VJ, ot O tlbror ALBANY DAILY DEMOCRAT Established fat 1865 Best Advertising Medium In Linn County THE WEATHER Tonight nd WedncicUy rain. (i VOL. XXVIII ALBANY, LINN COUNTY. OREGON, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 22. 1915. No. 195. NOIE PUBLIC l. ill Not Argue With Austria the Points Involved in the Case. DETAILS ARE IN NO WAY ESSENTIAL The Point Is That Austria En tiroly Disregarded Humane Prinoiples. If y United I'rc.i) WnOiiimion. Dec. II lU. 1'.) Tlic United Slate. ill not arne wilh Austria any points involved in the tlukiuK ol the Ancotia. In I lie urcoml American note to the Vienna noveriiiuenl. made public by Ihc stale dciiartiueiit today, when it wa delivered I" Korcwn Miniiter lliiriau in Vienna, thi uovcruiiient ttates that it mum "renew the definite hut reMiertftil (leiiianns made in its cimtiiiiiuiratioiii uf the sixth of De cember." This second nole. extremely brief, ia friendly in tone, but lcave no doubt of the determination that Austria shall make full reparation for American live U"l mid shall punish the Aus trian suliiiuriur commander whose "ciill'nbiliiy is in any case establish ed." uud whose act, details of which were uiven in t'le Austrian aduiiral ily slateulelit. is held to tie "wilful violation of the rules of international law ami the principles of humanity." I'ollowiiiK is the tiliU:icc of the note: II v the Austrian nilmirality's own admission that its commander torpe doed the Aneoiin uflcr her cuiiinc stopped and paisrnucrs were still uboard, Austria violated international law nml "entirely disrcitard" humane principles which should uoverii sea warfare, in America's view. Details uf I tic siukiuK. and the mat ter of the ticrhhrd, as soiikIiI by Aus tria, ore hence "in no way cssenlial matters of discussion." The commander's culpability ia in any case established. Americans were put in jeopardy by his lawless net The administration holds Austria dors not iiuestion or dispute rccox nied international law nor humane prittciplri, so the United States does not feel called on to debate them. America renews the demands of her original note and "sincerely hopes" Austria will meet theni in a spirit of frankness and with "the same concern for Kond relations" now existing be tween the nation on which the United States makes the demands. A Good One A number of people have been sendinu the Democrat awav to iriendt nnd relatives for a Christmas present. Why not you? "INFATUATION" AN ABSORBING DRAMA Infatuation uf a beautiful young Krl of wealth, social position and refine ment fur a struKKliutf young actor who lacks many of the essential qual ities of the usual type of hero is the powerful story on which "Infatua tion," a Mutual Masterpicturc in four nets, is founded. This heart moving photo drama of love mid devotion, depicting the Slrugles nnd hardships n woman will endure for the man she loves, is adapted from the celebrated novel of the same name written by J.loyd Osbuiirnc and published by llobbs-Merrill company. The play is nt the Rolfc tonight with Msirgnreta Fischer, the Oregon girl, and Harry Pollard, as stars. PORTLAND MOTOR-CYCLE MAN AT ALBANY PRACTICING lid. Carlson, of Portland, was in Ihc city today on his Indian motorcycle, lie was out for n practice. This is not exactly motorcycling weather, nor conditions, hut Carlson was seeing what he could do. lie has entered for the endurance run of about 275 miles around Portland, beginning at midnight, -just as the new year is ush ered in, to end probably about 4 p. m. the same day, and came up the valley to get some practice. As the roads are as muddy as they ever Ret he was certainly getting the practice, and yesterday he got the weather as well. Besides coniinit up. from Portland he made a side trip to Brownsville. Re turnimt he left this afternoon for home, pretty well seasoned for the contest. IS SHORTEST DAYJHEAVIf STORMS LAST NIGHT WINTER STARTS TODAY WITH FEWEST HOURS OK YEAR. Heavy Showers Yesterday Pour 1.30 Incites of Moisture on Albany. This is December 22, the first day of winter uud the shorten day ol the year. From now on the day will gradually increase in IciikiIi and be lorc uiii- knows it beautiful spring with all I sr wild fluwcrs and sun shine will be here. The tun rose at 7:51 this morning and will set at 4:2V this evening, making the da" H hours uud 3H minutes in length. Speaking of weather, Oregon was surely visited by the storm king yes terday. In 1'urtluiid nearly two inch es ol iiiuisture slriiikled Irbm the sky and ul Cascade locks, above The Dalles, it is reported that the precip itation was about futir inches in the 24 hours. In Albany 1:30 inches uf rain fell, bringing the river up to the "(l foot mark, a rise of 2.8 feel in the 24 hours. The total rainfall for the month to date is 7:5 J inches. With the 10.H6 inches in November this pan of the valley has already had over IK inches in two months, over twice as much as fell in the same ncr iod last year. Yesterdiiy's temperature ranged be tween 55 and 42 degrees. Fair wea ther is predicted for tonight and Thursday, wilh cooler weather to night. liastern people who are in the city at the present time and have seen sume uf the storm in the country cast of the Kocky Mis laugh at as sertions by Orcgouiaus that this wea ther is stormy. Cat Law Unjust-r- I'euple bringing wild rat skins to the county clerk's office to receive the homily offered by the state com plain that the law is unjust. To re ceive the bounty the hide must be brought in to the clerk in person, and two people claming bounties this week have travelled over .Ml miles to re ceive a $2 warrant. "They believe the law should be changed to allow the skins to be sent in bv a neighbor, and not have to wait until occasion brings the owner of the pells to the county seat. CITY NEWS 9 . . Sent By Water A number of Albany business men have been bothered by shipments of goods scut by way of Panama, which, because that hotly of water is closed by a big slide, has to go around by the I lorn, causing delay and trouble, con siderable being Christmas goods wanted. Annual Celebration , The annual celebration of St. John's Lodge, No. 17, will take place next Monday evening, when a fine pro gram will he rendered, which all mem bers and their families arc invited to hear. In the program will be music b Wilson's orchestrt of twenty pices and nnd address by Dr. J. K. N. Hell, of Corvallis, chaplain of the Oregon Grand I.oukc fur thirty-five years. Returned from Or. City Mr. Calavan returned last night iroiu Oregon City, where he had bcti i.n a visit with his two sons, who re side there. Busy Place One uf the buiicst places in Albany itccntly hat been the jub office of Churchill The cause was the printing of fifteen hundred copies of the Or: Kun Coumrmnn, one of the hest printcd productions in the state, and seven thousand copies of the pro grams for the Farmers' and Home makers' Week, a big job. To Take Body East The body of the late Mitchell Lane, who died of nppoplexy on his farm near Toledo last spring, nud was buried in Keverside cemetery, will be exhumed today and taken to Michi gan by Mrs. Lane for permanent hrrial. Zumalt Funeral Today The funeral of J. M. Zitmali, who died Monday night nt his homo in this cit, was held at 1 o'clock this after noon in the Foi'tmillcr Funeral Chapel. A large number of friends of the deceased atended the services. The body . was placed in the Fortmiller vault, permanent disposal to be made later. Eugene Captain Here Captain K. W. Collins, of Eugene, an officer of the Coast Artillery Curps, attended drill of the local company last night. Home from E. Q. Miss Cnssie Thompson, who has been visiting nt the home of State Senator C. A. Barrett, at Athcnn, and with friends in Pendleton, and Walla Walla., returned home Inst evening. Miss Thompson reports the wheat country prosperous and every body talking good times. During her stay she enjoyed the pleasures of sleighing, a sport not often found in the Willamette vnlley. TO Attend Grange Several Albany pconle went to Mornin;r Star Grange this morning to be present nt the session of the Linn County Poninnn Granfe, which meets today. State Master C. li. Spcnc, is nrcsent nnd n big time is being cn ioyed. Among those going were C. A. Shaw, Cyrus Walker, nml Archie Miller. CAUSED LOTS OF TROUBLE Centralia Is Under Water at Places; Schools Had to Close; Trains Late. Centralia, Wash., Dec. 22. The en tire north end uf the city is flooded .by the swollen waters uf the Skoo kuiuch tick river, which began to re cede only this aftcrnuuii. Outlier sec tions uf the city are tinder water in places. The police with flathoats iinovcd stranded families. The schools closed. Yesterday the city was com- kjcllcd to furnish conveyances for school children. China ditch was flooded yesterday, but is back within its banks now. Vancouver. Wn Dec. 22. Train schedules arc demoralized as a result of the storm. Trains from the north and cast arc five and ten hours late EPIDEMIC OF GRIPPE IN THE SCHOOLS OF VALLEY Smaller Percentage in Albany Than Other Valley Towns, Shown By Reports. That there has been an epidemic of grippe in the schools of the valley is shown by reports from the differ ent schools. Outside of Albany about the lowest tier ccntage of those out of school on account of illness I has been twenty, some a good deal i more than that. In Albany the per centage has been about 11. The rec ord of the different schools of the city is as foilows: Fast Albany, six ill out uf an enrollment of 44; Madi son, 52 out of 435; Maple, 21 out of lu2. a total of 142 out of 1104. Also two teachers out of 44. In some places the schools were suspended pending the rage of the grippe. Here they have been con tinued. The regular holiday vacation, though, which begins Friday noon, will be welcome, appreciated by stu dents ami teachers. CHICAGO'S BI6 CITIZENS' POLICE FORCE ESTABLISHED 200,000 Private Citizens to Be a Part of the Force of the City. (United Press Correspondent.) Chicago, Dec. 22. A citi7.cn police force 20.tXXi strong, in addition to the regular force, is being formed here today. When complete it will give Chicago the largest police force in the world. According to the plan, suggested by seven millionaires, mem bers of the Industrial club of Chicago, every block in the city will have a citizen police serving without pay. lie will work with the police and health authorities in the district. It is hoped that he will prod into action the careless cops on the regular force. The first duty of the citizen police man will be to gain the friendship of the patrolmen on the beat. His chief work will be observation. He will not have the power to make an ar rest, but is expected to report unsan itary conditions and law violations. Residents in his block will be expect ed to cooperate with hint. "The citizen police force will make Chicago's police department the most efficient in the world." said Louis Damon, secretary of the movement, known as Chicago Civic Coopcrators. "Already the regular police are com mencing to show interest in the pro gram. They have gotten 6.0XX) copies of the city ordinances and arc show ing more discretion in their official acts." Each citizen policeman is provid ed with n card of authority which bears the signature of the nia"or, chief of police and the head of the health department. Two Marriage Licenses Two licenses to wed were issued to day to Wayne Baker, 29. of Peoria, and Lcona Stone, 23, of Shedd; Ingle O. Johnson, 23, of Gates, and Evange line R. Moore. 20, of the same place. CATHOLICS TO HAVE FIRST CHRISTMAS TREE A Christmas tree exercise will take place at the Catholic church Thurs day evening. The reason for the ear ly dntc is that the boarding school closes on that date, and the out of town pupils go home for the holidays. About 125 children will take part in the program ' given before the tree, including the day pupils nnd mem bers of the Sunday School classes. Rev. Father Lnne, who went to Port laud this morning expects to return in Mime to participate in the ceremonies. VILLA HAS NOT UP YET Has Again Put in ' An Appear ance Wjth a Force of Soldiere Near Juarez. RIOTS HAVE CAUSED SEVERAL DEATHS American Soldiers Have Been Ordered to Fire If They Shoot Across Line. (By United Press) lil. Paso, Dec. 22. Several thousand Villisias are reported sweeping into Juarez and plans to surrender the city arc believed to have fallen through. Several were killed in riots. Gen. Villa is reported to be heading the troops. lil Paso. Dec. 22. General Persh ing, commander of the American fore. es, ordered the men to reply if there was .any firing across the line. It is expected Gen. Obregon will control Juratcz tonight. Uaudo. a Villista, who surrendered Juratcz, declared hither rcsisiance meant intervention. One Irundrcd thousand dollars of Car ranza niuncy arrived placting some of the riuters. COMMUNITY CHRISTMAS EVE. EXERCISES FRIDAY NIGHT Program of Merit; Presents Por tho Poor of the City; Everybody Go. Following is the program lur the community Christmas tree exercises, to be held Friday evening, on the old Central school grounds and at the ar mory. At 4:45 on the school grounds Christmas carols will be sung, if the weather is fair, otherwise in the ar mory. At 8 o'clock the following exercises will be held in the armory: 1. Orchestra, "The Good Old U. S. A.." Prof. Wilson directing. 2. Song, "Joy to the World," au dience. 3. Sextette from the high school. 4. German Christmas carols, grades fiom Madison school. . - 5. "What Christmas Means." Dr. White. 6. Gift exercise and orchestra. 7. Group song, Mrs. Weiles class, M. E. choir. 8. Solo. Helen McKillop. 9. Recitation. Dorothy Robnett. 10. Sextette. H. S. 11. Solo. Mrs. H. M. Fagan. 12. Holy Night, audience. ' Conclusion Orchestra. "Around the Christmas Tree." a Yulctide Path ourri. Everybody is welcome to this com munity Christmas, given under tiie auspices of the city Sunday schools. This is a giving Christmas exercise and all who can give any practical present are urged to do so. The pres ents will be distributed among those who are in need. The armory will be open Friday and any one wishing to add to the list of presents will find some one there to take care of the do nation. Rev. F. Howard F'agan is chairman of the Christmas tree com mittee, and will receive cash if any one wishes to give it that way. Cash donations are urged, too. for many wants can be directly supplied in that way. Goods will be called for if the com mittee is notified. Eggs Dropped The hens, appreciating the spirit of the Christmas season, bave been do ing better and the result is a drop in the price of eggs, now 32 cents. Neil Littler Here ...... D. .Neil Littler, of Salem, has been in the city today, while on his way home from a trip south. He is the guest of his uncle. Dr. C. V. Littler. While gone he atctnded the fair at San Francisco, and then went over in to Nevada, being at Reno for three weeks. E. P. Anthony was a passenper to Salem on the morning train. Rev. Arthur Lane went to Portland on the morning train. 9 A Just 295 years ago today our Pilgrim fathers landed at Ply- mouth Rock, where they made their homes, reaching out, grow- ins, developing into the great- est nation of the world, making this the home of the free and the land of the brave. Let us keep it the land of peace. (B MASONS ELECT AND Neil M. Bain Chosen to Head St. John's Lodge For Coming Year. Neil M. Bain was elected to head St. John's Lodge No. 17, A. F. & A. M., at the annual election held last night. Mr. Bain, while not living in the city, comes down from llarrisburg every week, and will make an able pre siding officer. The election was very close, Bain barely winning out over his opponent. 'The officers elected were Senior Warden, John Penland; Junior War den, W. L. Marks; Treasurer, li. D. Cusick; Secretary, Ed. Washburn; Trustee. D. P. Mason. The other of ficers of the lodge arc appointive and will be announced later. After the election the new officers were installed, Dan Johnston retiring Worthy .Master, conducting the in stallation. GERMAN OFFENSIVE RIGHT HAS COMPLETELY FAILED Gen. Hinderberg and Army Re tire After Burying Cannon and Abandoning Supplies. (By United Press) London. Dec. 22. The German of fensive in the Riga region has com pletely failed, a Geneva correspondent says. Gen. Hindenburg has retired after burying his cannot and abandon ing his supplies. It is said that five German divisions have retreated. There is sanguinary fighting near Ux hul. Berlin, Dec. 22. (By Wireless via Sayville) The French forces cap lured the summit oi Hartmannsweil- crkopf by assault, it is officially ad mitted., me Licriuans ciann mcy partly recaptured it. Fighting has been unusually severe ior several days. Kaiser IU. (By United Press) I"- Berlin. Dcii'. 22. The Vaiset. is. ill. and unable to visit the' western Bat llefrom as planned. A "slight infla- mation of the cellular svstcm" the of ficial statement said, was the cause which obliged him to stay inside. I House's Trip. I (By United Press) - I Hot Springs. Dec. 22. The presi dent confirmed Col. Couse's state ment that his mission to Europe was not for peace. It is understood the 'president will make no advances until lie receives intimations rtiat they will 1 be welcomed. Passed Commons. London, Dec. 22. Alter an all night debate the bill calling for a mil lion more troops was tassed by the house of commons. Carson attacked the bill and arriagned the Dardanelles campaign while Ihc members snored. 0 Bank Failure. (By United Press) Pittsburg. Dec. 22. The Pittsburg bank lor savings -was ordered closed by the state banking department. Re ceiver Getty said the closing .is due to the unloading of Kuhn Brothers Securities on the bank two years ago after the Kuhn failure. The bank is rated as having ten millions deposits. The Schmidt Trial. (By United Tress) Los Angeles, Dec. 22. Judge Willis refused the demand of the defense in the Schmidt murder trial, that evi dence relating to eastern dynamite conspirack be eliminated. The defense iput on the first witness this after noon. Sui to Collect Money A complaint and undertaking for attachment were filed by Mary Stone vs. .O. M. Uaker to recover $454 and $60 attorneys lees on note given Dec. 8. 1914. State Tax Survey Filed County Clerk R. M. Russell has re ceived from Secy, of State Ben W. Olcott the state levy of taxes for 1916 for Oregon, as prepared by the state tax commission. The law requires that two copies of these statements he placed on file with the county clerk in each county. BROWNSVILLE DRUGGIST FIRST TO FILE LIQUOR BOND That the new liquor law will make business good for bonding companies; after the first of the year, is the state ment of Deputy County Clerk Chas. C. Curry. The new law requires drug gists to put up a bond of $250 to sell ethyl alcohol, and the first to comply with the law is the City Drug Store. S. R. Stevenson. proprietor, ; of Brownsville. The bond and filing fee were received by the county clerk to day. W. S. C. ON WAY WILL PASS THROUGH ALBANY TO PASADENA. Great Football Game in the South On New Years Day Excites Interest. The Washington Slate College foot ball team left Pullman yesterday, .spent last mglH in buokane, and ! should puss turougu Aluany some time today or tonight for 1'asaueiia, 'Cal., where they play iirown Univer sity, uf Providence, K. i. on New I'Yeaers Day. Twenty players in addi tioin to Coach Win. Dictz, a trainer jaud Manager, with Spokane newspa per men arc making the trip, it is the purpose of the coach to get his men acclimated tu the warm weather of 'the sunny south a week in advance of i the game. The difterence from snow 'and ice of the inland empire to the uarm, mild air of the south i verv coutrasty. Brown University is likewise about to leave the cast, and will also have few days of training in the new cli mate. The two team are about equally handicapped with regard to weather, both being used to the more rigorous climate. W. S. C, however. mayhave a little the edge on trainiiit. jfor Brown has been forced to train indoors on account of the bad wea jther, while the western huskies have ' been having outdoor work ail fall. I Both teams are trained to the finest : point for the game. Both coaches have used every means possible to ! learn of the style of play of their or jponents, and each team is thoroughly primed for the battle. It will be a 'great game, and will attract thousands ''of fans and visitors to the Pasadem festival. The record oi W. S. C. for the sea son is: W. S. C. 28. U. oi O. 3. W. S. C. 29. O. A. C. 0. W. S. C. 40. U. of I. 0. W. S. C. 17. Whitman 0. W. S. C. 27. Montana 7. Brown's record for the past season: Brown. 38. Rhode Island 0. Brown 0. Trinity 0. Brown 0. Amherst 7. Brown 33. Williams 0. Brown 0. Syracuse 6. Brown 48. Vermont 0. Brown 3. Yale 0. Brown 7. Harvard 16. Brown 39. Carlisle 3. SS .. - CITY NEWS. . ' ? 3 3 S Q i) :V S S To Preach Funeral Dr. G. H. Young, pastor of the Baptist church, went to Jefferson this morning to preach a funeral service. Long Time Mr. and Mrs. Philip Swar.k of Al bany, Oregon, celebrated their 68th wedding anniversary the other day. Just imagine living with one woman 68 years! Corvallis G.-T. Hope Mrs. Ingalls doesn't see the above. Basket Ball There will be a basketball game to night at the Central gym at 7:30 o'clock between the juniors and the freshmen to decide the championship of the Albany schools. There will al so be another game after the school same between the Sunday school class league of the Baptist church. The of ficials will be Mr. .McDonald and Mr. Chas. Ohling. Operation at Portland At Portland this week an operation w-as performed upon Chas. Kroeschel, of this city, tor cancer of the stomach. He is reported to be doing well, though tile operation is a very ser ious one. . Escaped Will Moench and Harold Rhodes, two Albany boys, are reported to have escaped from the reform school. They arc expected in Albany almost any time. Supt. Redfield Here I Miss Ethel Redfield, superintendent !of schools of Nez Perce county, Ida ho, has arrived for the holidays, and I is the guest of her father, F. M. Red field, and sister, Mrs. J. M. French. Miss Redfield today paid a visit to the schools in which she was former ly a prominent teacher. Slopped Over the weather must have slopped over up the Columbia, judging from the condition of The Dalles Chronicle which arrived this morning. It was well soaked. Morning Trains Late rvll trains from the north were late to the city this morning. No. 15 was held up an hour and la minutes load ing mail. The Christmas rush is on in full blast. To Visit Son .Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Scars left this morning for Tacoma where thev will visit their son, G. C. Sears, who is manager of the White Rivex Power Plant. Harlan's Trip- Thomas Harlan, founder of the Medlord Mail-Tribune, was here this morning enroute to Blue Lake. Hum bold county, Cal.. to spend the win ter with his son. He is traveling with horse and buggy. Mr. Harlan is 'a veteran of the Civil War and ivas personally acquainted with Ab xaham. Lincoln. Although 81 years of age, Mr. Harlan is still active, and gives lectures on Lincoln. Roseburg Review. Mr. Harlan passed through this city. IC OPEN 10 RUSSIA To Be Condition of Peace As Proposed By Hungaria Declared Today. RUSSIAN BALKAN INFLUENCE MUST BE DESTROYED Hungary Surprised at Ameri can Note; U. S. Offals Optimistic Over Matter. ( By Karl Ackcnnan) Berlin, Dec. IL Hungary is williim to pledge Russia that the Dardanelles will be open to Aussian commerce as a condition of peace. Count Apponyi declared in a United t'ress interview. 1 lie Russian Balkan inline nee must be destroyed, it h insisted. He expressed surprise at America's tone in the An cona note. "Such violent expression are uncalled lor. 1 would have asked America to amend the style and lan guage before making a reply." Apponyi leads the opnosition in the Hungarian, parliament, also is inter national peace leader. We understand why Russia wants this assurance, but I don't see how that menaces our safety," he said. Apponyi believes Russia is the stumbling block in the path of early peace. He said Von Betliinann Hollweg recently opened the way for an allied expression of good will. Washington, Dec. 22. Officials are optimistic over the Ancona contro versy, as a result of the Ackerman in terview with 1'isza scot ring- at the possibility of a break. It is reported that Austria is paving the way to re pudiating all of the admirality state ment on torpedoing the boat. New Auto Agency J. E. warren, ot this city, has taken over the agency for the Saxon au tomobile, and will make his head- lituvncrsjitjhc. JTyJcr-George garage. .r.. ivarrtii n;is renamed tu.e six cyl inder car for demonstration purposes and wilt soon have the 1916 "four" to show. The latter model is made in three speeds this year instead of two speed. Both cars ' are equipped with Continental motors. Demurrer Filed C. H. Wieder. one of the defend ants in the case of W. H. Davis and Worth Houston vs. The First Na tional Bank et al, has filed a demur rer to the cross complaint, alleging that sufficient facts are not stated to constitute a cause ot action against this defendant. HENRIETTA GROSNUN AT THE HUB THEATRE TONIGHT The attraction at the Hub Theatre tonight is "The Supreme Test," a charming society drama by L. V. Jef ferson, and played by -Henrietta Crossman, known to million!! through her great successes "Mistress Nell," "Sweet Kitty Bellairs" and many oth er great stage triumphs. Henrietta Crossman has not only been a leading American player for years, but because of her sweet wom anly presence and gracious charm, she is loved by millions who have seen her in the great Broadway plays nam ed above, on tour, nnd in the highest class stock companies. Released as a Broadway Universal Feature, "The Supreme Test," will be shown in Universal theatres every where. It will please and delight you. It is the story of a wealthy woman interested in slum work, who, after losing her fortune but what follows is best told by Miss Crosman and a strong cast. 'YOUTH" IS OFFERING AT GLOBE THEATRE TODAY "Youth," a Vitagraph Broadway feature in three acts is the offering at the Globe theatre tonight. The story is about a young sculptur who is working to win a great prize, when his wife, who has been his model and inspiration, ceases to inspire him. He coldly tells her that she is too old and looks for a younger mod el. The play has a hapny ending, ' however, and love and justice tri umph I he leading roles arc played by Antonio Moreno and Mile. Val kyrie, too artists of merit. Two good comedies are also shown, an Essanay, entitled "A 11 Stuck Up," and a Vim showing Pokes and Jabs in "The Midnight Prowlers."