p
Blood
! certain if you take Hood's Sursaparilla.
This great, medicine cures those eruptions,
pimples and boils that appear at all seasons;
cures scrofula sores, salt rheum or eczema;
adapts itself equally well to, and also cures, dys
pepsia and all stomach troubles; cures rheu
matism and catarrh ; , cures nervous troubles,
debility and that tired feeling.
8arsatabs-Forthoe who prefer modlclne In tab
let form, HuuU'ft Snrsaparilla ifi now put up in choco
lated tabletx called Snntatalm, an well aa In the usual
liquid form. Samatubi have Identically the same
curative propertlea a the liquid form, besides accu
racy of dose, convenienee, economy, no loss by evap
oration, breakage, or leakage. iJrufrirlsts or promptly
bl mail. (J. 1. Hood Co., Lowell, Mass,
Ay? A
Mrs. C. K. Tylor. HiirMngt. Vt.
nturh to do and Bo little health to do it
with, eaiised almost n rorniik'te lirenk
rl.iH H- lilim.l tmor mifl thin: no Ktren trill.
little sleep. Hood' Snrnpnrilin cave
appetite, nstnrni Rl"l, ptmtici ueaitu,
trengtli to ao all my worn.
An EncIUh View of Robert E. Lee.
General Robert E. Lee was Indeed
fully Washington's equal as a hero and
a gentleman and much Ills superior as
a soldier. It Is only In the larger polit
ical or semlpolitlcnl sphere that be
atands lower and there perhaps only
because his opportunities were so
much smaller. London Times Review
f Trevelyan's History.
rTp St. Vitus Hanre ana all nervous rjlaaea
mi I u permanently cured by Dr. Kline's ureal
Nerve Raalnror. Wand for FHKK 2 trial bottle ana
matlM. vt.it. u,nii.ielixi.,tfii Arcnau, raua,,rai
Keepa Tbem Away.
First Landlndy ".My boarders loaf
around the parlor every evening, much
to my annoyance. Does yours?"
Second Landlady "No, Indeed ! My
daughter ll learning to play the
piano."
PILES CURED IN 6 TO 14 DAYS.
PAZO OINTMENT Is gna'anteed to cure any
case of Itching, Blind. Jleudin.fr or Protrudlug
tiles In 6 to 14 days or money refunded. 60a
He Could Improve It.
"I went to the theater lust night.
"What did you see?"
"A play culled 'Hamlet.'"
"How was It?"
"Fair; only fulr. A good, lively sex
tet would do It a world of good."
Washington Herald.
You Can Get Allen's Toot-Ease FREE.
Write Allen 8. Olmsted, Le Hoy, N. V., for a
free sample ot Allen's Fool-Kane. It cures
weaiuig. not swollen, aclilng loot. It makes
new or tight shoos easy. A certain cure for
corns, ingrowing nails and bunions. All drug
guts selllt. 26o. Iiou't accept any substitute.
Outalde of Ills Practice.
"All that is the mn tier with you, sir,"
ald the eminent physician, after a thor
ough examination, "is luck of nutrition,
You don't eat enough."
"I eat all I enn hold, doctor," said
the attenuated caller.
"Then you need to have your capacity
enlarged, and that's a case for a surgeon.
Five dollars, please. Good morning."
Chicago Tribune.
Graduated from the Bible.
Octave Tlianet tells a story of an old
darky in Florida who was anxious to
H'arn to read, so that he could read th
Bible. He sa'd tlmt if he could read tht
Hlble he would want nothing else. A
friend of the narrator taught him to
read. Some time afterward she visited
his cabin and asked his wife bow his
Bible reading was getting on.
"Laws, Miss Fanny," said this person,
"he jes' suttlnly kin read fine. He's don
got outen de Bible an' into de newspo
pers." Indianapolis News.
Literary Inveatment.
You buy a hook and hope to rea
A profit quite extensive.
The style may be a little cheap,
But the paper's right expensive,
Washington Star.
1'srhl
"The 'Great White ringue,' my son,"
Said the Injun chief, in a passion,
"Is that wicked, thieving race
That calls itself the Caucasian I"
Echoes ot (he Past.
Wagner was writing the music of the
future.
"I Intend to oroduce something." he
dflwt "Itinl orlll trn tHnnilaiMniv ftnwn tha '
ages. '
How well
bear witness.
NEW MINISTER HERE
DENATURED ALCOHOL.
Farmers Mty Make It Future Fuel oi
the Wett.
Bv Fred W. Lewis, Secretary Washington Stats
' n . T , M:..h
Two years ago the Grange, assist
ed by some other organizations, went
to work to try ana pass a law mat
would allow alcohol to be manutac
tured and used for light and fuel
without having to pay tne promoi
ti e revenue tax, that had been re
quired by the government, so as to
free tne people oi tne country, irorn
the tvranny of the Standard Oil Co
which has gradually raised the price
of fuel oil from a low price to an
amount that ii paying the monopoly
extremely large dividends, thereby
levvlne an unreasonable tax on th
consumer of the products of petro
leum.
Aftoi n Inner nnrl bnrrl flsrht in
San Francisco, Feb. 29. Wu Ting .. In which the Standard Oil
Fang, for the second time appointed company did their best to prevent
Chinese minister to this country, ar- the pagsage 0f the bill, we conquered
rived yesterday on the Pacific mall and now a farmer, or several of them
liner Siberia, with a large retinue of , erect a Btin, and make alcohol
il'ii ting Fang Does Not Seek
Oar Intervention.
LANDS WITH LARGE RETIMUt
Admits That There Is Seme Friction
With Japan No Change in
Exclusion Lews.
lie succeeded let the ages
Illrante Glory.
The young man was admiring her beau
tiful and abundant hair.
'What a wealth of it there is!" he
exclaimed. "When you loosen it I sup
pose it drops to the floor."
"Hugh I" broke in the little sister of
the young woman. "It drops on the
floor !" Chicago Tribune.
secretaries and legation and consu
late attaches numbering 70 persona,
He brought with him new consuls for
Mexico, Havana, New York and San
Francisco, besides three nephews and
three secretaries and five other at
taches for the Chinese legation at
Washington and 24 young students,
who will enter various schools and
colleges In this country.
At the Pacific mail dock, where
the Siberia made fast, shortly before
o clock, a large number of Chi
nese from the local colony were on
hand with a brass band to greet their
minister. From the dock the minis
ter and his party were taken to the
Fairmount hotel, where a large num
ber of suites had been reserved
Minister Wu denied the report
that he was the bearer of an appeal
to Washington .asking this .country
to assist in preserving the interests
of China in Manchuria and protest
ing against the alleged aggrandize
ment of Japan in that Province, but
admitted "there was some local fric
tion
He professed to be ignorant about
the Kan Tao boundary dispute be
tween China and Japan and the ex
tension of the Hslnmintin-Fukemen
railroad, which has caused
between the two countries.
friction
In any quantities, the same to be de
natured, or poisoned, by omcers ap
pointed by the government, and may
then be used or sold to any one un
der a permit which may be obtained
from the government.
It Is now our' duty to get the ap
pliances for the use of the product
into general use, so mat tnere win
be a demand for the alcohol, so that
there will be distilleries installed all
over the west,-so as to use the waste
products of our farms to make fuel
for our engines, stoves, both heating
and cooking, and to give us one of
the best lights that you ever saw.
I wish that it were possible for m
to show the lamp with Its beautiful
light, so that you could realize the
value of it as a light producing fuel.
Wherever I have demonstrated the
light, It has met with an enthusias
tic reception and It is only a ques
tion of letting people see the value
of de-natured alcohol, to insure a
demand that will fill our land with
distilleries, making our own fuel out
of the small potatoes, sprouted
wheat, small, and imperfect apples,
and fruit of other varieties, and In
fact, anything that Is composed of
sugar or starch.
A corn-field, with Its stalks filled
with sweetness, will make large
CAN NOT BE .RUBBED AWAY
It Is perfectly natural to rub the soot that hurts, and when tie muscle.
nerves, joints and bones are throbbing and twitching" with the pains of
Rheumatism the sufferer is apt to turn to the liniment bottle, or some other
external application, in. au effort to get relief from the disease, by producing
tounter-irritation on the flesh. Such treatment will ouict the cam temoo-
rarily, but can have no direct curative effect on the real disease because it
does not reach the blood, where the cause is located. Rheumatism is more)
than skin deep it is rooted and grounded in the blood and can only ba
reached by constitutional treatment IT CANNOT BE RUBBED AWAY.
Rheumatism is due to aa excess of uric acid in the blood, brought about by
the accumulation in the system of refuse matter which the natural avenues
of bodily waste, the Bowels and Kidnevs. have failed to earrv off. Thia
refuse matter, coming in contact with the different acids of the body; forma
uric acid which is absorbed into the blood and distributed to all parts of tha
body, and Rheumatism gets possession of the Bystem. The aches and pains
are only symptoms, and though they may be scattered or relieved for a time;
by surface treatment, they will reapoear at the first exoosure to cold or
dampness, or after an attack of indigestion or other irregularity. Rheuma
tism can never be permanently cured while the circulation remains saturated
with Irritating, pain-producing urie acid poison. The disease will shift
from muscle to muscle or joint to joint, settling on the nerves, causing
inflammation and swelling and such terrible pains that the nervous system
Is often shattered, the health undermined, and perhaps the patient becomes
deformed and crippled for life. S. S. S. thoroughly cleanses the blood and
renovates the circulation by neutralizing the acids and exncllirnr nil foreiirn
matter from the system. It warms and invigorates the blood so that instead
of a weak, sour stream, constantly deposit
ing acrid and corrosive matter in the mus
cles, nerves, joints and bones, the body is fed
and nourished by rich, health-sustaining
blood which completely nnd permanently
cures Rheumatism. S. S. S. 3 composed
of both purifying and tonic properties
just what is needed in every case of Rheu
matism. It contains no potash,' alkali or other mineral ingredient, but is
made entirely of purifying, healing extracts and juices of roots, herbs and
barks. If you are suffering from Rheumatism do not waste valuable time
trying to rub a blood disease away, but begin the use of S. S. S. and writa
us about your case and our physicians will give you any information or
advice desired free of charge and will send our special treatise on Rheumatism,
THE SWIFT SPECIFIC CO., ATLANTA, GAm,
PURELY VEGETABLE
HOWARD E. BURTON. Assarer ar.l Chemist,
Leadvllle, Colorado- Specimen prlcem Uuld,
Silver, Li-ad, 1 ; Oold, Bllver, 75c i Gold, Sou ; Zinc or
Copper, (1. Cyanide tents. Mailing envelope! and
fllll nrlralUt Mnt.ntl aiir.llatinn lnntrnt anil TTtt..
Dire work solicited.
'Uonal Bank.
iterance! Carbonate Nay-
Asked whether he would endeavor quantities of alcohol, and a small
Deplorable Dualiteaa Error.
"Did you ever make a mistake, doc
tor?"
"Yes, once I was called In by a pa
tient and diagnosed his case as stom
ach ache I only learned the following
day that he was rich enough to have
appendicitis." Die Muskete. '
II (SSI!
IllHfelliSiJ
ALt'OHOl, 3 PER CENT.
AVcgelabtefrcparatlonforAs
slmilalingihefbotfandRcgula tingliie Siomactis andUowcis of
Promolcs Di4eslionXlcerful
ncss and Rcst.Contalns neiiiitr
upiimi.Morplune norWiacral.
INOT -NARCOTIC.
At? afOHIkSSMXUmm.
K.Srrtfta
ffbrm Jtv-ikteaignmfenri
Ancrfect Remedv for Tansta
Hon , Sour Stomach. Dlarrttoei
Worms .Coitvuls ions .feverish
ncss and Loss of Sleep.
Facsimile Signature ot
NEW YORK
For Infants and Children.
The Kind You Have
Always Bought
Bears the
lature
ii!
Use
For Over
Thirty Years
Ect Copy of Wrapper,
TH OKNTAim 0OMMNV, MtW YORK OIT.
I DOsitlvt oroof of (he rcllabilltv and confidence our Di
li era hv in ui. Specialists always in attendance.
aMunng prompt ina court out attention. Lady attend
ant alwava present.
Reliable Painless Dentist- Our reputation lor
miaouity and ihLHougnufM ia writ eatabUabctt. Qeanli
aeaa. Good Work and Quick Service.
"AND IT DIDN'T HURT A BIT"
Painless Extraction, SO cents. Extraction Fret
hca platei or bndgra are ordered. Plaira aud up.
Best Plate Work rhpa your teeik have become
ao uaeleaa that it ia itnpoeaible to irmly act a bridge.
Tkra the old tuinpa are removed without ciuaihg vou the
alt in teat pain, and a j late ia ttted. If the plate at per
fectly it will look well and pet form ita work ot akaattcating
your food aetiiracumlr. V ith my ao years' experience ia
this work will guarantee satisfaction in every rase.
Crown and Bridr Work. It's a shame to spoil
your personal appearance and ruin your digestion frosa
the lack of teeth to properly ertastu-ate your t.fdt when a
brldfw can he supplied that will cause no discomfort what-
W.A.WISEofl?
Mum tu&AMt, tmm urn iwumim, Nation, mum
IN PORTLAND
DOING WORK FOR
THE BEST PEOPLE
ever, will chew your food properly and thoroughly,
while your looks are improved beyond description.
A hollow tooth that ia now useless can be filled and
crowned so that it I saved for probably a lifetime.
To secure the best results you must secure the
highest grade of skill.
Eiamlnatkti free and Invited. When desired yos
caa kav T. f. Wise or ay personal service.
Our force Is so org-anUed that we caa do
your entire Crown, Bridge and Plata Work
in a day If necessary. Oat of town people
can write and arrange for sppontmtnta.
H 5) PLATE5
to secure some modification of the
pxclusion law. Minister Wu said that
he had no particular .Instructions
from his government with reference
to that
WILL SHOW TEETH.
Japan Sends Cruiser to China to In
vest'gate Seizure.
Tokio, Feb. 29. The Japanese ar- out of the air in the room, so much
mored cruiser Idzumi sailed yester- as any otner iuei
amount of land will raise enough
fuel to keep our homes well heated
and lighted for the year.
Another good quality of this al
cohol is that it is perfectly clean and
healthful. There Is no dust, smoke,
soot, or gas, developed in the burn
ing of it for either light or heat,
and it does not vitiate the air in the
room, as it contains oxygen, in Itself
and does not have to use the oxygen
day from Shanghai for Hongkong,
where, it is understood, she will in
vestigate the seizure on February 7
by the Chinese customs cruisers of
the steamer Tatsu Maru.
This movement is possibly intend
ed as a demonstration against the
There is no wick-trimming to be
done, as the wick is never on fire.
and as far as smoke is concerned,
the lamp chimneys will never need
any washing, so the lamps are much
easier to take care of.
You can turn it off until there is a
Chinese officials, although the for- very small light, and so makes a per-
eign office denies it has such an ob
ject in view, adding that negotia
tions are proceeding at Pekin and
that the Japanese flag has' been re
stored to the Tatsu Martf.
The whole question of the seizure
of the Tntsn Mam. whlnh carried a
careo of arms and other munitions, worth of fuel, rather than ten or f If-
now turns upon the character of the teen cents worth as when you have
merchant to whom the arms were to use a stove of any sort. You can
consigned. It Is believed that he is take this flatlron into any room oi
sympathizer -of the revolutionists tne nouse, out onto tne porcn, out
feet night lamp, as there Is no gas.
there is from a kerosene lamp,
to make the bed room a hot-bed of
disease.
There is another great boon to the
housewife in the alcohol flat-iron,
which will burn only about a cent's
IT'S FREE
"SEND FOR IT NOW "
The Best Fruit Tree and Berry Plant
Catalog in the Northwest
J. J. BUTZER
192 Front St., Portland. Oregon
Furnish Your Home
Without Cost
With PREMIUMS Blven FRP.K for CARTON TOPS
and SOAP WKAll'EKS from
"20 MULE TEAM" BORAX PRODUCTS
SOME Of OUR PREMIUMS
Leather Goods. Pocket Bookn. Pump. Hand Bane,
01uit(linP3, Hitlf. I'ukim, Trunks, foil ir and Cuff
t'Hwes, liuzur Strops, Trnelimr Hush, loilet nnd Sw
inp Cjihoh, Rain Couth, CuihrtiHufl nml KuliHr Goods,
Jewelry. Clocks. W atcheu, Chtifnfl. Kiniw, Fob
BrnochoH, Bnrreues, Hide Cotubn, BnKwIuts, Neck
Chain. Ktv.
Silverware. Ten Fpt. Coffee flotu. Mugw, Pwk Seta.
I k HtundH. Cuke Wnln-a. CimllitickH, let Pi toilers,
Snlt nnd Pt'i'l'tTH, Mititkiu KIiilth, Jtmel Hose.
Knives, Fork and Simons, etc.. Ciiriir nnd Cltfarett
Cnsett, Puff BoitiB, Comb and Brush Nets, Muniuurc
Sett.
Glacaw&re. Ntipplen, Vnset, Hpoonholdeni, Celery
I letn. Tumble.
Boxing GIovoh. Tool Chots, Biiwilmll and Foot I tall
Coods. Caiuerua, Phonography Banjo, Guitars,
Books.
Furniture, Rurh. Lace Curtains, Cutlery, Lamp
Baby Carriages, Beds.
Send for 40 pare FRFF catalogue listing
over 1000 articles given fREC for premium.
Ferpv'a 1908 Sd Annual will h mailed FREH Addrenn
Mtfr'Vii'J! Pacific Coast Borax Co., Oakland, CaL
JTlower Seeds. InTaluable to ail. Send for it. I - You can eet sofonriirl nromium fnr inn
D. M. FERRY 4t CO., Detroit, Mloha
Pwrry'B Seeds
are the best known
the most reliable eeeds erown.
Every package has behind It the reputation
of a house whose business standards are tho
highest In the trade.
i Coupon values or less, represented by Carta.
ops una soap wrappers.
In China, for whom the arms were
possibly Intended.
KENTUCKY ELECTS SENATOR,
Legislature Elects Governor Brad'ey
After Six Weeks.
Frankfort, Ky.. Feb. 29. Four
democrats, who have stood out from
the party machine, swung into line
with the republican members of the
general assembly yesterday, result-
ng in the election of set-Governor
William O. Bradley, a republican, to
the United States senate. The elec
tion followed- a deadlock that has
held up more than sixi weeks, the
democratic organization supporting
ex-Governor Beckham, while the re
publican members have been as a
nit for Mr. Bradley from the first.
The four democrats who made pos
sible an election have persistently re
fused to vote for Mr. Beckham, and
when they were convinced that their
party would unite on no other man,
they withdrew their support from
scattering candidates and centered it
on the republican choice.
under a shade tree, or anywhere else
that you want to, as you have no
"string" attached to you as In the
electric iron, and yon do not have to
travel back and forth between the
ironing board and the stove, as you
have always had to do, nor do you
have to stand near a hot stove while
you are doing your ironing.
Write to me and I will tell you
how you may procure these splendid
improvements, as the Grange ia an
xious to get people to know of the
advantages to be derived from the
introduction of denatured alcohol
MADE
FOR C
SERVICE
and guaranteed
absolutely
WATERPROOF
OILED SUITS. SUCKERS
AND HAI5
Every garment guaranteed
Clean Light - Durable
Suits 39S Slickers 399
joto tartar outm minwiim
CATALOG nit fOH THIAMINS
A J TCH.H CO BOSTON US
C. Gee Wo
The ell known reliable
CHINESE
Root and Herb
DOCTOR
Hits mode a life ttndy of
in taaf
triii''fv--9ii ?lu"y dUcovered nnd ll gl
Simmm, fufremoJiea;
No Mercury, Poisons or Drugs Used He Curef
Without Operation, or Without ttie Aid of a Knlf
lie Kuiirimtoofl to Curo Oniurrh. Asthma, Lano.
Throat, ltlimiirtnt.nm. Nfrvminntt. Nervous Detdlltri
Hfomiich. IJver, Kidney Tronlilrm:nNoLont Manhood.
Female Weuknp.iR and All Private DiHeaws.
A SURE CANCER CURE
Just Received from Pekin;, China Safe, Sura
and Reliable.
IF YOU ARE AFLIfTF.I). KON'T DELAY.
DELAifS AKE IMNC liUOUS.
COINSULTATIOIN PRBB
It yon cannot call, write for Rynipton blank and olraaj
, E C. O EKWO CHIN KSB UKDlcrNE CO.
162 1-2 i irat Sc. , Cor. Morrikon. PortlonO, Oreaoa
Flense Mention Thli Pnrer.
P N U
No. 10-C8
Agricultural Club Formed.
By J. H. Frandson, Department of Dairying, Idaho
Experiment Station, Moscow.
A sudden impetus was given the
agricultural Interests of the Univer
sity of Idaho on the 19 of December,
1907 when the students of that de
partment organized an agricultural
club. It consists of students deeply
Interested in agriculture, who are
doing all in their power to build up
a strong agricultural college in the
university. It is with a keen sense
of the needs of Idaho that the move
ment is begun. Idaho is one ot the
most rapidly growing states of the
union. Over 700,000 acres of land
have been added within the last year
or two to the grants covered by the
Irrigation companies. This will fur
nish room for thousands of beautiful
homes in the near future. It is ob-
I TTHI writ in a; to advertiser, pleaae
I TT mention thla paper.
Union Men Refused Pardon.
Washington, Feb. 29. The Presi
dent has denied pardons in the cases
P. D. Lenihan, M. J. Plunkett,
Joseph Shannon, William Cutts and
Edwards, members of a labor
union, convicted some mouths ago of : vious that scientific skill will be in
io at ne an iniunction issued bv a . aemana unaer me conamons
United States court Judge enjoining brought about by this extended sys
them and others from interfering tern of intensive farming.
ith the ooeration and business of I A publication known as the Idaho
the Rocky Mountain Bell Telephone Student Farmer will be the club's
Company, at Bulte, Mont. The pen-'main method of interesting the farm
alties iiimnscrt were from three to ers of the state in the work of the
four months imprisonment and, in agricultural couege, ana a is nopea,
some cases, fines.
by this method to get a great many
students from the farms. It is prob-
States Canada'! Potitl n I a-y ln f1"?1 agricultural
Ottawa Ont Veh 2Q rr Thnm PaPer PUUiihubu iu ma colleges 91 lue
Uttana, Ont., eO. Ur. 1nom- nm.tftu.BKt. The first and on.v'tmm.
as, of the Yukon, in the house today Der 0f the present scholastic 1 year
discussed the question of Canada wm come out in a week or ten-Mays,
having the right to take part in tho f The people of Idaho should re
negotiation 01 an treaties oetween gnond with the true spirit of an ener-
Great Britain and the foreign coun
tries. Referring to the British-Japanese
alliance, Dr. Thomas said, in
the event of trouble between the
I'nited States and Japan, the sym
pathy of Canada would go out to the
United States and against the ally of
Great Britain.
getic commonwealth. Send in your
name and address to the Idaho Stu
dent Farmer, University of Idaho,
Moscow, and receive the first copy
free.
1
' '
vs. Quality
jf J In the matter of food you can't afford to I j
I I is right and good but inferior food products
I are dear at any price. ' ' ) )
HBfcaf af' BAKING (
EgtjOjji is economical not Chesp. Try few
Wt&Zm it The best at any price or V
' PHifi Pui your money back.
I.S&'iL JAQUES MFG. CO.
Guarantee
Pure and
Wholesome.
New Claima Brinfe Big Price
Los Angeles. Cal.. Feb. 29. Ad-
Ktacaact.
One quart of chopped boiled beef, 2
vices received In this city today state qnarta of chopped apples, 1 ;int of mo-
that the two original claims at Hart,
San Bernardino county, where 'a
camp was established sir weeks ago.
following a discovery of gold, have
been sold for a deposit of $20,000
cash and a bond for $250,000. The
claims were owned by James Hart
and Bert HItt and were sold to Col
onel Hopkins-.
jaaasa. 1 pint of sugar, 1 teacup of vine
gar or cider, 1 quart of chopped raisins
or corranta, 2 tablespoonfuls of cloves
and cinnamon, 1 nutmeg. 1 fill of but
ter; cook until acalded through, aeal
In (lass Jars until wanted, or pack In
aa artben Jar and cover with melted
lard.
V&SaHr HO T ALL lilliSSl l
HOES AT ALL
rices, ron EVER
MEMBER OTTur null V
BOY8' WOMEN, MISSCS AND CHILDREN.
W. L. Catfcrxm maktm and mora
!" .'. -1.PiJ ami S3.iO etwm
SSTW' A'S"1
, mftMmHf, tit hKtar, Mf tontws irrf
W. L Dooglu $4 Ki $S 6Lt rg Shoes Cannot Ba Equalled At In P ice
toWil m bminn. T.k. Yrt itltwt.t
1 Irom f'""r o an .i 11 woria. lUaa
i, a- lu I fcl.il, imuua, " 1 1