WORLD NOT YET
NORMAL IN 1920
European Nations, Especially,
Are Beset With Troubles Dur­
ing Period of Readjustment.
PRINCIPAL FVENTS REVIEWED
Failure of Senate to Ratify Peace
Treaty Loavee United Statea Tech­
nically at War—Praaldentlal
election Held* Intoreat.
By DONALD F, BIOOS.
Tliw world throughout the year 1920
win paaalu* Ihrutish the troubleaom*
period of readjustment und reaction
thnt liegau’wltli the clone vt the World
war. Of nil the gr<«t power* thnt had
been Involved In the conflict, the Unit­
ed Statea alone remained technically
In n atnte of war* with Germany
through the failure of the senate to
ratify the pence treaty. For nil prnc-
tlcnl purtMiM-n. however, the United
SI men wns nt peace and condition* in
till* country were more nearly normal
than In moat of the untlona of Europe
which ha<t accepted the nettlemcnta
agreed upon by the pence conference
at 1‘nrla.
Although the great war hud ended,
the world wn« not nt |M*ace In 1920.
Territorial disputes and Jealousies
growing out of the war reunited In a
large number of minor conflict*.
Th«> Irish problem reiinflned un-
solved and the altuutlon In the EmcF-
aid lale grew more serious a* the year
progressed. hi the United State*. <le-
»pile minor rndlcul activities and the
uiKcrtalntlen accompanying the rend-
juwtment of business and Indostrial
condltlona, there un* continued proa-
perlty ami optimism
PAGE THKKB
GRANTS PANA DAILY COURIER
SATURDAY, JANUARY N, IMI.
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
The World "ar was formally ended
January KI when German) nml four­
teen of (he power* allied against her
In the wnr exchanged rnllflentloti* of .
the Treaty of Versailles nt 1‘nrla. Tl>e ;
United State«, however, wan not ’
among the nation* participating In till* i
Ceremony, a* th«’ treaty hnd not be* n
ratified t»y the senate
The l.i-ngue of Nation* cattle Into j
actual being nt I'lirt* January KI when
the executive council held It* flint
meeting with reprerentatlves from Bel- |
glum, Brazil. England, Italy. Frame, !
Japan, Greece nml Spain pnrtlclput- I
Ing.
The Russian government made a
step tower«! securing pence w th it*
warring neighbor* by eoni lm' ti t
treaties with Ukraine nml Esther a.
The Turklslj peme term* were «■•« «
pletcd on March 3. and a w«*’k trie,
the Allie* decided lu use force to Un-
poae the term* upon Turkey, sendlr.g
troops to occupy Constantinople. The
alll«-d fore«’» <>ccnide<l the Turkish
capital without opposition
Polish troop* lf«’.-nn n »firing often-
•Ive ngnlnst the llu-*lnn B>«l»t:evlkl In
the Bultlc region on March 28. Warsaw
reported heavy tl ditlng nt many p«dnt* *
oil the 400-mlle front. Three day* Int- ,
er Poland offered pence term» to Rus-
ala. providing for nutorntlon of th««
kingdom of 1772. return of nrt nod ■
other treiisure*. nml an Indemnity for
Invasion* »Inc«- 1914. Polish troop* nd-
mlnbderetl a revere defeat to the Bol­
shevist nt Podnlla April 13.
The Pole* and Ukrainians n«-gotl»t- '
ed <i tr ut) on April 27. . < < o.-nlzhi A)
Ukrn'rilnn Imlefu-mtetire from Kii««ln. '
A conili'md army of Pole* mid Ukrn'n-
Inn* tlu'ii launched mi offensive ngnlnst «
th«’ Russian "Bed'' forces. «‘npturlng
K i v on Mnv S nml the great port of
Odessa on May 11.
Bolshevik troop* Invndcd Persia nt
Astern May IS. forcing the withdrawal
of British troops. Bolshevik troops
on the Polish front were re-enforced
and launched an nttnek on n ninety- j
mil«’ front, seeking to o|ien communi- I
ration with East Vrussln. On .lune 3
they *ucc«’e<led In flanking and driving
back General ITIsmlskl's Polish troops.
Th«’ supreme council continued It*
efforts to complete the pence settle­
ments. The treaty vfth Hungary was
Signed June 4 nt Versailles. Ambassa­
dor Wallace signing for the United
Stntes. Turkey was granted fifteen
days additional time to present Its
views regarding the treaty with thnt
country.
While these pence negotiations were
In progress, fighting continued at ninny
points. Over .'too Itallaji prisoners were
killed hy Albanians nt Tirana on Juno
18 tn rotnllntlon for the nssnsslnntlon
of Essad Pasha In Paris on June 13
Supported hy British troops and bat­
tleships nt Malta and Constantinople,
the Greeks began a campaign to oust
the Turkish Nationalist* from part* of
Asia Minor.
On July 7 the Bolshevik troop* cap­
tured Ilovono, throwing the Pole* Into
retreat on the entire front. Poland
opened negotiation* for an armistice
and then«’ continued for a week whep
It was reported thnt Russia had or-
dere«l the postponement of the nego­
tiations and the capture of Warsaw.
Bolshevist troop* captured I.omza and
Brest -T.ltovsk, and began n drive oil
Lemberg August 1. During the next
two weeks they continued to advance
and on August 17 were within twelve
miles of Warsaw. The Polish capital
seemed doomed, hut on the 17th the
Poles launched a great counter-of-
fen»lv«’ and drove the Itolshevlkl back
In disorder. Heartened hy the crush­
ing blow given the Russian forces,
the Pole* rejected the Bolshevik pence
term*.
%
In the meantime, on August II. the
French foreign office surprised the oth
or ;*>wer* by giving recognition to
(leni’ral Wningel's <1* facto govern
tuent In Month Russia.
The Turkish peace treaty wn* signed
on August to by all nations concerned
except Ncrbla and the Hedjiix. Soviet
Russia continued Its effort to make
\>ence with It* neighbors hy signing a
treaty with Let via and agreeing to
urtiilstlce terms with Finland.
On October 12 the Pole* signed an
armlitli'« and preliminary peace treaty 1
with Russia to become effect I vs Oc­
tober 18.
The cessation of hostilities on the
Polish front* enabled the Bolshevlkl
to strengthen tlielr other front*. Di­
rected by Trotzky, the wnr minister
the Bolsiievlkl launched a violent of­
fensive on October 31 against the
Mouth Russian armies commanded by
General Wrnngel. They succeeded in |
■mashing General Wrnngel'* force* <
and drove on through Crimen.
The Bolshevlkl forces captured Me- I
bnstopol November 14.
General
Wrangel and the remnants of his urnry
ware on b«>ard American. French ami
British warships which steamed out
of the harbor a* the Bolshevlkl en­
tered the city.
An agreement on the Adriatic ques­
tion was rea«'hed November 10 at a
conference lietwwn the Jugo Slava
nml the Italians and a treaty embody­
ing the agreement was signed at Ila-
palio two day* later. ,
Th«’ Assembly of the league of Na­
tions opened It* first session nt Ge­
neva November 15, Paul llymnns of
Belgium being elected president.
On November 21' Pn’sldent Wilson
accepted an Invltntlon extended by the
Council of the I-eagueof Nation* to net ,
ns mediator between Armenia and i
Turkey, Two days later th«’ Russia '
Bolshevik took Erlvnti and announce»!
the establishment otn soviet Armenian I
republic. On l»ecrmber 3 Armenia and j
the Turkish Nationalists signed a ■
tr«’«ity of peace.
Keveral attempts to secure action on ;
amendments to the covenant of th«’ |
la-ngue of Nations were voted down '
by the lengue assembly. Because of \
thl* action the Argentine delegates to |
the assembly withdrew on December j
3. On December 1 Austria was admit- :
t«’<! to thejengue, the first of the allies I
of Genminy to lie grant wl member- ,
■hip.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
With continual strife, amounting vlr- .
tunlly to civil wnr. In Ireland, with
•ptistiKsllc revolutionary outbreaks In '
Germany, with counter-revolutionary ;
movement* developing at Intervals In :
Russia, with civil war In Chinn ami I
with political upheavals In France,
Italy, Greece and other countries, j
the unrest ami changing conditions
grow Ing out of the Worhl w ar were
reflect««! In the dlsturlied Internal con- I
dltl’-r« ”f ninny «niuntrles of rt o old
world In I92U.
tine of the ttnex’ws’ted political de- I
velopments of the early «liiv* of th«’ I
year was the failure of Premier <”!••
mencenu to obtain election a* presi­
dent of France upon the expiration of
th«1 term of President Poincare. Paul
I tfschanel was e!«>cted on January 17
and the following day Clemenceau’»
cabinet resigned. Alexandre Miller-
and formed a new cabinet at the tv­
quest of President Poincare.
The All-Russian government In Si­
beria. headed by Admiral Alexander
B. Kolchak, wn* finally destroyed with
the killing of Admiral Kolchak by So­
cial Revolutionists nt Irkutsk on Fob­
run ry 7.
*
In Gront Britain the government ,
took Its first definite step toward n |
settlement of the Irish «tueatlon on ■
February 25 by presenting to the ,
house of commons It* Irish home
rule hill, providing for autonomous
rule under a dual parliament, repre­
senting both th«< north and the south, j
On March 10 Ulster voted to accept
the hill.
A new counter-revolution, directed
by militarists, broke out In Berlin
March 13. The revolutionist* gain«*!
control of Berlin and Dr. Wolfgang
Kapp proclaimed himself chancellor.
The revolution was short lived, how­
ever, ending In failure on the IBth
when Dr. Kapp resigned.
The Irish situation continued to at­
tract the attention of the world. On
March 10 the mayor of Cork was kill­
ed by a»»ns*ln*. In the Hous«’ of
Common* the Irish Home Rule bill
passed It* secoml reading on March
31, 343 to 04. On April 4 Irish tax
office* and record* were burned nt
many points nml wire communication
from Belfast was cut.
In Mexico the presidential campaign
developed a revolution which re*ult«*l
eventually In the overthrow of the
Carranza government. On April 10 the
state of Sonora withdrew from the
republic and fighting between the
Sonora troops and federal force* be­
gan. By April 21 n'ne Mexican state*
had Joined the secession movement.
The revolutionary movement gained
rapidly and on May 7 President Car­
ranza fled from Mexico City toward
the eastern const. On May 22 Car­
ranza. the fugitive president, was shot
and killed by troops In hl* escort
while asleep.
A cabinet crisis In Italy on June 9
resulted In the resignation of Premier
Nlttl and his cabinet. Signor Orland«»
also resigned ns president of the cham­
ber. A new cabinet was formed June
17 under former Premier Giovanni Gl-
ollttl. On June 27 Italian troops mu­
tinied at Ancona and "Red" upris­
ings broke out all over Italy In what
appeared to be a concerted anarchist
plot.
On August 13 Mnyor Terence Mac-
Swtncy of Cork war nrreeted by Brit­
ish troops for sedition In holding a
Sinn Fein court at the City Hall. He
wiis convicted by n court martial on
the 17th and taken to an E*gllsh pris­
on, wh«’re he Immediately entere«1 up­
on a hunger strike. Riot* aud In-
cendliirlsin continued to assume more
■erioti* proportion* af mntiy point*.
In thoa constitutional election held
In Mexico Heptember 5 General Al-
vara Obregon wi» elected president-
President Deschanel of France re­
signed September 21 because of III
health and on the 23rd Premier Alex­
andre Mlllerand was atoetod to succeed
him. Georges Leyguea, minister «>f
marine under Cksmonceau, became pre­
mier.
Further disturbance* were repottH
Io Italy during October. On the 13th
leader* of the Hodaltat party and the
thmeral Confederation of Labor or-
«lered demouatrationa In every town In
Italy In an effort to force (lie Italian
government to recognize soviet Itu*-
■la, and on the following day many
pernon« were kllletl and wounded tn
the course of a two hour »trike «-ailed
a» a protest against the arrest of polit­
ical offender* opposing the allletl pol­
icy townril Russia. Th«’ government
began a drive on the 17th to round up
all advocate* of violence in the coun­
try.
After a hunger strike of 74 day*,
which had drawn the attention of the
world, Terence MacMwIney, lord may«ir
of Cqrk, <lle«l In BrlxMm prison, l*u*
don, October 25. Great pressure had
been brought to bear to secure Mnyor
MacSwIney'* rel«*n*e, hyt the govern­
ment stood firm In It* stnnd iigulnst
the hunger «trlkt rs.
King Alexander of Greei’e <II«M on
October 25 as a result of a bite l>y a
pel monkey, and It was announced
that th«’ throne would be offered to
Prince Paul, third son of former King
Constantine.
I,«’*<*e In Chinn seemed to be flnnlly
assured by a proclamation Issued hy
flic government November 1, declaring
thnt tic
bail been a reunion of North
ami South China and calling for the
«■lection of a new parliament.
Fierce rioting between Unionist*
and Sinn Felners broke out In North
Belfast. Ireland, November 7. Seri­
ous disorders were reported nfso at
Londonderry, where five p«dlcemen
were «hot and many ships burned or
wrecked. The Irish home rule bill
passed th«’ house of commons on It*
third rending November 11. At Dublin
on November 21. following the murder
of 14 British officer«, a force of troop*
raided a football game and flred upon
the crowd, killing and wounding a
larg«’ number of persona.
A |M«fltlca| upheaval came In flrwp
with the defeat In th«’ general election
on November 14 of the party hciid«*!
by Premier Venlzelos. Premier Venl-
zelos resigned on November 17 and
George Rhallls, former premier and
lender among the followers of ex-KIng
Constantine, formed n new cabinet.
On December 4 the Gre«’k people. In
a plebiscite vot«nl for the Murn of
King t’on-tanthie. On IK hvii ’I mt 19
Constantine returne<l to Athens tn
triumph.
The Irish situation neared n crisis
during the closing week* of the y«rnr.
IVhoh’sale arrests were made hy the
British authorities during the Inst
weeks of November, among those
taken being Arthur Griffith, acting
pr«>sl<li’nt of the "Irish republic" nml
many other Irish leuders. On No­
vember 28 Irish plotter* set fire to
several large warehouses on the Liver­
pool water front and killed two men.
Martial law was proclaimeil In south
Irelnnd on December 10 ami two «lay*
Inter a .larg«’ part of. the bu*tne«s dis­
trict of Cork wn* ,mrn«*l In reprisal.
It was claimed, for Sinn Fein raids.
DOMESTIC
that tribunal decided that the amend
merit and the Volstead enforcement
art were constitutional.
Big Increases In rates were grnnla«l
the railroads of the country by the
Interstate conimer«« commission July
31 to enable the road* tp meet la
creased wage*. l’us»»-nger rales were
Incri’ased 20 per cent, with a Pullman
surcharge of 50 per cent for the rull-
rood*. Freight rales were Increase«!
from 25 to 40 per cent In different sec­
tions of the country.
TI ib trial of th«’ Communist luibor
party leader* In Chicago, In progress
for several months, ended August 2
with the conviction of 20, who were
given Jail •entences.
The live Socialist assemblymen ex­
pelled from the New York legislature
In the spring, having lo’en re-elect«’d.
were again unseat-«! when the legis­
lature met In spe< :al session Septem­
ber 21.
Shar[i drops In the prices of cotton
wheat and other farm pr<»lu<’tH
brought api*’als for assistance from
tlie fanners of the country during the
latter part of the y«mr. Night riders
appear«! In southern states In nn ef­
fort to force the grower* to hob! their
cotton for a higher price and a move­
ment was started to secure the holding
of wheat from the market.
NATIONAL LEGISLATION
Tlie continued tight over the ratifica­
tion oftthe treaty «»f Versailles, with
the I-eague of Nations covenant, re­
sulting In rejection of the treaty for
the second time. «>ccuple<l the atten­
tion of the United StntM senate during
the early months of 1920 and monop­
olized the attention of the public, so
far as congresslonal action was con­
cerned. The Cummins-Esch bill, un­
der which the railroads of the country
operated after their return to private
control, and the army reorganization
bill were the principal pieces of legis­
lation enacted before the first regular
session of the Mlxty-slxth congress
ende«! June 5.
On Jantinry 10, the- nouse. by a vote
of 328 to 6. for the second time re­
fused to seat Victor Berger, Socialist,
who had been re-elected to congress
from a Milwaukee district after he
had been once barred by the house
because of his alleged disloyalty dur­
ing the war.
The Water Power Development bill,
which had long
pending In con­
gress. was passed t.y the senate Janu­
ary 15. A similar bill had been adopt­
ed by the house In July. 1919.
Another long congressional fight,
for the adoption of the Oil Land leas­
ing bill, was ended when the confer­
ence report was adopted by the house
on February 10 and the senate two
days later.
The senate then turned Its attention
to the peace treaty. The original
Lodge reservations were again adopt-
ed. with some amendments.
The
treaty, with the reservations, came to
a vol«» on March 19. ami for the second
time failed to secure the ri’qulslte two
thirds majority, the vote being 49 to
35. The following day the rejf’cted
treaty was sent back to the President
With no prospect of the early adop­
tion of the treaty, resolutions declar­
ing the war nt an end were Introduced
In both the house and the senate. Both
houses adopted the Knox senate res­
olution. President Wilson vetoed this
resolution, however, on May 27.
A few «lays earlier, on May 24. Pres­
ident Wilson nske«l the senate for au­
thority to accept the mandate for
Armenia that hnd been offered by the
supreme*councll. tin June 1 the sen­
ate “respectfully decline«!" to give the
President the authodty requested.
On June 3, the «muse voted. 343 to
3, the repeal of nil wnr Inws except the
Lever act and the enemy trading act.
the measure already having pas*e«l the
senate, but President Wilson withheld
his signature from the act and it died,
with several other Important meas­
ures, with the adjournment of con­
gress. On the day before adjourn­
ment, President Wilson veto«>d the
budget bill which hnd been passed by
both houses.
Congress reconvened on December 6
for the short session. President Wil­
son In his message, which was read
the following day. recommended thnt
the Philippines be given their inde­
pendence.
five thousand men going out because
of dl «satisfaction with the wage
awarda made by the coal commission.
The first of a long series of strikes
involving Bolshevik activities took
place In Italy March 25. whan work­
men and peasants In Naples and the
provinces of Novra, Alexandra, Brex-
cla and Treviso, attempted to establish
soviets.
Troops restored order ami
the strike ended within two days.
On May 1 there were riots In Parle,
and railway workers struck for na­
tionalization of the railroads. French
dock workers and coal miners Joined
the strike on May 5. T.ie French gov­
ernment took vigorous steps to end
the strike, moving to dissolve the Gen­
eral Fe«leratlon of I-almr an«l char­
acterizing the strike leaders as Bolshe­
vists. The strikes were «-ailed off by
the General Federation of Labor on
May 21.
The Railway Labor board announced
It* «ho’lslon on wage Increases on July
20, awarding Increases of from 20 to
27 per cent to nearly 2,000,000 employ­
ees, the total Increase amounting to
about *000,000,000 a year, about half
the raise that employ«*** had asked.
The award was accepted by the rail­
road union*.
During the latter part of July coal
miners again struck in Illinois, Indi­
ana and Kansas, but on July 31 they
were ordered back to work, after an
appeal had been made by President
WUson.
Serious riots occurred at Denver Au­
gust 5 in connection with a street car
strike, many being killed and injured.
Federal troops were ordered to Denver
to stop the disorders.
The Railway l-abor board made an­
other award August 10, granting an
increase amounliuK to *30,000,000 a
year to 75.000 railway express worker*.
Ori August 30 President Wilson ap­
proved the majority report of the an­
thracite wage commission, awarding
wage Increases of from 17 to 20 per i
cent. On September 1 anthracite op­
erators ami miners signed a two-year
contract ba»e<l on the award, but thou­
sands <>f men remained on what they
termed "vacation” in protest against |
the award.
Industrial condit’ons grew more se­
rious in Italy during the late summer
and fall. An obstructionist campaign
was started by 500.000 workmen on
August 22. On August 31, In Lom- I
hardy, 300 metal-working plants were .
seized by employees and workmen's
councils took charge of the plants. On '
September 14 the workmen’s council |
vote<l for cooperative management ,
and profit-sharing _ by the work- I
men. At the same time the workmen
took over 200 chemical works and sev­
eral textile mills. Premier Giolltti in­
tervened. and on September 19 the em­
ployers agreed to his terms of settle­
ment, granting Increases of pay ret­
roactive to July 15. The workmen ac­
cepted the settlement and ordered the
factories returned to the owners.
An Industrial crista was precipitated
In England on October 16 by a strike
of 1.000.060 coal miners. On the 28th
an agreement was reached for an In­
crease in wages In consideration of a
pledge on the part of the miners to
help increase prwiuctlon. The strike
was «tailed off November 3.
A severe business depression was
felt throughout the United States dur­
ing the closing weeks of the year. The
trend toward lower wages was marked
by the announcement of the textile
mills of New England In De«?ember of
a reduction in wages amounting to
22H per cent
SPORTS
The year Urjn be ng a presidential
The revival of interest in sporting
election year, pollths belli the atten­
events of all kinds which was appar­
tion of the people cf th«> United Stair*
ent In 1919, following almost a com­
during the greater »*rt of th” year.
plete suspension of athletic activities
Senator IVnrrcn 0. Harding of Ohio
during the war. was even more marked
wns nominated for President by the
In 1920.
Republicans nt Chicago June 12. The
The first of five races between Sir
Democratic national convention at
Thomas Lipton's Shamrock IV, chal­
San Francisco nominated Governor
lenger for the America's cup. and the
James M. Cox of Ohio on July 5 on
defender. Resolute, was held off New
the forty-fourth ballot
York July 15. The Shamrock won the I
• In the electloti on November 2. the
first and second races, but the Resolute
Republican national ticket wns electe«l
took the next three, winning the cup
ny nn overwhelming mnjorlty, receiv­
on July 27.
ing 414 electoral votes while the Dento-
Charles Evans, .ir. of Chicago, won
cratlc cnmlldntes received 117. The
the western amateur golf championship
Repuhllenns also won nn overwhelm­
July 17, and Jock Hutchinson won the
ing majority In congress.
western open goli championship Au­
By winning their long fight for
gust 5. Edward Ray of England won
equal suffrage, the women of the coun­
LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL
the American open golf championship.
try gnlned the right to vote for all
Industrial unrest which manifested August 13. Charles Evans. Jr., won
offices In the November election.
itself during th«> period of reaction Im­ the national amateur golf champion­
Tlie Unlteil States Supreme court mediately following the wnr. became ship, September 11.
on January upheld the constitution­ even more marked during the year
The United State», for the seventh
ality of wartime prohibition and the 1920. Radl«ml activities were Involved consecutive time, made the biggest
Volstead enforcement act. On Janu­ in some of the labor dispute* in this score In the Olympic games at Ant­
ary ltl nationwide prohibition, under country, but this was true to a much werp, Belgium, with 212 points. Fin­
the eighteenth amendment to the Con- larger extent In the labor troubles that land wa* second with 103 and Sweden
atltutlon. wont Into effect.
beset most of the countries of Europ4* third with 95.
On Janunry 10 the New York as­ during the greater part of the year.
Jack Dempsey retained the heavy­
sembly, with but tw< dissenting voices,
The first mouth of the year was weight championship of the world by
voted to exclude the five Socialist marked. In the United States, by the knocking out Bill Miske in the third
members of that body, pending trial abandonment of the steel workers’ round at Benton Harbor, Mich., Sep­
oh charges that the platform of their strike which had been begun on Sep­ tember H.
Georges Carpentier of
party Is revolutionary.
tember 22.
France, knocked out Battling Levinsky.
The anti-rndlcal campaign resulted
Railroad traffic was tied up In October 12. and became light heavy­
In the indictment of 38 leaders of the France, February 27, by a general weight champion of the world.
Communist Labor party In Chicago strike of rail workers. The premier
A sensation was caused in the base­
on January 21.
called all the strikers into the army, ball world just before the close of
The railroads of the conntry were
and two days later the strike was set­ the season by the exposure of a con­
returned to private operation on
tled by a compromise.
spiracy by which the world’s series of
March 1. under the terms of the Cum­
Peace was declared between the 1919 was “thrown" by the Chicago
mins-Esch railroad reorganization act
bituminous coal operators and miners American league team to the Cincin­
Senator Truman H. Newberry of
Michigan was convicted In the federal March’’ 31. when they signed a two- nati National league team. Seven
court at Grand Rapids on March 20 year agreement based on an award members of the Chicago team. Includ­
on charges Involving the use of exces­ made by the coal commission named ing several stars, and one former mem­
ber were accused of accepting bribes,
sive campaign funds. He and Ifl co­ by President Wilson.
An "outlaw” strike of railroad* and they later were Indicted by a Chi­
defendants were given prison sen­
tences, hut remained nt liberty pending switchmen began In Chicago April 15. cago grand Jury, Cleveland won the
and spread rapidly to other parts of American league pennant on October
an appeal to th«’ higher courts.
The trial of the five Socialist mem­ the country. Federal officers arrested 2 and met the Brooklyn club. National
bers of the New York assembly ended 30 leaders of the strike In Chfcaeo, league pennant winner. In the world
with their expulsion from the legisla­ April 15, on charges of Interfering with series on October 5. Cleveland won
the malls and violation of the Lever the series by taking the seventh game
ture April 1.
Several suits hz-1 been Instituted act. On April 19 the Joint railroad from Brooklyn, October 12.
A baseball war was threatened by a
during the early months of the year wage board created by the Cummins-
attacking the valhl'ty of the elght- Esch bill, announced that It would not conflict between clubs of the American
«•enth (prohibition) amendment. All hear case* of men who were on strike. league over plans for a reorganization
A new coni strike wns Inaugurated of the game.
Peace was declared
these eases were t. ken to the United
States Supreme court aud ou Juue 7 In Illinois uud Kansas April 5, however, on November 13, and a uew
board of contrai was established with
Judge Kenemw M Landis ef Chicago
as «'hairman with an annual salary of
842.500 a year.
Roscoe Surles won the 250-mile au­
tomobile race at Los Angel«*« Novem­
ber 2ft. In this race Gaston Chevro­
let was kRJ«*l In a collision.
DISASTERS
The world was comparatively free
from disasters causing great loss of
life during 1920.
Tornadoes In the
United States and earthquakes In Italy
and Mexico, caused the greatest de­
struction.
Several thousand people were report­
ed killed by a violent earth shock tn
central Mexico January 3, the dam­
age being particularly heavy In th*
western part of Vera Cruz.
More than 100 persons were killed,
many were Injured and heavy property
damage was caused by tornadoes which
swept Georgia. Alabama, Indiana, Ohl*
and Illinois, March 28.
Three hundred persons were killed
by an explosion of a munitions dump
at Rothensteln. East Prussia, April IL
Another tornado caused heavy dam­
age in Alabama, Tennessee and Ml»
slsalppl, April 20. More than 150 per­
sons were killed and property valued
at 82.000,000 was destroyed.
Fifty-nine persons were killed by a
tornado in Cherokee county, Okla-,
May Z
Great floods were reported In Japan
August 19, with heavy loss of life.
A severe earthquake in the district
north of Florence, In Italy, on Septem­
ber 7, destroyed 100 towns and killed
about 400 persons.
Disastrous -’arthquakes occurred Ln
Chile and Central America Decem-
ikz 9, and later In the month.
NECROLOGY
Death took many persons prominent
In national and world affairs In 1920.
Among those who were best known er
most active In their particular field*
of labor, were the following:
January 3, Nicholas Slcard, famous
French painter; January 8, Maud Pow­
ell, world's foremost woman violinist (
January 16, Reginald DeKo ven, Amer­
ican composer and music critic; Jan­
uary 23, Richard L. Garner, author and
explorer; January 24, Rev. Cyrua
Townsend Brady, widely-known author.
February 4, Edward Payson Ripley,
for 24 years president of Santa F*
railroad; Ohio C. Barber, organizer
of the match industry; February 11,
Gaby Deslys, noted French dancer;
February 12, Julius Chambers, New
York author and explorer; February
18, Gen. William E. Mickle, for many
years adjutant general of the United
Confederate veterans; February 20,
Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary. U. 3.
N, retired, discoverer of the North
pole.
March 1, John LI. Bankhead, senior
United States senator from Alabama;
March 3. John J. O’Shea, Catholic au­
thor and editor; March 24, Mrs.
Humphry Ward, famous English nov­
elist ; March 28, Elmer Apperson, pi­
oneer automobile manufacturer.
April 1. Dr. William Martin, U, S.
N„ retired, yellow fever expert; April
6, Laurent Honoré Marqueste, French
sculptor; April 7, Edward Harold Mott,
humorist; April 11. Ferdinand Roybet,
French artist; April 15, Theodore N.
Vail, pioneer in telegraph and tele­
phone Industries.
May 1, William Barrett Ridgely, for­
mer controller of the treasury; May 9,
Bishop John H. Vincent of the Meth­
odist Episcopal church, founder of the
Chautauqua assembly; May 11, Wil­
liam Dean Howells, famous American
novelist; May 16, Levi P. Morton, for­
mer vice president.
June 3, Rev. Charles Augustus Stod­
dard of New York, author and theo­
logian ; June 13. Mme. Gabrielle Char­
lotte Rejane, famous French actress;
June 18, George W. Perkins. New York
financier; June 26. Rev. Dr. William
Henry Roberts, for more than thirty
years stated clerk of the Presbyterian
general assembly.
July 4, Major General William C.
Gorgas, former surgeon general of the
United States army; July 10, John
Arbuthnot Fisher, former first lord of
the British admiralty; July 11, former
Empress Eugenie, widow of Napoleon
III; July 22. William K. Vanderbilt,
financier aud former railroad presi­
dent.
August 1. J. Frank Hanly, ex-gbv-
ernor of Indiana and Prohibition can­
didate for president In 1916; Augus<
3, Isham Randolph of Chicago, noted
engineer; August 10, James O’Neil, fa­
mous Irish actor; August 16, Sir Nor­
man Lockyer, eminent English scien­
tist ; August 26, James Wilson, former
secretary of agriculture; September 15,
Raimundo de Madrazo, famous Span­
ish portrait painter; September 25.
Jacob H. Schiff, American financier
and philanthropist.
October 2. Winthrop Murray Crane,
former United States senator from
Massachusetts; October 5, Charles
Norris Williamson, noted English au­
thor ; October 12, Mrs. Ogden Mills, so­
cial leader In New York and Pari*;
October 13. Charles M. Alexander, fa*
mous singing evangelist.
November 2, Louise Imogen Gulney,
American poet and essayist; Novem­
ber 9, Ludwig HI, former king of Ba­
varia ; November 10, Henry Thode,
noted German historian; November 18.
Franklin Fort, former governor of
New Jersey; November 22, Ole -Theo-
baldf. Norwegian violinist; November
23, Margaret Brewster. America^
writer.
November 30. Eugene W.
Chafin, pronlbltlon candidate for pres­
ident in 1908 and 1912.
December 3, Francis Lynde Stetson,
eminent attorney of New York; De­
cember 10, Horace E. Dodge, automo­
bile manufacturer: Marquis Della Chie-
sa. brother of the pope; December 12.
Olive Schreiner, novelist.
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