HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION
Among the Orchards of the Northwest
A Page of Interesting Advice and Information Abont Fruits, Large and Small.
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To determine the proper time $
$ to spray is made easier if you 3
make proper observations. The
spraying must be done at the $
3 right time to be effective. This $
article tells you how to make it $
effective and certain.
S $
By E. F. STEPHENS.
IN SPRAYING apples for the codling
moth it is a convenience to know
definitely the time adult moths
emerge from the chrysalides. When
this is known, then the spraying can
be done at exactly the right time" to be
most effective. To eneourage more cer
tain methods in fighting the codling
moth, by finding out the exact date the
adults appear, Prof. T. H. Parks, of
Idaho, is distributing codling moth
cages, and in return asks orchardists
to carefully watch and make note of
the date the first and the Jast codling
moth emerges. Each orchardist can
make a cage for himself.
The material used is common win
dow screen wire, and a convenient size
for the cage is eight inches in diameter
by twelve or fifteen inches in length.
In these cages place the larvae of the
codling moth, also place leaves or a bit
of cloth cover for shelter, and, when
the moth has actually emerged, it would
lie well to add twigs of apple bloom.
- Secure Average Temperature.
Place the cages in such position in
the orchards as to give an average
temperature. It is well to throw weeds
over the cage to partially hide it, les
sening the power of the sun. Since ten
cents' worth of material will make a
cage, it is well to have two or three
of them placed under varied conditions.
The writer places three different cages
in varying conditions in the orchard.
As the larvae of the codling moth
emerges from an apple in late fall, it
seeks a place to winter with safety,
wintering as larvae or worms. These
larvae may winter under a bit of rough
bark on the trunk of a tree or in any
similar shelter. They are usually
abundant about packing houses. As the
larvae seeks shelter, it weaves over
itself a thin web. Ilere it reposes un
til springtime.
The next step depends on the char
acter of the season and on the easi
ness with which its place of conceal
ment may warm up. Depending on the
character of the shelter, the date of
pupation may vary fifteen to sixty
days, or more. The next step is for the
la.vae to change to the pupae form,
called pupating. In cool weather it re
mains in this , form fv twenty-one
days; in the heated summer a less time,
and then emerges us a codling moth.
Before Calyx Closes.
The 'odling moth, male and female,
flies at night and mates. Within about
four days of the emergence of the
moth, egg laying commences. Each
female moth is reported to deposit from
one hundred and fifty to two hundred
eggs. These eggs hatch in eight or ten
days. B. F. Hurst, who has given very
careful study to the habits of the cod
ling moth in Idaho, reports that the
larvae may feed one to two days on
the foliage before entering the apple.
Borne observers report that, of the first
brood or while the apple is yet very
email, 80 yer cent of the larvae may
enter the apple through the calyx. A
pecial effort should be made to de
posit some form of poison, preferably
arsenate of ltfad, in the calyx before
the calyx closes. This poison lodged
within the calyx may poison not only
the larvae of the first, but some of the
second brood, since the poison remains
in position to intercept the larvae when
ever it does enter. .
Eggs on Leaves.
A skillful orchardist does not sprav
until after pollination has taken place
and the major portion of the petals
have fallen. ,In the Yakima district in
a favorable season, the rule is to begin
to spray when eight-tenths of the petals
have fallen. After the petals fall there
is usually five to seven days' time in
which to spray before the calyx closes
so tightly as to prevent the lodgment
of the poisonous spray. This first
calyx spray should be with high pros
sure, aiming to force the liquid into the
portion of the calyx cup. Since the
eggs of the codling moth have not yet
been deposited and may not be de
posited for some weeks after this spray
ing, the object of this first spray is
to securely lodge this poisonous liquid
in the calyx of each apple on the tree.
Careful observers, like Mr. Hurst,
note that most of the eggs of the cod
ling moth are deposited on the leaves,
and that the young larvae may feed a
little on the leaf before seeking the
apple. This gives an opportunity to
intercept the larvae by the second
spray, which this time should bo a
fine mist, coating the under and upper
sides of the leaf.
Moth Cage Is Aid.
To determine the best time for the
second spray is the object of the moth
cage, the careful observation of which
ascertains when the moth will be ready
to lay eggs and thus determine the time
for the second spray, which should coat
the leaves just in advance of the laying
of the eggs.
On the other hand the time of the
first spraying is determined by and
must be before the calyx closes. White
Winter Pearmain blooms earlier than
Jonathan or Winesap, Rome Beauty and
Rawles' Janet later than either, mak
ing a period of ten days or more be
tween the earliest and latest closing of
the calyx. .
If the 9eason is favorable without
loss by frost, spray when eight-tenths
of the bloom has fallen. If, on the
other hand, the season has been un
favorable, and the early bloom has
been destroyed, and the crop is depend
ent on the later bloom, then do not
spray until the latest bloom has shed its
petals. The orchardist, therefore, will
carefully study his own bloom, and will
spray with- reference to that particular
portion of the bloom which in his case
ill set fruit. This vanes with
varieties,
Study of Trees.
To determine when to spray against
the second brood, about the first of
June place burlap bands about the
trunks of the older trees, preferably
in some old orchard, or in some orchard
sadly infested with worms. Under these
band traps the larvae of the first brood
will hide to transform into adults.
Place a goodly number of these
worms in the moth cage, study their
development, and spray for the second
brood when the moths are ready to lay
eggs. In the Boise basin that would
quite likely be in the neighborhood of
the first of July. Since the broods over
lap, it might be necessary to spray
again in the early days of August.
Careful observers believe that in the
Snake River and the Boise Valleys we
have first and second broods only, but
that these broods overlap and may con
time their work even in September.
By studying trees that are old and
young and pruned in different meth
ods, it will be found that in your orch
ards that are allowed a large amount
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FEEDING and care are as important
as the breeding in producing a
good hog. Plenty of feed and
good eare may make a good hog out of
a runt, but lack of it will always make
a runt out of a good pig.
To make pork cheaply a permanent
pasture and forage erops must be nsed.
loung pigs must have a dry bed and
plenty of sunshine.
Begin feeding the pig as soon as he
will eat, and keep him growing nntil he
is mature.
Always keep plenty of dean, fresh
water where the hogs may drink any
time.
Quarantine all newly purchased ani
mals for three weeks.
Never keep a female for a brood sow,
no matter how well bred she may be,
if she will not produce more than four
strong pigs at a litter.
The more milk a sow will cive the
faster her pigs will grow.
Lice prevent a hog from doing well.
Always keep a mixture of charcoal,
wood ashes, lime, sulphur, salt and cop
peras before the hogs.
of wood more fruit buds will set at the
age of fiiur, five or six years than orch
ards pruned for large good growth. If
a four or five-year-old tree las com
paratively few fruit buds, it will bloom
within a period of a very few days, but
if a tree, whether old or yoiin-, has an
excessive number of fruit buds, then
that tree will contiaue to come into
bloom for a period of twelve to four
teen days. Iu case of an unfavorable
spring with frost periods, the tree hav
ing the greatest abundance of bloom
and blooming for the longest period of
time would be the tree most likely to
set crop of fruit in a frosty spring, an
item of great importance, particularly
in the handling of young orchards.
Points on Pigs
Final Hans Tor Water System.
What is believed to be the last hitch
n the buildinc of the Ohchalin wravir.v
" - - - ei -
water system was straightened ont when
arrangements were completed for run
ning the Chchalis pipe across the Cen-
trana intake Bite.
Four buffalo calves have iust been
born in the Wichita national forest,
bringing the herd up to 51;
22,000 Rairjbow Trout Planted.
Twenty-two thousand rainbow trout,
ranging from a half-inch to an inch in
length were planted in the trout streams
of Lewis county, Wash., by Game War
den Norton Wynn and his deputies.
The tront were brought from the state
fish hatchery in Seattle and upon ar
rival were divided into three equal lots.
One bunch was freed in Lincoln Creek,
the second was turned out on the south
fork of the Newaukum, while the
third was taken to Dunn Creek, be
tween Dryad and Doty, this creek be
ing a tributary to the south fork of
the Chehalis River. The streams in
which the trout were planted will be
elosed to fishing for a term of two
years.
Plan For Fair in Chehalis County.
The Chchalis county fair will be held
at Elma, Wash., September 23-27, ac
cording to an announcement by George
Simpson, president of the fair associa
tion. This is earlier than usual, the
fair having always previously been
held in October. The premium list will
be issued in July,
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