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Throe hundred years ago Samuel tie Champlaln, the
French explorer, founded the Hett lenient of Quebec. In
commemoration of its tercentenary the city of Quebec
recently hud the greatest celebration In lta history, and
pne of the greatest ever held la the New World. The
City gave itself up to festivities for ten days, and Ca
nadians of both llritisli and Trench ancestry Joined In
making the event one to be remembered. The celebration
was attended by the I'l'lnce of Wales, by representatives
from all the principal governments and by the greatest
collection of warships, comprising English, French and
American vessels that ever gathered In the St. Lawrence
river. The United States was represented by Vice Pres
ident Fairbanks and Kear AdliiK'al W. S. Cowles, brother-in-law
of the President.
Civil, religious, military and naval authorities par
ticipated in the various ceremonies and festivities. There
were huge and costly pageants, fetes, military parades
and naval 'reviews to charm both eye and ear. The cele
bration was attended by nearly all Canada, and thou
sands of expatriated Canadians gathered from the va
Evolution of
the Street Car
Three hundred years ago an English
coal miner laid some wooden beams In
the muddy road leading from his col
liery, for the wheels of his coal carts
to run on ; the other day a coal mine
owner from the same country boarded
an electric car In New York and made
a tour of the subway. The boards In
the muddy road were the ancestors of
hat street car, writes 15. It. Wilson.
The little expedient of the English
miner, which made heavy hauling light,
marked the beginning of the "tram
way," the great-grandfather of the
railway, the tiling which made street
cars possible. These wooden beams
served their purpose very well until
they began to wear out. Inventive
genius was equal to the occasion ; the
wooden ben ins were plated with Iron.
Thin iron bands were fastened to the
top of the beam to take the wear of the
cart wheels. This was all right as fat
es the top was concerned, but the wood
en beams rotted on the bottom ; so they
tnade them out of Iron entirely and laid
them on short pieces of wood which
could be cheaply replaced when they
rotted. To keep the wheels of the coal
carts from running off the rails was
the next problem, and they solved It
by putting llanges on the outer sides of
the rail. In 17.SH William Jessop, the
father of the street railway, took the
flanges off the rails and put them on
the part wheels and the real evolution
f the street car began.
A clumsy omnibus car drawn ov
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PUOPOSED NEW 1 0U B LE-DEl'KF 1
horses made trips over this railway,
currying passengers. The ear was a
big stage coach, or rather three stage
conches lu one, for there were three
compartments, each of which resem
bled a small stage coach, and It had
the name "John Mason" painted above
the center door.
About twenty years later the Sixth
avenue street railway was built and
the street car craze began. It really
amounted to a craze, for thirty street
car companies began business during
the next live years. During the ten
years from lNiiO to 1S70 eighty-five
street railways were built. The census
twenty years later showed 7(0 street
railways In oioratlon. In two years
this number Increased to tS.
The street railway was a success,
therefore It was the object of various
attempts at Improvement, for In Amor
lea, whatever Is a success, must be Im
proved. People wanted to go faster
than the one piKir horse could pull the
car, and so many were sattstled to go
slow that the little car the one horse
pulled would not hold them all. They
made larger cars and hitched two
horses to them, but two horses could
not go any faster than one horse since
they had doubled the size of the car;
ho Inventive genius kept the patent
otHee up nights examining their claims
tor Improvements la street ralhvaji.
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rious foreign countries in which they have made their
homes. The binding of Champlnin on the shore of the
St. Lawrence and his selection of the sjiot on which Que
bec, the oldest French settlement in Canada, is built, were
reproduced. A great historical pageant was given, Illumi
nated lloats npresentlng different events in the history
of Queltee. There were parades In. which the various
crack Canadian regiments took part. Premier Laurler
and other noted speakers made addresses. There was a
review of the English, French and United States vessels
In the St. Lawrence river. Thanksgiving mass was held
on the Plains of Abraham by the Catholics of the city,
headed by the Canadian primate, and thanksgiving serv
ices were held in the Episcopal cathedral. There was a
great shore parade and a scene enacted representing tho
landing of Wolfe's force, the ascent up the heights and
the battle of the Plains of Abraham. Then farewells
were exchanged and the British squadron took its depar
ture. The next day the French vessels followed suit, and
finally the New Hampshire heaved anchor and bude fare
well to Quebec.
IN THE OLD DAYS THE l'ASSKNGBK WAS IN DANGEU OF FALLING
OFF,
l'.UT NOW 11 E CAN HARDLY
The most popular of these Improve
ments were the "dummies," steam en
gines mounted on wheels and boxed up
to make them attractive. Their popu
larity was short-lived .In the cities,
however, but suburbanites consented to
ride behind them long' after they had
disappeared from the city streets. But,
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) "t" BOAO IN NEW YORK CITY.
until Lieut. Frank G. Sprnguo, L S. N.
(resigned), built the tirst successful
electric railway In 1SSS, the "dummies"
were the only things the suburbanites
had to ride behind.
The Cabin System.
The gap between the "dummies" and
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GET OFF WHEN HE WANTS TO.
Sprague's electric railway, however,
was about twenty years wide, and it
was filled with numerous attempts to
help the eagor passengers to hurry.
The first cable road was laid lu San
Francisco in 1S73 by Andrew S. Halli
die, Henry Root, Asa E. Iloevy and
William Eppelshelmer. The originator
of the Idea, however, was E. S. Gar
diner, of Philadelphia, who suggested
the plan some time prior to the actual
building.
The cable served Its useful purpose
for eighteen years, when It was electri
fied by the motor car promoters; that
Is, electric conductor rails were strung
in the cable conduit and the wire rope
hauled out. The dynamo had been per
fected ami electricity was a commer
cial motive power; therefore, the elec
tric street railway of 1888 was a suc
cess. Before that, attempts had been
made to operate street cars by various
kinds of magnetic engines. In 1S35
Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith, built
a railway in Springfield, Mass., over
which he operated a car driven by an
electric magnet motor, and twelve
years later Prof. Moses Farmer brought
out another electro-magnetic motor, but
they never passed beyond the experi
mental stage.
The real beginning of the American
electric street railway system was the
Union Passenger Railway of Richmond,
Va., equipped by Lieut. Sprague and
opened for service on the first day of
February, 1SS8. it was a "troller" line
"trolley" Is the word In use now. City
otlicals soon saw the danger of over
head wires In the crowded city, and their
precautions led to the underground sys
tem, n system that Is familiar to all.
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DAYS LN CHICAGO
D3E3SZD D03 A3 BAB?".
Mow a Woman Outwitted Stony
Hearted Street Car Conductor.
Tills is a real true dog story
He is a pug and a great pet of his
mistress, who Is very fond of his fine
pedigree. One day she discovered that
Teddy could not see as well as usual.
She felt as sad as if he were a brother
or sister and a famous oculist was con
sulted, who told her to bring her pet
dog, to him.
They started, but a great obstacle
presented Itself. Conductor after con
ductor Insisted that the dog should not
ride on his car, says the Portland Ore
gonian; so that It was only after get
ting on and off about a dozen times
that the doctor's office was reached.
Teddy was as quiet as he could be
while having his eyes examined, and
his mistress was told she must bring
hhn every day for a month, and all
would be done for him that was posl
ble. So Teddy's mistress went to a
neighbor who had a small baby and
borrowed an outfit that was not too
dainty. Teddy kept very quiet while
being dressed in the long white dress,
then a cloak and muslin cap, and over
lie face a long white veil.
Thus they started. Immediately upoii
entering a car. If It was filled, up
would jump a man to give the woman
carrying a little baby a good seat.
Teddy never wagged hl3 little curled-
ip tall once, neither did he bark.
Each day the trip was taken with
the same result a good seat and a
very quiet baby.
One day the doctor's offlpc was filled
with people waiting their turn, when a
woman turned politely to Teddy's mis
tress and said: "My turn comes next
and I will wait for you on account of
your baby. It Is so very tiresome to
wait with a baby."
The doctor opened his door at that
moment and called them both in his
private ofllce. He said. "I will show
you the very best patient I have," and
took Teddy carefully In his arms. He'
threw back the white veil and dis
closed the dog's little pug nose and a
pert little face looking out cutely from
.nder the frills of the cap.
Teddy can see pretty well out of one
eye now. His mistress expected a huge
bill for the expert's service, but in
stead she received a receipted bill from
the good doctor with a note saying that,
as Teddy was the" first patient he had
ever treated of royal dog blood, he
esteemed It a great honor to have been
the means of helping him.
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Advertising, says Lily Herald Frost
In the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, is
tho lance with which the modern cru
sader, known as the business agent,
invades -the world of commerce. And
an extraordinarily effective weapon it
is, as the breakfast food people and
the patent medicine houses well know.
The man woh doesn't advertise is
soon a derelict, as idle and useless as
a painted ship upon a painted ocean.
When the advertiser ceases his labor
It is then that the receiver gets busy.
It is when advertising dominates
literature that one feels like protest
ing. The commercial spirit rules the
reading world and thrusts its volumes
upon it with a wealth of encomiums
ind a persistency that usually win.
By such judicious exploitation bookb
are sold by the thousands. Their
names are seen everywhere, in shop
windows, on billboards, placarded along
with brands of cigars or some superior
make of whisky. And they are accord
ed such high sounding phrases of mer
it, of cleverness, of dramatic possibili
ties, that, backed by the author's name
and the Illustrator's art, they present
such visions of oVitght that ever curi
ous mortals must buy them just to
satisfy their curiosity.
On a New Footing.
Absalom Foote, an eccentric old gen
tleman who had grown tired of life In
the city, decided to move to some small
er town, free from, the road of traffic,
the bustle and confusion of the throng
ing multitude, where he could end his
days tranquilly, as became a man of
his age. In casting about for a loca
tion, his eye chanced to light upon the
advertisement In a village paper of one
Thomas It. Foote, who wanted to dis
pose of his boot and shoe store at a
bargain, having made up his mind to
remove to the city.
"That's tho very thing," he said.
"Selling shoes is a nice, easy occupa
tion. It will give me Just enough to
do to keep me from stagnating, and it
won't wear me out with overwork. I'll
Investigate It. It's queer, though, that
his name Is Foote, my name Is Foote,
he wants to come to the city and I want
o go to the country."
A visit to the little town decided him.
He liked its clearance aud location,
lie was pleased, moreover, with
"Foote's Shoe Store" and bought It,
food will and all. at a bargain.
"Well." said the other Mr. Foote,
"you won't have to change the sign."
"No," he answered, slowly. Til just
ndd a little to It."
The next day he added this. Just be
low the sign: "This place has changed
feet"
When a man moves Into a western
town, the thing that surprises him most
Is the great number of men who do
nothing all day but stand on street
"orners and exchange fool opinions.
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A Sweep Itake.
The two main pieces In the frame
of the sweep are made of 2Va by 4 inch
pine scantling; they are 12 feet long
and about 20 Inches apart. The teeth
are made of 2 by 4 Inch scantling, and
are 0 feet long ; they are beveled on the
lower side to slide over uneven ground.
The arms for hitching the whiffle trees
to should project about 2 feet 6 Inches
over the end of the sweep; these are
made of 2 by 5 Inch stuff. The guide
arms Bhould be 9 feet long by 2Va by 3
Inches. Each has about a foot of chain
with a ring on the end to fasten to the
brenst strap of the harness.
The hay guard can be made of 2 by 3
THE SWEEP BAKE.
Inch stuff; this Is raised about a foot
above the sweep to keep the hay from
sliding back too far over the sweep. It
should be braced about four feet from
each end.
The wheels are 18 Inches In diam
eter; and a piece of Inch gas pipe Is
used for an axle. It is clamped to the
teeth, two pins with washers being
used to keep the wheels from sliding
sideways and rubbing against the teeth.
The piece projecting at the back
under the sweep should extend about
two feet; It is beveled like a sleigh
runner ; It Is to keep the teeth from
raising too high where riding on the
empty sweep.
In hitching horses to a sweep that
have never been used on one a person
can get best results by tying the halter
shank to the end of the guide-arms and
making both Hues the same length on
the harness;, then fasten one line to
each ring of the bit. When it Is desired
to turn the horses to the right, simply
hold the off horse back, and drive the
nigh one ahead, and he will naturally
swing around to the right.
In drawing a sweep load of hay on
to the stacker draw it as far ahead as
possible, then back the horses and raise
ends of teeth, and drive ahead again ;
this will pack the hay on the stacker
and less of It Is apt to fall back on the
ground when being raised to the stack.
The most convenient size of stack to
build Is 1G feet wide by about 28 feet
vug. Montreal Star.
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Simple Egg Tester.
The average person evidently Imag
ines that it Is impossible for the dealer
to distinguish between bad eggs and
good eggs. This sup
position Is natural,
lnasmuchas so many
eggs of questionable
lurity reach the din
ner table. If the
dealer desired he
could readily dis
card eggs of doubt
ful age, as ihere are
Eca tester. numerous devices
for testing them. One of the most re
cent Is shown In the accompanying il
lustration, patented' by a Minnesota
farmer.
It consists or a wooden frame or
casing across the top of which Is a
leather support for the eggs, the latter
resting In flexible apertures. In the
bottom of the casing is an Inclined mir
ror. Mounted on the upper part of the
frame Is a light-reflecting hood ii
which is placed a lamp 6r other suitable
Uluniinant. in operation eggs are
placed over the aperture, and the light
falling on the eggs will cast a shadow
upon the mirror If they are unsound
The soundness of the eggs Is indicated
by the clearness of the light that falls
through them upon the mirror.
Learn How to Sell.
Alone the farmer has no more chance
with the market combine than a rabbit
has with a hungry bulldog. Collective
ly he may hold his own and get a fair
price for ils produce. Figure a bit.
Five cents a bushel added to the prlci
of wheat means a gain of $1 to $1.50
per acre. One-half a cent per pound
means a gain of $5 In every 1,000
pounds of beef or pork or mutton. Co
operation In selling will bring these
advances and more. Twenty-five cents
a bushel added to the sweet potato crop
in four years has raised the growers of
Tidewater County, Virginia, from pov
erty to respectable wealth. Southern
cotton growers have made $3,000,000 a
year clear profit above the average by
sticking together. Organization is the
"big stick" of commerce and it is time
for farmers to learn to use it
Sulphar for Rats.
It is said that if sulphur is sprinkled
on the barn door and through the com
as gathered there will not be a rat or
mouse to bother. A pound of sulphur
will bo ufficlent to preserve a large
bars of corn.
Eradicating Wild Mantard.
One of the most pestiferous weeds If -the
wild mustard, but recent experi
ments In Wisconsin seem to give prom
ise that It may. be quite easily and
cheaply exterminated. It has been
known for several years that spraying
a field with blue vitriol would kill mus
tard without Injuring the grain which
Is growing. But. the attendant expense
has been the chief objection to" a "wide
use. The Wisconsin station has been
making some tests with copperas, or
iron sulphate, that Indicate that it Is
quite as effective as the bluestone, and v
Cheaper, as CO cents will furnish enough .
to treat an acre. Similar successful ex
periments have been made with copper
as by the Cornell station. Some three
years ago the California station tried
spraying with blue vitriol to hold lu
check mustard on its cereal plantings
at Yuba City and came to the same
conclusions as did the Wisconsin -station.
At Davis during the present sea
son experiments In a limited way were
tried with copperas, but owing to the
lack of facilities for properly applying
the compound results were not satisfac
tory. The work will be repeated anoth
er time with the most approved appli
ances. Tomatoes from Italy.
Tomatoes are Imported in increasing
quantities each year from Italy. The
quality of these tomatoes is stated to
be good and the prices low. Large
quantities of canned tomatoes are also
shipped now each season from Italy -to
the eastern part of the United States,
and the American shipments to Italyv
are much smaller than formerly. It Is
suggested by one of the leading Import
ers In Liverpool that the American to
matoes are frequently packed before
they are fuliy ripe, and that this prac
tice renders them undesirable for use
The Italian tomatoes are carefuly se- .
lected, and are only packed after they
have attained a ripe and rich color.
Lifting Heavy Timbers.
When It becomes necessary for one
man to "handle a heavy weight, such as;
a log or barn timber which must be
lifted, It can be ttone without a strain
by making use of the trick shown in
the sketch. Using small blocks, build
a crib under the center of the log by
lifting up one end, allowing the log
'"'M&i
fRICK IN TIMBEB handling. '
to balance near the center. When lifted
as shown In dotted outline place an
other timber under the long end, and
then repeat the operation. Farm and
Home. ' :
Keep Digging in the Corn Field -
Some ambitious farmers are anxious
to lay by the corn field very early ; but
it Is not wise, for the grass and weeds
are always more forward to grow about
this season than any other, and the
ground will become very foul where the
corn Is too early laid by and, more than
this, a great proportion of the nourish-,
ment of the crop Is derived from the air
and dew conveyed to the roots. This
can be done only when the surface is
free from weeds.
Invest In a Sprayer.
No farm work pays better than
spraying the trees, berry bushes and
grape vines. Attention to thi$ matter
at the proper time assures Immunity
from Insect enemies and good crops of
perfect fruit are the results. Don't
spray fruit tree while the bloom Is on,
for that kills bees' and bees are valuable
assistants in pollenizing fruits. A
spraying outfit for the farm need not
be large and costly, and will have its
own value the first year It Is used.
Prevent Egg 'Eating by Hens.
In the main the egg-eating habit Is
caused by soft shelled eggs being laid.
The hens get a taste of the egg and
thus form the appetite. To prevent
these bad eggs the fowls should be coni
pelied to exercise and there should b
such feed given that will supply plenty
of lime," and In addition a small trough
of cracked oyster shell should be con
stantly within reach of the fowls so
they can help themselves at will. .
The Garden in the Fall.
Just as soon as any crop of vegeta-,
bles is finished In the garden spade the"
location, and If any seeds are in the
soil many pf them will sprout If so,
go over it again, which will save much
time and labor In the spring. Late
summer and fall Is the proper time to
clean a garden, especially If weed seeds ;
are to be gotten rid of.
Genera Farm Notes.
Sour swill is not fit for hog feed.
The early fruit catches the big pri
It takes nerve to thin fruit, but It"'
pays.
Too much corn will produce thampa j
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Dry soil is one of the first requlsltii
for sheep farming. J
Select the pigs for breeding from tfct .
sow with the largest litter.