MIGHT H A V E
IN DAYS OF OUR
FOREFATHERS
BEEN
W omen P rep a red T heir
Own Medicines
tween the positive leg and the plate
With qulca nods to the loungers who
It will be observed th at th e t part
gazed at him In su rprise Matt Lane
of the cu rren t which flows dowu the
hurried along the street. As be went
negative leg la added to the filament
op the path th at led to his childhood's
current and th at which flows down
home bis h eart sank. It looked too
the positive leg is subtracted from It.
quiet. He tried the door, and finding Electrons Move From Nega Therefore, when the plate battery is
it locked, searched for the key in the
turned on the negative end of the fila
tive to Positive, Expert
old biding place. He v e n t from room
ment gets ho tter th an the positive
to room, but with sinking hopes. He
end. It would seem th a t the averuge
Explains.
noticed the le tte r on the tRble, and
change In the filament tem jiernture
disregarding th a t it was addressed to
iSS »» L> J. W a ,.i. )
should be nil. but, actually, the effect
By RADCLIFFE PARKER
his brother and sister he opened and
of the application of the plate battery
In Radio World.
V HA 1.ANK crossed the th resh read the brief farew ell. Lying beside
The meaning of alectrlc current Is to decrease the total effective fila
old and «at down mute be It were ¡he le tte rs from Will and Nel
has undergone a change during ment cu rren t by an am ount th at will
fore the question In her hua lie, and he read them.
the
last 25 years. It was formerly visually change tne filament tem pera
band's eyes. Finally he spoke.
“T he In g rateal
The cold-blooded
ture. T here Is very little difference
“W ell?" She ahimk her head. “ Me Ingrates! I never dream ed but they assum ed that something flowed in the
conductor and th at th at som ething between the cases where the negative
says he cannot wait any longer. He would look a fte r th<m till I came
says the m ortgage Is long past due. home. I must find out where they moved from the positive to the nega of B Is connected to the positive A
tive poles of a battery or generator. and where the negative of B Is con
both on the house and on the furnl h.ive gone.” As he hurried down the
ture. He says the only sensible thine street lie alm ost collided with John Inside th e battery or generator the nected io the negative A.
T here Is never uny altern atin g cur
for us to do is to go and live with H arris, the neighbor who had spoken flow was, of course, in the snme
direction but from the negative to the rent In tne p late circuit of a vacuum
our children.
Our c h ld lre n !” bit to his fath er th a t morning.
positive. Now an electric current is tu b e : the cu rren t Is alw ays In one
terly.
“ Well. If It ain ’t young Matt Lane, known to be a stream of electrons direction, from the plate to the fila
The old man sm ote his hands to and looking ¡Ike a million dollars. He
moving in the wire or other conduc ment Inside the tube and from tjie
gether In despair. “If it had not been shook the m an's hand heartily. "Guess
tor. T his stream does not move from filament to the p late outside the tube.
for my sickness we might have m an you’re looking for your pa and ma?
positive to negative, but in the re T here may be an altern atin g compo
aged. Oh, God I It Is aw ful to be They went for a boat ride this morn
verse direction. It would be logical to nent of the plate current, which merely
old and sick and poor.
Ing. and I guess they ain 't back yet."
re-deflne the poles of a battery or gen m eans th at the direct cu rren t rises
“S trange you didn’t get any word
“Mr. H arrla,” said Matt anxiously erato r so th a t the electrons would and falls at a certain rate, like the
from Will or Nellie when you told ’em “1 Just found this note. What friend move from positive to negative, but
tides In the ocean. W hen one speaks
we were going to be turned out?” She do they mean they are going to live this change would necessitate a com
of the altern atin g cu rren t In the plate
said nothing, and he studied her face. with? We have no relatlvea th a t I
plete revision of electrical conven circuit of a tube one m eans the v aria
“Mother, did you hear from the chil know of.” H arris read the letter, tions. Now an electron is negatively
tion In the level of the direct current.
dren?” A spasm of pain sw ept her glanced quickly at the young m an's
charged; it would be necessary to call This Is known as pulsating or fluc
face. “M athew, I Just couldn't hear face, then read It again.
It positive.
tu atin g D.C.
to tell you, ami I guess you’ll have to
’•Guess, we’d b etter take my power
Any extensive change In conven
D C and A C Reading*.
know. Our children have no room boat and try and locate ’em.” he said
tions would Introduce endless con
F or example, If the direct current
for us."
quietly, and w ithout w aiting for the fusion for a long time, and rath er
T he old man stared a t her In younger m an's assent made off with th an to pay such a heavy price to In the plate varies regularly between
shocked Incredulity.
“M yra!
Out long strid es to the lake. As the boat correct a m istake it Is more conven 11 and 1 m illiam peres about the mean
children said th a t? " T he look on her sj>ed through the w ater he asked: ient to distinguish between an electric value of 0 m illiam peres, then the al-
fuce convinced him, and his head sank '’How coine you came home Just now?
current and a stream of electrons.
on his breast. He raised pathetic eyes Grace said you w ere jdunnlng *o come
We still retain the old definition of
to hers. “Mother, I wished we might next month and su rprise the old
an electric c u rren t and say th a t it
have died before we knew t h a t Our folks."
flows from positive to negative. Then
Will and Nellie! I knew they were
W ith worried eyes scanning the wa we say th a t the electrons move in a
selfish, but I never thought they’d ter the o th er ex p la in e d : “I had n tele
stream in a direction opposite to th a t
do th a t.” He covered his fuce with gram from G race telling me th at I
of the current, that is, they move
trem bling hands.
had b etter come at once. I had told against the cu rren t like a school of
“Oh, Mathew, don’t take It so hard her not to let on to them th at she
flsh swimming upstream .
Yet the
O f course they each had reasons, an(t knew where I was, but she was wor
electrons constitute all of the current.
expected the other to take us. Nellie rled about them, and wired me. 1
T his way of looking at It does not
said th at with such a houseful of have traveled night and day. I am
necessitate changing any of the old Diagram illustrating the flow of cu r
young people as she had she thought doing well In the West. Mr. H arris
conventions shout current and accom
rent in the filam ent and plate cir
Will should take us, and Will's wife and have a fine home b u ilt It will
panying phenomena, and everybody
cuits (left). In the vacuous space
w rote th a t their apartm ent was so he ready to tak e G race and mother
knows w hat Is meant. T hus "cu rren t”
the . plate cu rre n t flows from plate
small, and Nellie having a big house, and dad back with me. Of course
la purely a fictitious conception but It
to filament. At right le diagram il
she thought we had b etter go there.“ Grace told you. hut I was planning a
Is very convenient to tulk and read
lustrating the flow of grid current.
She hesitated for a moment, then with big surprise for them. T hat Is why I
about the Action.
When the grid is positive the cu r
her hublt of facing things squarely didn’t write, but I had no Idea they
The Filam ent B attery
rent flows from filam ent to grid in
she went on. " I’ll have to tell you. were—” lie stopped and turned his
the external circuit and in the
When a battery Is connected across
Mathew. We have used ou“ lust dol fuce away.
vacuous space it flow* from the grid
la r and there Is no f< ■><! In the house,
Mack und forth H arris drove the the filament of a vacuum tube the cur
to the filament.
even If Morley had let ns keep the powerful little boat. They saw row ren t flows through the filament in the
house longer. I ain—I am afraid we boats, ca n o e s,. motor boats, hut no direction shown by the arrow s In Fig.
will have to go to the poorhouse, glimpse of the old flat-bottomed punt 1, th at Is from the positive pole to tem a tin g com ponent of the plate cur
or—” She stopped, afraid to say what they knew so well. At length H arris the battery to the negative. Inside the rent lias an am plitude of 5 niillliun-
w as In her mind, but he spoke with put the fear of both of them Into b attery the cu rrent flows from nega peres und Its effective vulue when its
unaccustom ed resolution
“We won’t words. “You know. M att, th at boat tive to positive to com plete the form Is reg u lar Is about 3.5 uiiUluin-
peres.
go to the poorhouse, Myra. We have was good, and they couldn’t sink It. c irc u it
If the frequency of the variation In
alw ays tried to do what wag right and D on't seem as If they were strong
Around the heated or Incandescent
the
direct plute cu rren t Is lurge, say-
bore our troubles without com plain enough to row very fa r.”
portion of the conductor In th e evacu
over 20 vibrations per second, then a
ing. and I know the Lord won't hold
They moved slowly along, anxious ated space there are many free elec
It against us If we refuse th at cup ly scanning the shore for a drifting trons. These electrons shoot out from direct c u rren t m eter placed in the
We a re so old th at It could not he shabby old b o a t Then, as they round the fllnment to a certain distance and plate circuit would give an indication
for long anyway, and no Lane ever ed a point, they saw It. It was pulled then retu rn again. The ho tter the fila of 0 m illiam peres, or the meun value
w ent to the poorhouse.” His wife’s up on the hearch, and sitting on the ment, the more electrons shoot out of the varying p late current. Lf an
face brightened. "I hoped you’d feel sand In the scanty shade of a clump from It and the fa rth e r they go before altern atin g cu rren t m eter Is placed In
th a t way, Matt. It cannot be so very of cedars was the forlorn old couple. they return. No doubt ns they shoot tile p late circuit the Indication will he
wrong.
If young Mntt were here Myra had spread her cloak for her out and fall back they also d rift to about 7 milliam iieres. T h at Is the
things would be different." T he old husband, and he lay asleep. She hart ward the positive end of the filament heating effect of the en tire fluctu
man sighed. “ Yes, he wus alw ays a unwrapped the picture of her children under the Influence of the filament atin g but direct p late current. That
would be the Im portant thing In choos
good boy. but a rover. I wish we and held It In trem bling hands.
battery. T hat Is, they do a hop. skip
ing
tran sfo rm er and loudspeaker con
might have seen him again."
When the motor boat shot toward and Jump act from the negative to
ductors, because they would have to
In the m orning Myra rose, bathed the shore she looked a t It dully. Then the positive <nds.
and dressed herself In her best. She as she recognized the tnll figure run
Now suppose th a t a p late battery be carry this c u rren t continuously with
then aroused M athew and assisted nlng across the sand she rose to her Inserted in th e circu it as shown I d out undue heating of the insulation or
of the w ire itself.
him to barhe anil dress hlinself In his feet. At the realization of what might
Tlie im portant thing from the point
decent black suit. This done she made have be*>n she put her hands to her
of view of drain on the “B” battery
a cup of ten and tonsted a little bread, eyes and swayed weakly. Itut her
Is the 6-inllllam pere direct current or
all she had. and they ate th eir break son's strong a n a s caught her and
meun value of the plate current. The
fast together. She put the house In crushed her to him. H arris came up.
im portant thing from the point of view
order, then stood In thought, her gaze grinning cheerfully
of output In the loudspeaker Is the 5-
fixed on the picture of her children,
"I Just couldn't make this young
inliilam peru direct current. T h at alone
which hung on th e wnll. She took It stcr w ait till you got home. Mrs. Lane,
is effective in producing a sound.
down, wrapped It carefully, then sat so we thought we d come and find you
T hree-Plate C urrents.
down and w rote a letter.
Talk nbout a best glr; I He couldn't
“Hear Will %nd Nellie,” she wrote even wait to see G race." He gave
T hus In the p late circuit of a tube
“We have to give the house up to Matt a warning glance Hnd bent ovei
we have to distinguish three different
d a y ; so we are going away. Ih> not the old nmn. “Come, wake up, Mr
c u rre n ts: F irst, the mean value of
worry about u \ for we are going to l.ane. I've got a surprise for >ou.'
the fluctuating current, which d eter
a kind friend who will let us n«*ed M atthew I.nne sat up. bewildered
mines the rate of discharge of the “B”
for nothing. If your hrother Mathew Then, recognizing his “hnhy," ns he Ths filam ent cu rre n t (left) flow* battery ; second, the root mean square
from negative to positive inside tne
cornea hack, give him our denr love, alw ays called him. he raised his hands
of the total p late current, which de
battery, but otherw ise outside the
and tell him we thought of him al to heaven. “Now, Lord, I thank Thee
term ines the heating of the load con
b attery. The same Is true of the
wnys.
ductors ; third, the altern atin g current
and I ask Thy pardon for my sinful
plate battery cu rre n t (rig h t). The
com ponent of the plnte current, which
“You Loving F ath er and M other.” doubts." Matt picked his fa th e r up
circu it is com pltted for the B cu r
and
held
hint
close.
determ ines the sound output power.
Thla she addressed and sealed, and
rent through the vacuum In the
But the plate cu rren t In a tube Is
T hat night as they again laid them
put In plain sight. H er preparation*
tubet and thie flow la known as the
never a ltern atin g aa a whole. It al
completed, Myra brought Mathew'« selves down to rest In the home which
“space cu rren t."
ways flows In th e aame direction.
hat and cane, put on her own cloak was really their own now. Mathew
Umler certain conditions there may
and hat, tia*k up the picture ahe had I «aid: "Tell ine, mother, why did you Fig. 2. The plate of the tube becomes
wrup|>ed. and assisted Mathew to rise J decide to put It off till tonight? Did a phsltlve pole, while the (Lament aa also he a grid cu rren t flowing. T b ’.i
Outside, she locked the door, put tin- you have a sort of a —a —w arning?" a whole Is a negative pole. The elec I* exactly the sam e as the p late cur
key under the m at where every one | “No, Mathew, I w aited because It trons around the heated filament now rent and is produced In the snme man
knew where to find It. took her hue would he dark then, and I could not come under the Influence of the plate. ner. When the grid goes positive with
hand's an n In a quaint, ceremonious
your face.” Ills hand sought hers, They are a ttra c te d to It. T h o s e which respect to the filament, the grid he
fashion, and the two walked slowly and then with hands clasped they venture too fa r aw ay from the fila comes a m iniature plnte and It a ttra c ts
down the village street to the shore slept like two tired children.
ment get ruught hy the plate and can electrons. Thla causes a grid current
o f the lake.
not return. The higher the plate to flow from the fllnment to the grid
voltage la the more the free elec outalde the tube and In the reverse
At the w ater’a edge they got Into
A lu n d u m
tro
n s a ttracted to the plate. Millions •Ilrectlon In the vacuous space. When
M athew's »Id boat In which he used
Alundum la an electrically fused
to go fishing.
o f them reach th e p late every second. the grid becomes very much positive
alum ina of exceptional purity and
A neighbor who was working on a great power of resistance to heat, T his Stream of caught electron* con It robs the. plate of some of Its elec
host nearby greeted them. "Well. Mr, which hn* been produced for nse In stitu te s the p late convection current, tron* and. consequently, the p late cur
L i t * ! It Is good to see you out making furnace* and other objects In o r simply the p late current. Thla cur rent decreases while the grid current
again." he called cheerily. “Going fWh which a m aterial able to w ithstand rent flow* from the plate to the fila increases.
Ing?" M athew shook his head gently. excessive tem p eratu re la required. It ment, ac< rdlnff to th e old convention.
ague • In Fig. 2 ahow the direc
“ No; Juat for a little boat ride. John.’’ Is made by calcining bauxite and fu s
C h a r g in g th e B a tte r y
T he neighbor came up to them. “Let log it in a w ater eiwMed electric Mir tion.
The siae of a battery will d e te r
me pu«h the Nmt off. Mr*. I.atie. It nace. The less pure products art-
i-ow C urrent Divides.
mine how often It must he charged,
la too heavy for you."
F
a
rt
of
the cu rren t goes down the but it la a good plan to charge It at
used f o r abraalve purpose«. Alundum
She thanked him courteously, took come* from the furnaces in pig* of positive lug and p a rt down the nega least once a week and regularly. The
the oars, and with steady, resolute five ton* each, which are em shed and tive leg of th e filament. However, best tim e to charge a b attery Is in the
strokes pulled away across the w ater molded with a refracto ry bond of a much m<>-e of It goes down the nega day o r a fte r midnight. *o as to Inter
As th e noon train slowed Into the ceram ic nature. Attempt* to make tive leg 'ue to th e fact th at the volt fere as little as possible with neigh
little lakeside village ah eager face.! articles of cast alundum have bees age between the negative leg and the bora, In case th e type of charger I*
young mao sprang down the stepa. only partially successful.
p lats is greater titan the voltage be em ployer th a t botbera theta.
W HAT
M
Flow of Current
in Vacuum Tube
The wlae pioneer women learned to
gather, In wood* and fields, th e rem e
dies the Indiana
used.
F r o m the
rafter» of colonial
houses, hung great
bunches of dried
r o o t s an d herbs.
F rom t h e s e , in
tim es of sickness,
th e busy m other
brewed sim ple and
pow erful remedies.
From roots and
herbs. L y d i a E.
P in k h a m .a descend
ant of these stu rd y pioneers, m ade her
Vegetable Compound. Tne Deneflclal
iffects of th is dependable m edicine are
vouched for by hun d red s of women.
Mrs. Wm. K raft of 2838 Vinewood
\v e., D etroit. Mich., saw & Plnkham ad
vertisem ent in the “N ew s” one day and
made up her m ind th a t she would give
the Compound a trial. At th a t tim e she
was very weak. “A fter the first bot
tle,” she w rites. "I began to feel better
tnd like a new woman a fte r taking six
bottles. I recommend it to others and
Uways keep a bottle in the house.”
Mrs. G ust Green of 401 Lincoln Park
3oulevard, Rockford. Illinois, found
herself In a condition sim ila r to th at
of Mrs. K raft. “ I was weak and run
down,” she w rites, “b u t the Vegetable
Compound has helped m e and I feel
better now. I recom m end It to all
women who need m ore stre n g th .”
A nother Infant P ro d igy
C atherine
Clclka
of
Blddeford,
Maine, has unusual linguistic ability
for a child of only five yours of uge.
The little girl speaks fluently Rum ani
an, Germ an, French, and, of course,
English.
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Deafness—Head Noises
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a t E a r« “
IN S E R T I N N O S T R IL S
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PolSrr shout “ D E A F N E S S " on rr q u e t
a o leovahi . w c, to n m t at *, n . t .
F rca h t in C u r re n c y
The I'n lted S tates tre a su ry has some
startlin g exam ples of “Inflated" and
'deflated” currency. In th e redem p
tion division la one bill which wa*
"d eflated ' to nearly h a lf It» reg u lar
size when accidentally dropped Into
lye. A nother wns “Inflated" about 5<>
per cent—In size—w hen It paaaed
through heavy rollers In a mllL
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