15
Caring For Cheap and Waste Products
New College Bulletin Tells Plans for Establishing and Operating
. By-Products Plants.
Kinds of Soil for Fruit Described
Theory That Trees Will Grow Anywhere Disproved by Writer
of This Article. ,
HOME AND FARMM V" ZINE SECTION
TAKING the view that it is easy to
depone tf first ratts products but
tliat the profit of tho fruit and
vegetable business depends very largely
upon a utilization of tlie second and
third class products, Professors CI.
Lewis and W. 8. Brown, of Oregon Agri
eultural College, have issued a new col
lege, bulletin tailed "Fruit and Vege
table By-Products, " in which they ex
plain the conditions and processes of
organizing and running by product!) fac
tories. The highly important questions of the
amount of money necessary, the quan
tity of products raised within the pro
posed by-products territory, and what
kinds of plants to establish, are treated
intimately from the point of view of
tho grower.
"The question of what kind of plant
should be put in cannery, vinegar works,
evaporator, or jelly factory cannot be
auswered off hand," says Professor
Lewis. "There is undoubtedly a splen
diif field for all those manufacturing
plants. It would be unwise, however, to
try working all our low grades into any
one of these forms. If we were to at
tempt to work all valuable produce into
vinegar we should easily over stock the
market. We must remember that there
are only certain types of products that
are adapted to each of the special uses.
The ideal to which everv association
should work is first to handle as large
a percentage of the product as is feasi
ble in the fresh state, to establish a van
ning factory that can handle large quan
tities of both vegetables and fruits, and
to install an evaporator for the handling
of all classce. Finally the vinegar works
should be added. In other words we
should aim to have a plant so organized
that nothing would- go to waste, each
plant supplementing the others."
As an example of this method it is
shown now peelings and tores from the
cannery could be used in vinegar worka,
or if more profitable, how the peelings
could bo driex. to excellent advantage
and later worked into jams and jellies.
By a combination of plants losses in all
lines would be reduced to a mininimn.
Because the success of the associa
tion for hanuJing these products would
depend very largely ujion the character
of the contract entered into by the
growers this question is treated quite
fully in the new bulletin and sample
contracts are presented in the appendix
Methods of organization are also treated
quite fully, sc that the bulletin is of the
greatest practical value to all producers
who must face the profit and loss situa
tion in their industry. . Those desiring
copies may secure them by writing to
K. 1). Hetzel, Director, Corvallis, Oregon,
for Kxtcnsion Series 2, No. 21.
Guard Against Hog Cholera Advised
Methods of Handling Dread Swine Disease Are Told by 0. A. C.
Veterinarian, Dr. B. T. Simms. ;
HKi cholera has not as yet gained n
strong foot hold in' Oregon, and by
obsorviug a few easily-followed
rules the dread seourags may be held at
a distance. Inquiries have reached the
office of the Oregon Agricultural Col
lege veterinarian indicating that swine
growers are face to face with the prob
lem in some sections of the state.
While these inquiries have been an
swered locully, Dr. H. T. Sinnns, assist
ant professor of Veterinary Science,
wishes to have'all growers throughout
the state on their guurd against the in
troduction and spread of the disease.
"To handle the disease successfully, "
says Dr. Simms, "one must know some
thing of its cause nnd the common meth
ods of spread.
"Hog cholera is caused by a micro
scopic germ that is present in the blood,
flesh and droppings of hogs that are suf
fering with the disease. Some hogs,
even after recovery, continue to pass
germs in their droppings. These, hogs
spread the disease-just: as human car
riers spread typhoid- '
"Under ordinary lot conditions tb
germs will die out in four "months. On
the other hand they ..will-resist the or
dinnry methods employed in curing
meat in the big packing houses."
Extensive experiments have proven
that the disease is not usually trans
mitted through the air. Among the
more common methods of spread are the
following: Contact with cholera hogs,
humans who have been in contact with
cholera hogs, dogs, buzzards, etc, that
have fed on diseased hogs' carcasses,
stock cars infected with cholera germs,
infected water, infected swill, slop and
garbage containing bacon rinds or
bones of diseased hogs..
By care in guarding against contami
nation from these sources individual
growers and the entire state may keep,
the disease away from Oregon hogs, ;
BY C. I. LEWIS.
THE opinion is quite prevalent that
fruit trees will gTOW and flourish in
almost any kind of soil. "This theory
however, appears to be wrong, for frnit
trees, to put forth tbeir best efforts,
require a soil of good quality, as much
so as do the smaller crops, sueh as
graius, corn, potatoes, etc. Where such
crops thrive, some fruits are found to
do equally well. Good soils vary in
many particulars, but they snouia oe
fertile: that is, contain the necessary
elements for plant growth. The soil
should be deep and mellow if best re
sults are desired. Depth is indeed a very
important factor in successful fruit
growing, beeausc the root systems of the
trees require plenty of room for good
development. Young trees will thrive
for a time on shallow roils, but sooner
or later they will become unprofitable,
as it is impossible for them .to obtain
the maximum development in such soils.
The question is sometimes asked:
"What is meant by good soil!" From
the chemical point of view, we would
make the following classification: Poor
soils contain about .15 per cent of pot
ash, .03 per cent phosphoric acid, .2 per
cent lime, .05 per cent nitrogen. Pro
ductive soils: .25 per cent potash, .1 per
cent phosphoric acid, .5 per cent Jime, .1
per cent nitrogen. Excellent soils: ,3o
per cent potash, .25 per cent phosphoric
acid, 1.0 per cent lime, .2 per cent ni
trogen. . . . ' it . :
Best Soil Discussed. ' '
From the physical point of view, itiis
harder to say what constitutes the best
soil, but tlfere are. certain properties
that we find desirable. " First, it should
be deep, the deeper the better. It .should
contain enough sand and gravel to allow
one to till it easily. It should have good
drainage. It should contain enough
clay to make, it a good moisture and
plant food retainer, and should contain
at least 2 per cent humus. ';-...- Z
Nitrogen is an element whieh leaejies
very easily from the soil, and this ex
plains to a large degree the small per
centage found in some soils. Each grow
er must, to a certain degree, stHdy his
own soil from a chemical standpoint by
experimenting on a small scale with
commercial fertilizers, cover crops, etc.
The fact that a soil rune deficient in a
certain element, after all, is not a very,
great drawback, as it is comparatively;
easy, in the majority of cases, to supply
toe lacking element; but the physical
condition of the soil is indeed very im
portant, aj it is hard to change it ma
terially. While a heavy soil can be mads
lighter by the addition of humus and
eareful methods of handling, and a light
soil made more compact by the addition
of humus, aside from this, the physical
condition cannot be changed. Where ir
rigation is practiced, by growing eover
crops and supplying artificial moisture,
many commonly supposed poor soil can
be made to give good returns.
Good Cultivation Needed.
To no small degree, the success of- or
charding depends upon good cultivation
and proper handling of the soil. To have
healthy plant growth a eertain amount
of oxygen must be in the soil. This oxy
gen is formed in the air. Again, good
preparation should deepen the soil, in
creasing the feeding surface, all the
more encouraging roots to strike deeply
and bringing the moisture up from the
water table. By having the soil particles
small the water is enabled to rise., Thus,
in the feeding area of the soil we have
set more plant food free, and we also
have plenty of moisture. These two
points arc very essential, as the only
way plant food can enter the roots, is
in the form of a solution. Water must
be present. This solution entering the
roots rises to the leaves, where the food
is retained for future use and the water
is given off. The more moisture that
enters the plant, the more food is de
posited.' .
In summer our object is to pulverize,
two or three inches, on the surface, as
finely as -possible to prevent the mois
ture, from evaporating from the soil. ,
The nearer we bring the top soil to the
condition of road dust the, better-will
be our results. The fine soil prevents
the water from passing through it. If
we stopped' with the spring cultivation,.,
tho soil, after , each rain, .would bake
the crust, and it would crack open, let
ting out the moisture. Summer culti
vation also keeps down the weeds, and
this is well worth while, as weeds pump
out an enormous amount of water from
the soil. '
Winter Plowing is
Now Favored
THERE is a diversity of opinion as
to the advisability of plowing in
the winter time.
It is generally conceded, however,
that sod lands should be plowed in the
winter season. The freezing md thaw
ing of the soil puts it in much better
condition than it can be put by the
plow and harrow after the spring has
opened.
Winter plowing also destroys many
insects that would damage crops if
they were allowed to live.
There will be much more moisture
laid up in the soil and saved for the
use of the growing crop the next year
if the plowing is done during the win
ter season than there would be if it
wore left until spring.
The capillary connection with the
Subsoil will have time to be renewed
if tho plowing is done early.
This is an important item that is not
often considered.
I havo made a practice for several
years of getting as nearly all of my
sod land as I can turned before it quits
freezing.
Lebanon, Oregon, citisens have decided to
bold, on June and 6, tho strawberry fair
Which has become an annual festive event.
"Thene are some times in Josephine
County," says the Grant's Pass, Oregon, Cour
ier, "with the railroad bond ease finally
determined in favor, of the city, irritation
seemingly taking definito shape, the mines re
suming a volume of wealth and the Aimed
Uburiing $20,000 to its creditors,"
Final Plans For Cold Storage.
The Yakima Valley Fruit. Growers'
Association has completed arrangements
for the construction of a 500-carload
capacity cold storage plant at Zillah,
Wash. The plant will coBt about $75,000
and will be owned by a corporation, all
of the stock being held by members of
the frnit growers' association. The
plans call for a building 140 by 140
feet, three stories in height and with a
basement for the storage of ice. Work
will be commenced immediately.
Pine Manufacturers Show Gain.
According to figures submitted to the
quarterly meeting of the Western Tine
Manufacturers' Association by Secre
tary Cooper, tho lumber shipments from
the mills of the association during the
first three months of 1914 totaled 214,
000,000 feet, an increaso of 10j000,0O0
feet over the same period last year.
Creamery Now Being Enlarged.
The Oak Harbor, Wash., Co-operative
Creamery Co. has enlarged its plant by
providing an office room, cold storage
room and salt room. If patronage in
creases as it has in the past few months,
the churning capacity will have to be
increased. The splendid quality of Oak
Harbor butter is rapidly becoming
known in all of the larger cities, and
tho company has discovered the advan
tage of dealing direct with the mer
chant instead of allowing the butter to
pass through the hands of the commis
sion men.
Hie stringent requirement of the forit
service that all sheep be dipped before (al
tering the national forests has prataoslry
eradicated seabies en those areas,
Farmers To Convene
at St. Joseph
r
0ER a year ago the largest attend
ance of farmers at an agricultural
. - convention took place at the first
Interstate Agricultural and Industrial
Congress in St. Joseph, Mo., when 3,665
farmers registered. The second meet
ing of this eongress is announced for
December 9, 10, 11 and 12, 1914, in the
Auditorium at St. Joseph.
This congress, according to the plans
which are beginning to take shape, will
be even better than th last, as it will
profit by the experience of the other,
and arrangements will be made for the
educational addresses to reach those
who are most directly' interested in
them. Provisions will be made also for
the exhibiting of appliances in which
farmers and their families are interest
ed.
It is expected that one of the exhibit
features will be a herd of ten cows
to be cared for and milked under the
supervision of United States dairy of
ficials, and a daily record posted in
front of each cow, . the feed being
Arrangements are being perfected for
displays by the state agricultural col
leges of Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and
Iowa.
W. C. iJrown, president of the New
York Central railway and one of tho
foremost men in the United States in
the advocation of better farming, will
act as permanent chairman of the con
gress. The executive committee is B. M.
Bacheller, F. W. Faurot, E. L. Piatt,
II. W. Sandusky, S. 8. Connett, 0. M.
Betts and E. E. Slater,
Sheep require abont the same pas
t ur age acreage, Wei ghl for weight, as
do cattle; sheep Urive a a aiwftsr
bit
Eggs For Hatching
Should Be Fresh
ALL EGGS" intended for hatching
' purposes, "whether under hens' or
in incubators, should be as fresh
as possible when set. These ee-irs should
be from sound, vigorous, healthy breed
ing stock only. Choose medium-sized
eggs that are well formed and that
have Bmootb, normal appearing shells.
Thin or rough shelled eggs should not
be set, neither should egjs be used on
which there are anv little warty-like?
excrecences of lime, as these will be
sure to ehip off in turniug and leave
holes in the egg shell which will nre-
veot further development of the em
bryo, hggs intended for hatching
should be kept in a cool. drv. clean
place and Bhould not be turned while
oeing so Kept, me temperature of the
room in. which they are kept should not
fall below 40 decrees or so above 00
degrees F. Prolonged exposure of egg9
to a temperature ot vu degrees or above
will injure the vitality of the germ
and be almost certain to result in dead
germs or fully-formed chicks dead in
tne shell.
Flies Are Dodging Eugene.
"It is after tho middle of May and I
can find scarcely a fly in Eugene," said
Dr. F. W. Comings, city health officer,
who has taken consistent part in the
Eugene, Oregon, anti-fly campaign.
"The campaign has mado Eugene almost
wholly clean from a sanitary point of
view."
The special poliee officer appointed to
see that sanitary ordinances were en
forced says a city-wide sentiment favor
able to cleaning up fly-breeding places
has been developed. Dr. Comings hopes
to see Us sity assrlj fljlss this must