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TERJI3 OF ADVERTrSlSTO.
( LKOal..)
Out artuftrtt, first Insertion , ................ .ft 00
au;U auUiuanal insertion I 60
(LOCAL.)
Loral Notices, per line ..15 cent
l-.-ular advertisement Inserted upon liberal terms.
TT "
Legal Blank?, . Basiness Cards,
Letter Heads, E1I1 Bea.1,
Circulars, , Posters, Sic.
r located in good ttfl a3 at Viwatt ritrajt irie
a I. I III MUM I .
VOL. I.
LEBANON, OREGON FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1887.
NO. 29.
SOCIETY NOTICES.
tEBASTOir LODGE, NO. 44, JLF.il M.: MeU
at their new tiftJI iu "it 'iv,o lilock. oa SAtUiuaj
reruug, u or imore tne ruu uioou.
J WABSOS. W. M.
U SAXON lOIXJR. NO. 47. I. O. O. F.: Meet Sat
nrdiur evenlnsof ea;h week, at Odd Pelliw Hall.
Mala street; vi&iung Vretlireu cordially Invited to
HOXOR LODG1S KO. 38, A. O. V. W., Lftbanon,
Oregon: Msta veT tirst and tMrd Tt.urst.ay vd
J. S. COURTNEY, M. D.,
PHYSICIAN AMD SURGEON,
LEBANON OREGON.
i:T CviSoe in Dr. Powella Residence
F. M. MILl ER,
ATTORNEY AT LAW
Notary Public and General Insurance Agt.
LEBANON. OREGON.
Collections and other boauieas promptlj attended to.
Office on alala street.
DR. A. H. PETERSON,
SURaiCAt, DENTIST,
billing and. Extracting Teeth a Specialty.
LEBANON, OREGON.
Offine in residence, on Main trect, next door north
t O. fct. Montagu.', new residence. AU work warranted.
IXuerffee reaaonabl.
C. H. HARMON,
BARBER & HAIRDRESSER,
LEBANON, OREOOS.
Snaring, Hair Cutting, and Shampooing In th.
latest and
BEST STYLES.
L Patronage reepwetfnlly solicited.
Ot. Charles Hotel,
LEBANON. Oregon.
H. W. Corner Main and Sherman Streets, two Btockl
Kast at & R, Depot.
J. NIXON, - Proprietor.
Tables Supplied with the Best the Market
Affords.
Sample Room, and tbe Vi-Kt Acronrmodatiarjs tor
Commercial men.
iENERAL STAGE OFFICE.-
G.T. COTTOIM,
DEALER VS
Groceries and Provisions,
TOBACCO & CIGARS,
SMOKERS' ARTICLES,
Foreign and Domestic Fruits,
COHFECTI ON BR Y ,
seen s ware -And Blasswar,
Larapi and Lanp Fixtiret.
Main Kt liebanon, Oregea.
JLEBA1VON
Heat Uairket
BtHL aft. KELLEXBEB6ER,
Proprletrs.
Fresh ad Salted Beef and
Pork,
MUTTON,
PORK, SAUSACE,
BOLOGNA and
HAM.
Bacon ml Lara always on Hani.
Main Street, Lebanon, Or.
. Ii. CCWiX, J. M. EAUtTON, J. W. CTJBICK.
BANK OF LEBANON
Lebanon, Oregon,
Transacts a General Banking
Business.
Account Sept Subject to Check.
EXCHANGE SOLD ON
Kbw Tort, Saii Francisco, PertM an!
Albany, Oregon.
Collections Made on Favor
able Terms.
Gr. W. SJHITH,
Lebanon, Oregon
DEALER IN
MANUFACTURER OF
Tin, Copper, Sheet-Iron Ware,
ISVJS Hl?OrJrA Etc.
fill kinds of RepairirTg
Alto keep
Tlie WOVEN
13 . O
Manufactures
AND DEALER IN
Coffins, Caskets, Trimmings and Burying Robes.
-ALSO-
DOORS, WINDOW BLINDS, HANGING NAILS, ETC.,
Main Street, Lebanon, Oregon.
11. A.
-DEALER IN-
Drugs, filedicines, Paints, Oils and Glass.
ALSO
A Complete Stock of Stationery.
AND
IL.II2i:S TOILET ARTICLES,
Prescriptions a Specialty.
Next Door to W. B. Donaca, Lebanon, Oregon.
MITCHELL & LEWIS CO., Limited.
Faetory: Baclne. Wis. Branch: P.rtlaa. Or
MAXrFACTTjRRRS OF
THE MITCHELL FARM AND SPRING WAGONS.
THE lIITCHELIi WAGON.
IjOtr. Header and Trucks; Dump, Hand and Road Carts; Open and Top
Buggies. Pbaetons, Carriages, Buckboarda, and
IIAHNE H S.
General Agents for Canton Clipper Plows, Harrows. Cultirators. R.sd
Scrapers, Gale Chilled Plows, Ideal Feed Mills and Wind Mills, Knowl
ton Hay Rakes, Horse Powers, Woad Saws, Feed Cutters, etc We
carry the largest and best assorted stock of Vehicles on the Northwest
Coast. All our work is built especially for this trade and fully warranted.
Send for new 1SS7 catalogue,
MitcM & Lewis Co., Limited, 188, 190, 192 and 194
Front Street, Portland, Oregon. .
Our goods aiss sold by F. H. ROSCOE & CO., Hard ware Dealers, Lebanon, Or.
3L .T2
U4 Jk4 JaA
Watchmaker
,.,.deaxee nr....
Watches, Clocis, Jewelry, Silier
.AGENT
ROCICfFORD
O 41 O O O O O
Cslsk-Trdni
Eepairing:
a
Specialty.
Uocd by
the u. .
AT in IT J
ilL tVavnJ Ob
'ervafcory ;by
o o e o o o o
.. Axao aosnt roa tub...
I. r & H. A. Singer Sewing Machines & Machine Supplies.
LEBANON OREGON.
are,Iron,Piis,&c.
Done at Short Notice.
In stock
AA"IIJE 1313X-
O -A. .IV
of Furniture,
IiIILLER,
Arfa. Ja. a JBL. a
and -. Jeweler.
Platen fare ana Optical Goods.
FOB ...
A7ATCIIES
O O o o o o
1 ait .
Guaranteed
arc tw-
t n k
BRET. Bold
In BrtaeJoal
br MMi.vfl o O o o n n a
ttWhAMwnj
Mta Oaaaliiy
Jtowelw.). wit a
INDEPENDENCE DAY, 1778.
Slnjr oot, glad belln, your merry chime,
Prtxialm to pvrv kjnit and cltmo,
Os this bright pl;wlM.tno July morn
A people frtp. a Nation born,
e:tme through the city, villa and town,
Kgard!es of the tyrant's frown,
Kin(r ont o'er wood., and mountains w)l,l
The birth of frredora'a biaiilnoti child.
Send tidinirs o'er the foam-white tide
Over the rcstlps waters wide
IVhcre cretid billows urre and swell
Thy holy eruoea, blithewme b-U;
Like timbrel sound across tb4 sea,
Columbia's bymn of llbsrty
Her psalm of Independence,
Teal, eannons peal ! the rlad news forth,
PrtXjlaim It to the frigid North ;
" llelch from jour every Iron mouth
The summons to the sunny 8outt.
Oh ! flash the ttlorions news abrivid
From warm Key West tooold Cape Cod;
Iet the report of freedom's trun
He heard at glormn.exlniTtin,
And from the Atlantic's billowr breast
Send Uie glad tiding to the West,
Across the prairie and the brake.
From Boston Hay to Krie's lake.
And lot Ntarora's thunder sonjf.
The tr'i-y of thy theme prnlomr;
Columbia's Independence.
Let brilliant watchflres gleam to-night '
. V'pon the mountain's dizry height,
On every hill, at every post.
On eery headland round the coast;
On all the crossways throojrh the land.
On every beach, on every strand.
Showing their s:4nals. white and red.
From Mason's Bay to Hilton Head,
And flash from cvr-ry rooky t-ep.
Along the Atlantic's seething deep;
And from each ruddy Uanie ha(l glow
Free-'om's defiance tr the foe.
And liijht the mMntslit's rtarUling hase
Till Plymouth's Hook reflects the biuzs
Of sacred Independence.
Speed bonndinar bark with ftowfnj sail.
Publish the tUtm.-a on the gale.
And let it spre:ui from sea to sea,
America to lead the free !
Conceived in tire, in the wild flame
Of contest waired In freedom's name.
I'.orn in the battle's mad'ning strife.
And proudly ushered into life
Amid the erne of war's alarms.
And cradled in a warrior's arms.
In revolution's tlery flwl ;
Baptixed In freedom's sea of blood.
Her font a helmet inhrband
Baptismal ril a battle ttrard.
The first shrill sounds that met her ears
Were freedom's pun. and freemen's cheers
Fo" we'eome I impendence.
ITark ! the glad sound of music sweet,
from happy crowds that throng the mreet.
With wild delijrht and mirthful glee
They chant the anthem of the free.
With bugle, horn, with drum and life.
Hailing a Xattob born to life.
This holiday of freedom's world.
Bright with her bannors now unfurled.
Let It reOMr.d o'er cape and bay
Greet ng the Nation's natal day.
Reverberate each song and cheer.
Till the old town of Concord hear
The glorious strains, til! stra-trn and rill
Send echoes baoU to Bunker Hill
Of tasting In-levendene-.
Chart t J. Btiltu, i fitter Ocea.
WEALTHY GYPSIES.
Nomad. Who Have .ttqilreft Con-ltlerable
Properly In Tills Conntry.
Of Gypsies known to be Oj-psie. anil
mot of whotn p:trtifip:tt" in the regu
lar snmnier-time wnntlerin life-, thou
santin hve nvquiretl compt'tepce and
wealth. H-jarr Stanley, of St. Paul,
owns f-.trra and city pnHTty ainoutit
instfuvrfR000. The Cooper f:im
i!y, of E:i.t Somervilh", Boston, are
nitogvther worth $2."0,000. IL-nrj-Jowles
owns (teren acre of land nn?
ereril houses tvitld't thecorjiorn'e lim
its tf SprinrlifM, III., and Rieh.m!
Jowle has nearly a d zen houses near
the rolling mills in that city. JojjIi
Crabtree whom Gypsies hint as being
a distant relative of a noted actress
owns eity property in LiverMKl. En
gland, and one of the largest sale stables,
B9 well as much other property, in
Washington. - Uriah Wharton possesses
fully 1 200,000 worth of real estate in
and about New York C.ty. Lewis But
ioT owns farms near Cedar Rtpids, la.,
and on Alum Creek, near Columbus,
O.. and is worth toO.000. William
ILill has a large and valuable planta
tion near Holly Springs. Miss. John
Uarrison ownsa great many fine houses
in Washington, considerable property
nt Pittsburgh, and is counted worth
150.000. iledry Wliaiton h:is f 25.000
v Tth of real estate and houses at
Springfield, 111., and Robert Smith, of
the same place, 13 worth $ 10,000. Rich
ard Reynolds owns one of the fines!
farms in Seneca County, Ohio, near
near Swope's Corners. John Buswell
owns a large brick block in Toronto,
Canada, and is one of the moneyed men
of thatcity. John Broadway, of Buffalo,
is said to be worth $50,000 in farm and
city property; and another of the Broad
ways owns a tuuc.h ruore property In
Detroit and St. Catherines, Canada.
One of the Boswells owns sixteen acres
of valuable land adjoining the fair
grounds at New Albany, Iud.. and con
siderable city property; while Rebi
Boa well has a one-hundred-acie farm
and a valuable tavern stand, two miles
from St. Thomas, Canada. John Kidd
owns a large grist-mill, paying him an
;Minnal rental of $1,500, and a splen
did farm at Oakland Station, near
Rock Island. Ellas Brewer owns fifty
thousand dollars' worth of city property
in Milwaukee; Spring Brewer owns a
hotel and other property at Flint, Mich.,
and Fred Brewer has largo stables and
much other property at Fort Scott,
Kan. William Stewart owns a well
stocked ranch, sixteen miles from Aus
tin, Tex. ; and Job Stanley has several
thousand dollars of wood land in the
same localitv. The S'.anleys and Rey
nolds, of Ohio, arc very rich; and ILinry
Stanley, of Evansville, Ind., owns farms
and town property; while Thomas.
Mark and Henry Jeffs and the Pear
syis, with the Harrisons and Jowles, of
Daj'ton, O., ovvu nearly all the finest
farming land for six miles north of that
city, town property in Dayton, and to
gether are worth certainly a half mil
lion dollars. This will appear incom
prehensible to many, but I make it as a
statement of fact that I could fill every
column of this page with names, ad
dresses and property estimates of nearly
a thousand Gypsy heads of families in
this country who.e combined wealth
will exceed " $40, 000, 000. Edgar L.
Wakcman, in Indianajjolis Kews.
i m . m
HOME AND FARM.
A dish of hot water set in the
oven prevents cako from scorching.
A glass of salt water, warm oi
cold, taken on rising in the morning',
will cure constipation.
To drive away ants scrnT the
shelves or drawers that they frequent
with, strong carbolic soap, after
which sprinkle red pepper iu every
crevice.
While the hens may not protect
an orchard from insects, it has been
demonstrated that when poultry Rre
confined around the trees they will
prove very serviceable in preventing
the attack of insects.
hez weakness lit fowls is the re
sult of rapid growth, and is best met
with animal food and tonics. A III tie
meat of worm, should be added to the
food every day and a little tiaoture of
Iron dropped in the drinking water.
Cleveland Leader.
THE PULQUE OF MEXICO."
Preparation and Qualities of the National
neveraga of Oor Southern Neighbor.
Pulque (poolkav) is a fermented Juleo
of the Mexican nlant called manner
(magay), the American agave or aloe.
When the plant is from six to eiffht
years old it is ready for use. It is pre
pared by making a deep incision in the
center, reaching the heart and lenving
but a thick outside rind, which forms a
kind of well of one foot in depth and
one and one-fourth in diameter. Five
or six months afterward this rind is re
moved and a sap begins to How. This
sap, which is of a yellow color, is very
sweet and is called agua-miel (honey-
water), x he leaves are cut away on
one side and a man furnished with a
tanned hog-skin and a long gourd
draws out the liquid and pour it into
the skin until it is entirely fulL A
small portion of agua-miel left for ten
or twelve days in a barrel or a skin is
fermented, and serves as the tase or
mother-pulque (pulque-madre) for as
long a time as it m.tv be wanted. It
only needs to be supplied with fresh
agna-miel every day. A good maguey
produces from ten to twelve pints of
liquid daily for longer tban five months,
the value of a day's liquid varying
from ten to fifteen cents; thus when a
maguey is ready for use it value is not
less than $ 15. Some eighty Tears nrjo
a farmer who planted from 20.000 to
25,000 magneys was sure to make a
fortune for his children, but at the pres
ent day there has been a considerable
decrease iu the value of this plant, the
principal causes being tbe carelessness
of the farmers, the heavy taxes paid to
the government and the adtilterutioji
of the liquid. The Mexicans do not
now make so much use of this plant as
their ancestors did. It is well known '
that the Aztecs used the fibrous leaves
of the plant in making tine cloth and
st run jr cords. They also wrote their
hieroglyphics on paper made of the
same leaves, specimens of which can lie
found in the museums of Europe "and'
America. It can be said that the aloe
was food and drink, clothing and writ
ing material for the Aztecs. It is sur
prising how nature concentrated so
many different advantages in one single
plant, and the skill mamfetl iu
developing these advantages shows the
degree of civilization which that race
had already acquired.
Tins plant was introduced into Eti-
roe shortly after the conquest of
Mexico, The first garden which re
ceived it wasthatof Padua in Italv
(1516), but it is found both as an orna
ment In the front yards of many houses
of Etimjie and America, and as an ob
ject of study in the botanical gardens.
In Mexico, Central and South Amer
ica are several Siecies of the plant; in
Mexico alone I have seen over five
different kinds. In the State of Oaxaea
a maguey from which a green candle.
resembling the sperm, is made. Another
in Jalisco fem which the celebrated
tequila (brandy) is extracted.
hen pulque is mixed and fermented
with grapes, oranges, pineapples and
other fruits, it has a sweet and agreea
ble taste not only to the Mexican, but
to the foreign palate as well. There is
a kind of ice cream (helados) made of
pulque and eggs, or vanilla, straw
berries, etc., which has an exquisite
flavor, and forms one of the delicacies
in many Mexican families.
Pulque is the common and cheapest
drink in the City of Mexico, and in the
neighboring States of Puebi.t, Hidalgo
and others, but not of the whole
country, as there are in the north and
south part of Mexico people who do
not know any thing alxiut pulque,
A preparation to preserve the pulque
for a long time of which Senor Alfonso
HeiTera, President of the National Pre
paratory School of the Citj- of Mexico,
is the author, consists in mixing one
third of alcohol with two-thirds of this
liquid, lenving it to rest for some time
and then putting it in bottles. After
thus prepared pulque was exhibited at
the Exposition at Philadelphia in 1S76
and at Paris in 1878. However, as this
beverage has not proved agreeable to
the foreign taste its consumption is re
duced to Mexico alone. C. D. Olicares,
in Cincinnati Times.
, m a.
Discrimination in Words.
Pretty refers to external beauty on a
small scale, Grace of manner is a
natural gift; elegance implies cultiva
tion. Well bred is referable to general
conduct rather than individual actions.
Beautiful is the strongest word of its
class, implying softness tfiid delicacy in
addition to every thing that is in
similar words. Courtesy has reference
to others, politeness to ourselves. The
former is a duty or privilege to others,
the latter is behavior assumed from
proper sclf-rcspeeL Benevolent refers
to the character of the agent acting,
beneficent to the act performed.
Charitable is restricted to almsgiving
except when used in reference to judg
ment of others. Lovely is used only
where there is something more than ex
ternal beauty, when there is a combina
tion of personal beauty and pleasing
manner. Faultless features do not
make a lady louely who is disagreeablo
iu disposition. Journal of Education.
- - r
AT. Puillippoteaux, tne rencn
painter, has been engaged for six
years to paint huge pictures for cyclo
raniio exhibition in the chief cities of
Europe. The first will represent Ni
agara Falls, and will bo shown in Lon
don next fall.
Allen G. Thurman has the best as
sortment of chickens in the neighbor
hood, and takes good caro of them;
but, with all his wealth, he keeps no
horses. Mrs. Thurman is afraid to
ride, and her husband does not care
to. Boston Globe.
A Philadelphia car-buijding oom
pauy lias nearly completed a contract
for building S50 cars of various kinds
for a railway company on the La Plata
river region, in South America. The
road is two hundred miles long, travers
ing a level plateau similar to the western
frontier. Each car Is drawn by three
horses, which are changed at stations
ten miles apart. The road is operated
much cheaper by horse-power than by
steam, as coal is $12 a ton and horses
only $20 a head. Some of the cars are
sleepers, with two tiers of berths, the
upper one being closed up to the ceil
Ing in tbo daytime, and the lower
transformed, into seats. .
CHARMING CREOLE3.
Women Noted for Their Oood Feature.
Itrlght Kres and Beantirai Figure..
The aristocratic Croolo lady is often
a model for the itr.itation of her sex.
She is an obedient and respectful
daughter, a faithful. wife and a devot
ed mother. She is soft of speech, and
lia a grace of manner which gives s
charm to all she does. Well educated
and accomplished, with keen wit, sh
makes a brilliant figure in society, but
is. nevertheless, an excellent manager
of her household, ami gives a most
careful supervision to every detail that
will ciihauee tho comfort of her, lord.
She looks diligently after the physical
and intellectual welfare of her chil
dren; especially are her daughters
trained under her own eyes in
all that goes to make woman
lovely in mind and person.
Their tasks for school are conned
by her side, their music lessons am
practiced within her hearing, that she
may detect tho least false note. She
shares in all their amusements; she is
their companion, their confidante, their
friend, lliey come to her with all their
little hopes and fears, sure of her
syntpa'hy. When her danghter ie
grown, the Creole matron blooraf
agjtin into a rich second youth; hei
own girlhood is renewed In that of a
child; they are scarcely mother and
daughter any lo-iger, bat pair of
loving sisters. The young girl is edu
cated in a convent, and leads a se
cluded existence until the is launched
into society, to and then In the joyous
life that bursts upon her she is al
ways surrounded by the same
watc'iful care that guarded her
childhood. Young girls are not
allowed to go into society
without being accompanied by their
mothers, or some other Kisrri-. sdv.
as chaperon one of the many Creole
customs which has been generally
adopted by the American residents ol
New Orleans.
These young girls are often wonder
fully beautiful. Good features, hand
some eyes and graceful figures com
bine to make them very attractive,
their beauty being not infrequently
Oriental in type, though the vivacity
of their manner marks them as essen
tially French in character. Many
Creole women are very accomplished.
They have a skill in musie and paint
ing that is often artistic. 'In the
literary clubs which society women
have inaugurated i f late years in New
Orleans, the America-! ladies have
leen astonished to find the Creole
ladies quite as well posted as them
selves in E iglish literature,
while possessing a much greater
knowledge of the literature of other
countries. B;it an accomplishment
still more attractive to the impecunious
young man seeking matrimony is the
exquisite tas'e with which these maid
ens fair will fashion their own gowns
ami bonnets when circumstance j
require them to make these things at
home. The Cre le woman have In
herited their French taste for dress,
and in a grea'er degree than other
Americans they r. gard the fiat of
Paris as the supreme authority in all
matters concerning tha toilet. Also,
the Creole women of all ages and all
!ase"are devout. Neither social en
gagements, nor weather, nor o' h-jr ob
stacles are allowed to interfere wilb
the discharge of their religious duties.
Are they not s imewhat superstitious?
Some of thera a little so, perhaps, in
remembrance of voudou stories told
them in their infancy by old negro
nurses. Xew Orleans Cor. Omaha Be-pub'ican.
Old People Playing Quits.
There is n od couple liring in tins
vicinity, each one past sixty years of
age, who have! for s me reason best
known to themselves, agread to play
quits. 11.3 busincsi is such that,
although a wealthy man and doing
business iu tlilicity. heonlygoes home
oiica eac!i week, on Saturday evenings,
and remains until M nday. When she
expects the arrival of her unloved lord,
the old lady hi, "3 herself to another
Iiousj on the sama premises, first pro
viding tho transient visitor with, an
abun lance of food wi.htn reach" and a
chango of raimsnt. List C.ir'ntmas
the old laly sia'ed to a friend that as
lie old g nt like 1 ruma'ic would make
ii;n a present of a bottle of choice,
which she accordingly did, leaving it
ion the table where ho would fi.-id it.
On Monday nvrning, as soou as her
lieee deparls, the lady takes posesdon
for anoih -r week, living en' ircly alone.
The cat;s.i of this strange conduct is
known only to themselves. Si. Louii
dole-Democrat. "
Liability oT Railroads.
A new ground for suit against a "rail
way company has just been established
in F. aiee. A pai iter named Board,
while traveling on the Paris-Lyons
road, was attacked by a robber and
seriously wounded. Ha sued and got
flamages, the company being held re
sponsible because the con-tructlon of
the cars did not afford sufficient pro
tection. Tho judges decided that
there was a genuine contract between
tho passenger and the company, the
ticket constituting the written instru
ment, and i hat the railroad people
were bound by it, not only to bring
the man to his destination, but also to
afford him protection during his Jour
ncy; and they refused to entertain the
question that the company were as
obliged to coiif rta to the rules of the
administration iu regard to the model
of the cars. .V. T. Sun,
Churches In tho United States
grow in number at tho rate of ten a
day, it is said.
Tho Vermont State Agricultural
collego has a "winter class" for farm
ers, a capital idea,
The Baptist ministers of Brooklyn
have formed an organization for the
discussion of topics of general interest.
Hie ubiquitous small boy has be
gun to lay his annual contribution of
posies on tho teacher's desk, only to be
rewarded later in the season by having
his baseball and marbles confiscated.
Portland Advertiser.
At a meeting of the Woman's
Bo rd of Missions, in Boston, the treas
urer, Miss Emma Carruth, reported
tho receipts for the year at about $47,
000,. of which $7,000 are la legacies.
EDUCATION IN LONDON.
Lodlerons Answers Olren by Pupils of a
Train nz 8e!itol for Teaen-rs.
The students who sit for tho exami na
tions are male atid femalj cx-pupil-feachers,
none of th"?m below eighteen
fears of age. They attend the train
ing colleges for'two years, and then, if
they paaa sacces;f ally, they bacorae
teachers in elejientary school. Many
of them, though practically self-taught,
give In papers that notevery university
graduate could write; but others are
very deficient; the Wi-lsh students es
pecially, to wham E iglish is hardly a
mother tongue. The examinations are
conducted by inspectors of schools.
who generally understand the difHcul-
iles with which the pupil-teacher has to
cope; but the papers are drawn np by
examiners in the Elacation Depart
ment in London, who, though adeqiate
cholars, often make a mess of it.
St my of the answers given by the stu
dents are suggestive as well as ludi
crous, and th' se noted b dow have at
least the merit of being genuine,
Perhaps the standard is lowest in
English composition. Gs.'ograpby and
history papers are, as a rnle, well an
swered. But it would be unreasonable
to expect fine essays from yonng men
and women who are teachinj in a
school all dar, and have to do their
own studying- after a hard day's work.
StilL a respectable pieceof composition
is expected of them. In the examina
tion paper they ar generally given a
wide range of subjects to choose from.
Oa one occasion the men stu
dents were asked to write on
ny English sport. One chose
cricket, "The came of cricket." he
began, consists of six stumps, two
bats and a ball. Nor should we omit
the balls, which are four in number."
My faTorite walk." another wrote, "is
when I do not have far to go to it."
The Beautiful" was one of several
subjects offered for the essay. -It is
beautiful, said a female candidate,
"to sit upon a stone In the middle of
hoary ocean." Descriptions of scen
ery these student-teachers are ex
tremely weak in, as a rule. They are
much mors ready to tackle a historical
subject, though here they are not al
ways happy. One jotting in our note
book is: "Jaan of Arc was rather
pious and very frenteeL"
Milton was the author of "The us
serted Village, or the Hamlet." Thii
information was volunteered ia
a paper oa Sinisoa Agonistes"
(or. as another student ex.
plained. -"Samson in Agony").
Nothing is more common than the at.
tempt to appease the examinerby pro.
viding information nat asked for. Th
stndeut is asked when the Battle ol
Crecy was fought; he does not know;
so he gives the date of Agtncourt or ol
Flodden. O.hers go about it in amorj
crafty way. They dodge the question,
so to sneak, by giving a little essay oa
Crecy (though the date only is asked)
and thus introduce Agin court (with
date) incidentally. It was noticeabli
in the paper on Samson Agonistes"'
that a large number of students laid
stress on the fact that "S iraon deall
dole with the jawbone of a dead ass."
In another paper "monastry" was de
fined as "a place for monsters.' St
James" Gazette.
UNDERGROUND PARIS. "
Description f a Ttait to tb Citaranb. el
the French apitaL.
The catacomb of Paris are of enor
mous extent. They were originally
stone quarries, and more than one
tenth of the city's extent is honey
combed by them. Some of them are
said to have been in existence for fif
teen centuries, but it is only within
the last hundred years that they have
served for purposes of buriaL Of the
old cemeteries of Paris, the lirgest and
most popular was that of tbe Inno
cents, comprising not only vaults be
neath the church, bus great pits for the
use of the common people, where hun
dreds of corpses were buried together.
The place became such a hot-bed of
disease from overcrowding that suc
cessive edicts were issued prohibiting
further bnrlal there, but it was con
tinued until the place became abso
lutely loathsome.
In 1780 it was computed that the
cemetery was twonty-3ix feet deep in
dead bodies, and at that time, after it
had been used for nearly seven hun
dred years, it was finally closed. A
the site was regarded as a center of in
fection, the church wss. polled down,
and the human remains transferred to
the quarries, which- received the name
of catacombs.
These underground galleries, to
which the remains of many other
churches have been removed, are un
der the care of a regular corps of work
men. They have been carefully sur
veyed, and marked by tablets, so that
a skilled person can namo the street,
and even the number, of the house
above his bead. Without such know
ledge, however, or lacking a guide,
woe be to him who attempts exploring
these gruesome labyrinths!
In 1793 the porter of a hospital lying
near one of the seventy stair-cases,
which communicate with the cata
combs, undertook an indapendent tour
of discovery therein. Lantern in hand,
he entered those fearful dep hs, but he
never returned, and his fate was an
absolute mystery until 1804, when
some workmen discovered bis coat
buttons and a bunch of keys, in one of
the less-used passages.
The cataconibj may now be visited
twice every month, by special permis
sion of tho Chief Engineer of Mines.
The tour Is begun by the de-scent of a
winding stair-case of some ninety
steps. Oa reaching tho bottom, the
visitor hnIs liims:.II m a
narrow passaire, ' three to
four feet wido and six
high, cut, like the stair-cas3, in solid
rock. Each visitor being provided
with a candle, they march along in
Indian file. Broad vaulted corridors
are traversed, their walls composed of
bones tacked upon each other. Indeed,
as far as the eye can reach, bones
only can be seen in endless succes
sion. Tablets erected at intervals
bear the names of the cemeteries fro m
which the remains at that point have
been taken, while tha sand-stone
columns supporting the roof are carved
with quotations from the Scriptures
and other appropriate sources.
Youth' i Companion.
THE SHAH'S REVENUE. '
How the Fands for ths Fwpport or Per
sia's Government Are Obtained.
Persia is re'atively rich, for she cwei
nothing to bankers or bondholders
either at home or abroad. She has no
debt and the Shah covers a snug sum
annually into the treasury as a reserve.
It has been sceeringly said by the Rus
sians, who wish to belittle in ord-r to
weaken her. that Persia has no national
debt because she has no credit- The
truth of this assertion ean only be prov
ed when the Shah attempts to raise a
loan, which Las never jot been done
by the Persian Government. Of course,
f M fi . , a
u miiro were perib lor internal im
provement of if there were less specu
lation, there might be less reserve or a
larger revenue. But the fact remains
that while something is done to pro
mote material progress, something is
still annually saved.
The revenues of the Shah come from
many sources. The land, live stock,
customs, excise and mines and fUlier
ies furnish the chief sources of revenue.
The collection of some of the taxes ij
attended with considerable risk, and
results in not unfrequent riots and
bloodshed.
Regarding some of his revenues ths
Shah very wisely continues to follow a
method common in Europe in former
ages, that is, farming. By farming the
pearl fisheries, for example, the Shah
may receive less than if the tax on them
could be justly collected and tamed
over to his Government But as that
is practically im;ssib!e, the Shah
makes sure of a given sura on which he
can depend, and leaves it to the agent
who farms them to make his profit
from whatever snrplus inny accrue.
But while the Shah is advantaged by
ti c system of fanning, the people are
much more heavily oppressed, as they
are in the hands of the officer win
farms that revenue. Nominally he rosy
keep to the letter of the law in collect
ing only such ratio on the products as
the law prescribes. But in reality great
abuses grow out of the greed f the
farmer.
The turquoise mines are farmed.
They are less productive than formerly,
while the manufacture of excellent
spurious turquoises in Enrope hat
tended somewhat to lower the demand
for the genuine article. The diSeuIty
of getting the stone is also excessive,
as the mines are growing deeper all tie
time and the shafts are very danger
ous. Many are killed in the Persian
turquoise mines, which are "found In
the province of Kerman in the South,
but the best ones are mined ia Khoras
san in the North.
The fisheries of Persia are farmed.
They are chiefly in the Caspian Sea
and in the mouth of the rivers empty
ing into it, and consist chiefly of sal
mon' and sturgeon. The boxwood in
the forests adjoining the sea is also
farmed. This has been a considerable
article of commerce, but the supply la
now falling oSC
The customs are farmed sn l f -m a
very important source of revenue i:eri
withstanding that by the treaty of
Tnrkomantehai with Russia, all go'ij
entered from nations enjoying its priv
ileges under the "most favored na
tion" clause pay a maximum duty of
five per centum. Turkey has an en
tirely different treaty with Persia which
allows the two countries to claim a ten
per cent. duty. Abuses doubtless ex
ist in the collection of dustonis, espe
cially in the matter of peculation.
But the wonder to me is that underex
isting circumstances the abuses are
not greater. Land tax also forms a
most important source of revenue.
The nomads of Persia, ' who number
nearly a million, are taxed by a month
ly levy on their flocks, which is mod
erate and collected with regularity,
xhis tax or part of it is farmed. Gen
erally it is raised without difficulty ex
cept among the warlike tribes of tbe
Southwest. Among them the tax gath
erer only ventures attended by a strong
guard of soldiers.
The Shah adds still farther and very
materially to his revenues by the pres
ents he receives in coin from the hfh
dignitaries he visits f romi time to time,
and from the sale of important oScea
to the highest bidder. Not that ha
r. ward s aa office to any one who over
bids others, but to the one who, of sev
eral having ability, adds to talents for
the post the largest - pecuniary consid
eration. What these sums are can be
only surmised from general report; but
that large amounts annually go into
the coffers of the Shah in this way is a
fact well assured; inde?d it is a prac
tice that has existed in Persia for ages,
S. G. W. Benjamin, in Fkiktde'phior
Press.
. ' j
Boston and Detroit. 3
It was on a west-bound train. A Bos
ton young gentleman had struck up a
conversational acquaintance with a
Detroit young lady.
"Do you like Smollett?"
"1 I guess I've never seen him.
Who's he with?"
The Boston young man started, but,
fearing that he had been misunderstood,
he heeded not the query.
"You are surely fond of Fielding?"
he continued.
Oh, yes, it will do," repliad the De
troit ffirL "but slujririns i w'iat I like.
and you just wait till our big four get
after your bean-eaten) they'll make
"em think it's raining base-balls out in
the back end of your park." Chicago
Herald.
m m . i
Gaining on the City. "
"Perhaps you'd like to tnow what
time it is," remarked a pedestrian who
stopped before a gang of street-cleaners
the other day.
"Well, no, soir," replied one of tha
old men as he slowly and solemnly re
moved the pipe from his mouth,
But yoa used to want to know."
"That's so, soir," . "
"And what's the matter now?" '
"WelL soir, the matter is this, Hcn
long does it take for one of us to foind
out the time o' day from you?"
"About ten seconds."
"Exactly, soir. Now, how long will
it tak me to lay down me hoe, put up
me pipe, get out me watch and look at
me toune ior mcseiir
"From four to five minutes."
- -tercjuuiy u win, anu taai s wnc-:-f
we gain on the ciry, ami wsy we j
cairv wattiies.