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TH E WORLD’S
GREAT EVENTS
ALBERT PAYSON TERHUNE
by D o d d . M « a d A C u m p A n /J
R ic h a rd I I I
»
ICHA RD 111—hero and scoundrel;
*
genius and degeuerute, great king
sud greuter criminal — stands out
through all time as the "heavy vil­
lain" of medieval England's history
dram a: And that same drama was one
of the bloodiest and most turbuleul
ever enacted.
During the four centuries since the
Norman Duke William hud conquered
Euglund many changes hud come to
the island kingdom. Most Important |
of these was the substitution of Eng
llsh for French as a court and na­
tional language. The Noriuaus had
tried to uiuke England a French-
speaking nation. The stubborn Saxons
had refused to give up their cruder
native tongue. Little by little, thanks
to this resistance, the earlier English,
modified by certain French words and
lingual forms, became the accepted
tongue of the country. This was prac­
tically the same as the English we
speak today.
The Black prince's son, Richard IL
was deposed by his cousin, Henry of
Lancaster (son of the Black prince's
In dustrious C o u n try W om en of S alvado r.
younger brother), who took the throne
( P r e p a r e d b y th « N a t i o n a l O a o « r a p h l«
as Henry IV. The usurper's son,
Italians and German«, having married
S n c la ty . W a s h in g to n , D . C .)
Henry V. conquered nearly all of
lutn the old Spanish-Colonial families;
ALVADOH, the only Central but the musses are of Americ stock,
France and died while still a young
Ainerlruu member of the newly with u Spuniah admixture—that atock
man. His Infant son, Henry VI, was
elected League of Nations coun­ w e loosely call Indian.
Salvador
called king of France as well us of
cil, it the smallest American boasts of having very little Afrlcau
England. But while he was still a
youth Joan of Arc roused France to 1 ^public.
blood.
cast off the British yoke. Then, hav- i k* Salvador, as the people them­
Often on the highway one meets a
ing no longer a foreign foe on whom to selves call their volcano-girded, forest- bronzed man or woman with those pro
vent their aggressive, warlike tempers, fringed country, lies on the west coast uounced features and unique profile
the English turned against each other
Central America, a week s sail by typical of the undent Muya people
coastwise steamer uorth from Panama. whose temples. In Jungle-dad rulu, are
In a series of civil wars. ’
it la the only country betweeu Can­ strewn from Honduras to Yucatan.
The cause uf these conflicts was as
follows: Henry VI was weak and ada ii.id Colombia without an Atlantic Such place names aa Chalateuango,
semi-imbecile. The powerful duke of aa well aa a Pacific seabourd. It has Cjsecullan, Usululan, and their like
York claimed descent from a brother I lie densest rural population on the hark hack to the shadowy past.
In the evening guests at country
of the Black prince older than the mainland of the Americas, with l,4(Xl.-
bouses sit with their hosts under a
brother from whom Henry was de­ (XX) people occupying an area no larg
brilliant canopy of stars, listening to
scended. He therefore declared him­ er than the slate of New Jersey.
Sailing along the Salvador coast, alluring Spanish songs with guitar ac
self rightful heir to the throne, and
went to war to make good hla title. one’s first characteristic view of the conipauliuent and sometimes a sere
His followers adopted the white rose country la likely to Include the vol­ nsde by the marliuhu playera.
Life In the Country.
as their badge, while the Lancastrians cano Ixalco; and not unlikely It will
Most of the people live ln the health
(Henry’s adhereuts) wore red roses. he seen In eruption, for It sends out
The contest thus became known aa flows almost ss regularly as the Old ful uplnuds, the volcanic region. San
“The Wars of the Roses." It bqgan In | Fal“ ,ful geyser of Yellowstone park Miguel, one of the highest of them
1458 and endured off and on for thirty I 8en(ls out steam and water.
volcanoes, has an altitude of 7,000
yeara_
Seafaring men called Ixalco "The feet. Nearly the entire country la
The duke of York wee killed at the ^'«hthouae of Salvador." To the Sal- suitable for cultivation, the soli, con­
Battle of Wakefield, 14(10, but his vudorlaus this active volcauo was sisting mainly of decomposed lava, be
three sons, Edward. George and Rich known formerly as “The Safety Ing exceedingly fertile. This, and the
ard, kept up the strife.
Success fell Valve.” They believed that Its dally fact thut the majority of the people
first to one faction and then to the eruption assured their dellveruncs are land holders, accounts for the
other; and Intervals of peace re­ from severe earthquake and devastat­ teeming population, the Industry and
curred ; but In the main the nation ing lava flow Then caine the fateful contentment to he noted everywhere.
One of the oldest of the products,
had little breathing space. At length, day when Ixalco ceased erupting, fol­
at the battles of Barnet and of Tewkes lowed by those terrible earthquakes long the chief export of the country,
bury, 1405 (where on both occasions which la part demolished the capital, Is Indigo. This native plant (llqulllte)
Richard led the Yorkist's vanguard to 1 while another, heretofore doruiaut, supplied the dye of the ancient Inhabi­
victory). Edward wholly routed the : volcano In a densely populated district tants. Sugar now ranks as an Irnpor
Lancastrians and was undisputed rocketed forth a living stream of Are. lent export. In the days of the forty
king of England, with the title of Ed j which completely destroyed towns and nlners, the greater part of the rum
ward IV. His brother George, who flncaa (estates), and for miles around consumed by the California miners
had once turned traitor but had come j covered that season's coffee crop with came from Salvador. Klee, like sugar,
was brought from the Old world; hut
hack to the Yorkist cause, was duke ' a line lava dnst.
If one enters Salvador through cacao, corn and tobacco, are tndl
of Clarence, and Richard, the young­
est brother, was duke of Gloucester. Acajutla, he will disembark In an open genous. Turkeys are kept In (locks In
To make Edward's throne more se j
■ mile out at sea aud go the tobacco fields lo devour (he worms
cure. Henry VI and the letter s son. f “’ hon‘ ln » laanch' rrom thl* he and luaects on the tender leaves of
Edward, prince of Wales, were mur­ must be hoisted to (he pier by a crans the plants.
Corn and heana are the staple a r­
dered. The crime Is generally laid at In a swinging chair.
A visit (o a country estate In the ticles of diet among the poorer classes
Richard's door, as Is the subsequent
murder of George, duke of Clarence.
hills of the balsam coast Is Corn rakes (tortillas), sturdy cousins
Edward IV died In 1483. leaving hla a moat delightful experience. The of our hot cukes, form the plate on
two little sons under Richard's | house of such an estate will probably which the frljoles are hen [red
Coffee Is prepared In the form of a
guardianship and appointing Richard be set In a magnificent forest of giant
"Lord Protector of the Kingdom" dur­ I balsam trees, whose trunks bear scars strong extract, a teaspoonful or two
i made by a praColumhlan people, who being added (o a cupful of hot milk.
ing the elder son's minority.
Richard thus found himself with tapped tbern then for the scented Among tropical fruits 1« the delirious
only two lives between him and the halm In much the same method em­ nlMpero, Ihe fruit of the tree Achras
ployed today.
as pot a which supplies the u p known
crown of England. He laid his plans
Balsam and Coffee.
commercially as chicle, the basis of
with a demoniac Ingenuity and set
The balsam tree, one of the most chewing gum.
out at once to fulfill them. Uls first
In the cattle country cattle are not
step was to execute on various pre­ beautiful of the tropical forest. Is cou­
texts such noblemen as were adher­ sin to the acacia. It grows rather Iso­ only abundant, hut seem to thrive with
ents of Edward's two boys. Then, by lated from Its neighbors, even from Its little or no attention. Beef la mod
lobbying, threats and false claims, be kind, Its graceful branches high above erate In price. As in all tropical coun­
caused an Irregular election to be held the ground. Native to the west roast tries, meat must here he rooked and
and had parliament proclaim blm king of Oeutral America, It has been ex eaten the day the animal la killed.
Gold and sliver rank high among
The two little princes, Edward's sons, plotted only In Salvador, where It
wers put out of (he way, presumably grows In a limited area of 750 square Salvador’s products. Up-to-date meth
by Klchsrd's hired assassins, and the mllea. It has of late years been In­ oda ln gold mining were Introduced
twenty five years ago, when an ener
“Lord Protector.” having waded lo the troduced Into Ceylon.
The method of (lie balsam tappers getlc American engineer obtained a
throne through his kinfolk's blood,
began his reign ss King Richard III. Is primitive. Although the tree holds property of high grade ore and In
To the surprise of all, he governed the sap all year round, the tapping takes stalled, with British capital, a most
place only In tlx dry season The out­ complete equipment. Later, acquiring
country Justly and wisely.
a large tract of low grade ore. he
Rut the beaten Lancastrians were er bark Is first cut with a blunt Instru
growing restive. Their party's only ■nent, leaving the Inner bark ex|>osed. agreed to permit government students
remaining claimant to the crown was the flow of sap being stimulated by to complete their studies In mining
and metallurgy at his properties.
Henry Tudor, esrl of Richmond. Odd­ the application of a burning torch.
In the C a p ita l C ity .
After several day« the sap exudes
ly enough, be also had a strong trace
Ran Salvador, tha capital, with 75,-
of the ancient British blood, thus slowly, but steadily. Cloths attached
uniting In himself the Norman and to the wounds, having become Impreg (MX) Inhabit ahis, la connected with (he
early English strains. He had been nated with the halm, are collected, port of Acajutla hy an English rail
banished, but to 1485 he returned to thrown Into boiling water, aud sub­ way. It Ilea «8 miles Inland and a
England and drew to him a powerful jected to heavy pressure. The crude little over 2,000 feet above the sea
faction. Richard, at the head of s balsam settles at the-bottom and the The railroad crosses Ihe territory dev
astuted hy the 1917 lava flow from
large army, marched In person against water Is then poured off.
him The two forces met at Bosworth
The balsam. Inter clarified through the volcano, Sun Salvador.
The capital, even In the shadow of
on August 22. 1485 After a hotly the evaporation of Impurities, Is
contested battle. In which the king packed In metal cases for shipment to Its smoking namesake, was quickly
performed prodigies of valor. Rich- Europe and America, where It Is used rebuilt. Although founded In 1528, It
mond won a decisive victory. Rich­ for medicinal purposes and as a basis has quite s modem air. While one-
ard was slain on the field. Richmond for |>erfuuie. Every morning at such story structures predominate, there
came to the throne as Henry V II, and an estate a servant walks through are a number of splendid government
atrengthened hts cause hy marrying j the lioui e waving a burning balsam and municipal buildings of reinforced
Princess Ellxsbeth of York, thus unit- | branch. One lives In an atmosphere concrete and several fine parka Be­
cause of tragic lessons of the past, the
Ing the rival bouses of York and Lan­ , deliciously perfumed.
In the coffee tree, however, with Its cathedral la constructed of wood
caster.
pointed to resemble si one.
Richard I I I Is described by Shake­ j creamy flower and ruddy berry, rsth
T lx main market overflows Into tha
speare ana other Sixteenth century er than the rare balsam, lay the
writers as a dwarf hunchback. This wealth of the planters. A few seasons surroundlug streets Besides tha na­
Idea la absurd. No man so handi­ j ago Salvador's coffee output totaled tive merchants, Chinese, Turks and
capped could have performed the per­ 78,000.000 pounds It goes mostly to Armenians are la evidence. Dell
caries In the fond line, unfamiliar to
sonal feats of strength and valor that I France and the United Slates
The Salvadorians should erect a us. are fresh water shrimps the size
were ascribed to him. His character
presents one of the strangest para­ j monument to the Brazilian school of small lobsters tortoise eggs, and
doxes of history. He was conscience- i teacher who, In 184«, brought the cof- snails.
City property pays a ta i. but rural
less, devoid of scruple or honor, fe­ | fee tree there from Ids own country
rocious. cruel and bloodthirsty even , The day he planted that first coffee property pays nothing to tha state and
for those Iron times Yet he eras a tree In his garden he laid the corner only a small sunt to ibe municipal au
thorltles. The main Inconx of tjx
wise and Just king, a general second stone of SalvHdorlan prosperity.
The Salvadorian aristocracy Is of state comes from (he ex|»>rt and lm
to none, a tier» In battle, and of mar-
Spanish and other European blood. port duties, the exports sx-eeding tha
vetous mental attainments.
I mauy Britisher«, Frenchmen. Itelgtaua, Imports
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I ' p p r r — r r o p o g r t l n e w h n ild ln « f o r t h e I ' n l t e d Mt A t m S n p r e m e c o u r t.
I x f w a t — T h e S u p r e m e C o u r t o f t h e I n lte d S t a t r » : » t u ix lln « . l e f t to r i g h t : J u n tlo e « K d w n r tl T e r r y S ta n fo r d . G e o rg e S u th e r la n d ,
F ie r c e
B u t le r a n d
H a r la n
F to k e S to n e .
S e a te d , l e f t t o r i g h t . .lu s t I c m J n m a n C l a r k M r K e j n u ld a . O l iv e r W e n d e ll l io lm e e . C h ie f
¿ « •d e e W illia m
H o w a r d T a f t , J u » tl ce W i l l i » V a n B e v a n t e r , a n d l o u t » O e m b ltc B r a n d e !« .
T LAST we're going to pro­
vide a permanent home for
our highest Judlciul body—
the Supreme Court of the
United States. It came to
Washington In 1801, and
since that time has been
housed within the walls of
the national capltoi.
Its
,
present home, despite the
bonds of an Intensely historic past,
has been outgrown.
Throughout America the small town
courthouse Is generally the show place
of the community, hut In Washington
the visitor has a difficult time In lo­
cating the nation's courtroom.
And
when It Is found It proves not only
physically unattractive hut also In­
adequate for the purpose it must
an almost unnoticed doorway, Over "The death of some of our most tal­
It Is a shield of the United States.
ented Jurists has been attributed to
Inside this doorway is the court­ (his location of the courtroom, and
room of the United States Supreme It would he but common justice In
court.
It is much like any other , congress to provide better accommo-
courtroom. Behind the long bench In 1 datlons for Its sittings.”
the fore part of the room sit the Jus
Finally, In 1859, It was proposed
tlces In coinfortuhle leather chairs. ' that the old senate chamber be used
with the chief Justice in the middle for the court, together with severul
In front of the bench are places for adjoining office rooms. The sugges-
counsel. Toward the rear Is a semi- , tlon was severely criticized, one sena-
clrcle of seats for visitors. The room's (or remarking, "Now I would like to
capacity Is scarcely 15(1 persons
know what use there can be for four-
Faclng the courtroom, on the oppo- j teen rooms for the Supreme court."
site side of the corridor, are two The proposal carried, however,
rooms occupied by the clerk of the ! The old chamber, now the court-
court and his ahis. Here Hre found [ room. Is indeed historic. There, on
the names of those admitted to pruc- j May 12, 184«, (he senate passed "An
tlce before this tribunal.
Next to i set providing for the prosecution of
these rooms, on the north. Is the rob the existing war between the United
rve.
Ing room, lined with portraits. Indud- i Stutes and the Republic of Mexico."
This situation will be changed If the I lug several of John Marshall. Here There, on Murch 7, 1850, Webster n
next congress sees fit to provide an j the Justices go to don their robe- he and began. "Mr. President, I wish to
appropriation for a new temple of Jus­ fore tiling Into the courtroom, In the I speak today, not as a Massachusetts
tice of which the nation can be proud. order of their Hpi>olntment, hehiuil man, nor as a northern man, but as
The proposed site lies Just across the the chief Justice.
an American.
I speak today
plaza east of the capltoi, easily visible
Below In the basement Is a con- I for the preservation of the Union,
through towering trees from the halls ference room, where the Justices
One of the most dramatic scenes
of congress.
This site at present Is I gHtlier to discuss cases. Because of witnessed in the chamber occurred
occupied hy an apartment building lack of other space, some 16,000 vol- when Representative Brooks of South
and the “Old Capitol" structure, now umes are crowded Into this room, j Carolina approached Charles Sumner
headquarters of the National Worn 1 Across Ibe hall Is the library of the ' of .Massachusetts, as the latter was
an's party.
court.
j seuted at his desk after the day's pro-
The present facilities are utterly ! reedlngs. Referring to an address de-
On this historic spot it Is proposed
to erect a building which will be ade­ Inadequate. There is not even enough llvered hy Sumner on slavery. Brooks
quate for the needs and In harmony room for each justice to have a prl- i said, “You have libeled my state and
with the dignity of the United States vate office. Justice Sutherland and I feel It to he my duty to punish you
Supreme court. The late Henry Ba- ! Justice Sanford have a room at the for IL"
con had drawn the plans for the new capltoi and Justice Stone has one in
lie then struck Sumner repeatedly
•tructnre before his death early in i the senat" office building, but the | with a heavy cane. One who test!
1924. Bacon's masterpiece Is the Lin- other members of the court maintain fled at the resulting Inquiry re­
coin memorial. After flolshing it he - their offices at their private rest- marked. “The same licks on an ordi­
declared there was only one more 1 dences.
nary skull would have smashed right
work he would like to do— a tyilldiug 1 The Supreme court first met in New j through." Sutnner apparently had no
city in February.
1790. No huai- 1 ordinary skull, and he survived to
for the Supreme Court of the United York
~
’
ness apixared anil nothing happened ' take a prominent part In the bitter
States.
In addition to the courtroom the for a considerable time other than ! battles of reconstruction.
new building will provide ample the admission of a few counselors, j The visitor to the courtroom today
space for the private offices of the Jus­ After two terms In New York city. | notices nine busts of the former chief
tices. facilities for the various court the government having been trans- I Justices ranged about the wall One
assistants, adequate library space, ferrod to Philadelphia, the court also [ |s of John Marshall, of whom It Is
salt! that his brilliance was only ex-
and more suitable accommodation for | met there,
Wl en preparations were being made | reeded by Ills Informality—that he !
the reception of counsel who come to
for a federal city, elaborate provision» j often took his place on the bench |
appear before this high tribunal.
Where la the Supreme court housed were agreed on for housing the execu- , with burrs sticking to his clothes, that |
now? Walking north aiong the capl­ live and legislative brunches, but ap- ' he pitched quoits and went to market
toi corridor from the house of repre­ parently no one remembered the 8u- I with a basket on one arm.
In everything except adequate sur
sentative«, one first comes to a pas­ pretne court. Finally the Washington
sageway guarded by two busts, one commissioners sent a letter to con- roundings the Supreme court has been
of James It Mann and the other of gress calling attention to the over- I enlarged. The number of Justices has i
Champ Clark, former speaker of the sight. That a room In the capltoi was risen from six to nine The salary has
house. A few feet farther Is Statuary then assigned Is shown by a statement increased from $4.000 for the chief
hall, filled with Its statues of Ameri- found In the "Annals of Congress" of justice and $3,500 for the associate
cans who have been deemed worthy January 21, 1801. sandwiched between j Justice» to $15,(XX) and $14,500, respec-
of such honor. Next la the rotunda Items relating to the erection of a lively The number of cases has risen
under whose magnificent dome yon mausoleum to George Washington anil ' tremendously, in the early days the
discussion of a tariff on liquors.
court frequently adjourned for lack
find guides proclaiming the merits of
The court moved about to various of business, and for many years there
the large painting« portraying the bap­
tism of Pocahontas and the surrender quarters in the capitol, for most of was a very limited number of canes.
while at the beginning of the October
of Cornwallis at Yorktown.
on the time prior to 18*10 occupying
through the rotunda one passes next basement'room In I860 Robert Mills, (1925) term there were 1.3*)9 cases on
a circle of columns. Just beyond Is a famous Washington architect, said. the docket *
A
Man to Be Pitied
hen Immortal Bunyan makes hts
tire of the persecuting passion»
iglng in their verdict of guilty,
pities Faithful? That is a rare
blessed lot, which some greatest
i have not attained, to know « a r ­
es guiltless before a condemning
r d t o l>e sure that what « “ »re
•unced for Is solely the good in us.
pitiable lot Is that of the man
could not call himself a martyr
I even though he were to persuade him­ month of a river, hack or foot o* a
Its resem-
self that tlx- men who stoned him hill and arm of the sea
were but ugly passions incarnate— hlanre to an eys led It io be called
who knows that he I» stoned, not for an Island The '•»" probably resulted
prof“»slug (he right, but for not being from confusion with ths French word
(he man h» professed to be.—George late
Eliot, in "MIddlemarch.”
I
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D iffe r in g Q u a litie i
A c c o u n tin g fo r " It la n d ’
• Some women," an Indiana paper ;
"Island” la sn Anglo-Saxon word of thinks, "are unhappy because their 1
which the derivation la not dear husbands overdo the Job of trylne to
Probably It followed the custom ob­ make them happy * Home, perhnpa
served in saying headland, neck of hut ant enough to worry about.—Cap
land, tongue o f land, brow <.e ■ Mil nee's W ..H .