to
each 100 gallons of spray.
Bud Weevils If Insects become abun
dant, band trees with tanglefoot, since
they cannot fly.
Bordeaux Mixture.
Bordeaux mixture is made of copper
sulphate (Milestone) and stone lime
(quick lime). Under no circumstances
should lime that is either partly or wholly
air Bluked be used. Bordeaux mixture
is employed in various strengths, the
4-4-50 and the 6-6-50 being the most
common. The first figure indicates the
number of pounds of copper sulphate, the
second indicates the number of pounds of
lime and the third the number of gallons -of
water used in the mixture. A 4-4-50
solution then would contain four pounds
of copper sulphate and four pounds of
lime in every 50 gallons of water.
One of the two methods may be used
in making Bordeaux. Either it may be
- made directly or stock solutions made and
these stock solutions used whenever the
fungicide is needed. In making the spray
directly ' take the number of pounds of
copper sulphate Indicated by the first
number of the formula for Instance, for
a 4-4-50 solution use four pounds, or the
proportionate amount necessary to make
up the desired quantity.
Put it in a coarse gunny sack, and
hang it in a barrel containing 25 gallons
of water so that the copper sulphate hangs
in the upper part of the water. The cop
per sulphate will dissolve much more
readily in this manner than if placed in
the bottom of the barrel. In another bar
rel slake four pounds of lime, using
enough water to slake It slowly. When
the lime is slaked add enough water to
make 25 gallons.
Pour the coppe sulphate solution Into
the lime water while stirring. It is de
sirable to Wave a slight excess of lime,
since it prevents any injurious action of
the copper salts. If there is an excess of
copper, foliage injury is liable to result.
However, if the lime used is fresh and
pure it will be fond that the amount in
dicated in the formula is sufficient.
In making stock solutions, dissolve cop
per sulphate in water at the rate of one
pound to one gallon of water. Slake the
lime slowly in another receptacle, and
when slaked add water until a thick lime
milk containing one pound of lime to one
gallon of water is formed. This is done
by using 50-gallon barrels. Fifty pounds
of copper sulphate Is dissolved In 50 gal
lons of water, and 50 pounds of lime is
slaked in the other and then water added
until tbe whole is 50 gallons. Care must
be exercised to avoid burning the lime
while slaking. When using the stock solu
tion In making up the Spray mixture, one
gallon of coper sulphate solution repre
sents one pound of copper sulphate and
one gallon of lime water represents one
pound of lime. The proper amount of
stock solutions should be diluted in sep
arate vessels before mixing, and each
should be poured together in equal t
amounts when mixed. If a 5-5-50 Bor
deaux mixture is desired, five gallons, or
a proportionate -amount of copper sul
phate solution and five gallons of lime
water are put In separate barrels and 20
gallons of water added to each. When
these are mixed there will be five pounds
each of copper sulphate and lime in each
50 gallons of spray. Strain when pour
ing into the spray tank and agitate thor
oughly while spraying.
Lime Sulphur.
Directions for the preiiaratlon and dilu
tion of home boiled and commercial lime "
sulphur will be found in the April, 1914,
Monthly Bulletin. Too much emphasis
cannot be placed on the necessity of using
a hydrometer in diluting any lime sul
phur. The manufacturer may state the
strength of any commercial lime sulphur,
but this only applies at the time it left
the factory and too concentrated a spray
will mean a financial loss by using more
than necessary,and may mean foliage In
jury, while a too weak solution means
loss of efficiency and failure to control
pests. Since a Beaume hydrometer may
be purchased at from 85 cents to $1, more
than the price of it will be saved in a
single season.
Lead Arsenate.
For all eating insects arsenate is the
standard Insecticide. There are now on
the market three different kinds of lead
arsenate under at least 10 or more dif
ferent names, which to the grower are
meaningless. There are in reality, how
ever, only two kinds and the third is some
combination of the two. Thesn two kinds
have been known as "acid" and "neutral."
It should be understood, however, that
the term "acid" does not Imply that any
free acid is present and consequently
liable to cause foliage Injury. "Acid"
simply refers to its chemical nature.
The "acid" form is of higher arsenic
content and possesses less rapid settling
properties than the "neutral." However,
since only relatively small amounts of
soluble arsenate are liberated from the
"neutral" form, it has been found in some
cases to cause less foliage Injury than the
"acid," and usually none.
Since foliage Injury is more common in
the moist conditions of the Pacific North
west, the "neutral' form was devised to
meet these conditions. At this time,
however, in the light of our present
knowledge, the writer believes the grower
should try the "acid" form either separ
ately or in combination. If foliage In
jury does not result the indications are
that he will get better results. But It
injury results then the "neutral" form
should be substituted. It must be remem
bered, however, that since the powdered
form of the "neutral" lead arsenate has
a great tendency to settle, the paste form
should be used. Either the powdered or
the paste form of the "acid" lead arsenate
may be used.
Caution. Never mix lead arsenate with
any other spray until ready to use, aB the
chemical decomposition which takes place
on standing may render it valueless or
very injurious- or both.
Muck Leaf 40 Sprays.
This is the standard tobacco or nico
tine spray for all sucking insects and is
by far the best insecticide known for
controlling aphis of any kind on any
plant.
Black leaf 40 Is a commercial prep
aration manufactured by the Kentucky
Tobacco Products Company, Louisville,
Ky. The use of home made tobacco
preparations is not recommended for three
reasons: (1) The cost of the materials
for each Is about the same and quite a
little work Is necessary to prepare the
home made solution; (2) it Is impossible
to know whether the home made prepara
tion contains sufficient nicotine since the
amount in leaves and stems is variable,
and (3) since the nicotine in the home
made preparation is in a very volatile
form it may evaporate to such an extent
thafthe solution Is valueless.
This Isnot true of Black Leaf 40. It
should be"uscd at the dilution of one part
of Black Leaf 40 to 1000 parts ot water.
This would be at the rate of one pint to
125 gallons ot water or In smaller quanti
ties, one tablespoonful to four gallons of
water, or one teaspoonful to one gallon
of water.
It must be noted that this Is a contact
insecticide and must cover the insect to
kill it.
Congressman Bryan, of the State ot
Washington, has Introduced in the House
a bill for the construction by the Govern
ment of a railroad from Marysvllle, Utah,
southward into the National forest In
Arizona.
: SAVE YOUR TEETH1
COME IN and have your mouth ex
amined while in Portland. I ue the
very latent Scientific I'nlnleaa Method,
DR.
A. W. KEENE
Deutlnt.
AduVeaai Majeaile Theater Building,
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