T H U R S D A Y OCTOBER 9, 1913 FOREST GROVE PRESS The Americans In Panama Story of the Panama Canal From Start to Finish Published t>y the Hraller Publishing company 601 Fifth avenue Naw York city Copyright, mil and mil by William ft Scott GATUN LAKE $ I - In Q\ ! 32 HI HILES \ * A SB FEET ABOVE SEA L g v E L c ta im m ] ........ 3 1 A LCVCU CHANNEL ▼ HILCS •00 f i a t w id e df GATUN LOCKS 0 C LAKE l}4 KtLE* I F KDRO MIGUEL LOCKS 0 SEA LEVEL CHANNEL 0 - MIRAFIORES w*®« T M IL «« Piorn.« M ae of t h e P a n am a C a n a l LOCKS CHAPTER I. T h « Land Divided—th« World United. K It should huve bet-n said In 1904 thut lu nine years we would have removed more than 200,000,000 cubic yards of eurth and rock, laid .1.000.000 cubic yards of concrete, nnule dams mid (Ills of more than 50.- 000.000 cubic yards, relocated the Pan­ ama railroad, spent no more than *300.000.000 and put the first ship through from the Atlsntfc to the Psclf- ic, Europe would have smiled at our youthful temerity! Yet In 1913 we will buve done precisely that. During the first two years and a half the canal was In Its first phase It was the period o f pioneering, prep aration and adjustment. Tw o chief engineers were tried from the ranks of civil life, accomplishing the main preliminaries to canal construction be fore their departure. The second phase of the canal was front the beginning of 1907 to the spring o f 1912. During these six years the heart of the tusk was accom­ plished. President Itoosevelt had found the man who was to take the organization built up by the men from the ranks o f private Industry and burl It against the natural obstacles that stood iu the way of success. Colpuel Goethals wns to take the blueprints and u bead full of theories and work them out into the locks, dams and cuts in concrete mold today. The third and last phase began In 1912. when the chief engineer set Oc­ tober. 1913, as the date for the sub­ stantial completion of the canal. It is distinguished by the gradual disper- I siou of the army of workers, by the reverse process of the first two years and by the creation o f a permanent operating force with the detail finish lng work that attends every large proj­ ect. The east has furnished the canal with Its chief engineers—Wallace from MAP OF THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA. Massachusetts, Stevens from Maine. Goethals from New York. But every 000.000; civil administration, $6.500.- with a death rate among the Amer! state in the Union has furnished the 000: fortifications. *3.000.000. cans frequently lower than In large rank and file, as well as every nation At the San Francisco exposition somi centers of population In the United lu the world. compensation will be found for a fail States. Standing out distinctly from the are to spe the canal by an exhibit ot President Roosevelt selected Colonel construction phase of the enterprise every kind of machinery used hy*thi William Crawford Gorgas to clean tip is the figure o f Colonel Gorgas. the French and the Americans In the thir the Isthmus because o f his record In chief sanitary officer, now. as In the ty-flve years of construction, or from sanitary work in Ctnta and elsewhere. critical days of 1905. quiet, alert, con- Chief Engineer Wallace doubted his fideut. The last days of the canal find 1880 to 1915. When the government capacity, and so did Secretary o f War a perfect mechanism o f his creation finally sold off the old French mu- Taft, but by 1909 the latter was ready recordlug his ideas with dispatch and ehinery that had littered the canal to acknowledge his mistake. Colonel precision, receiving the plaudits o f zone for three decades the best sped Gorgas is a southern man. a native of this and secure lu the admiration of men of each kind o f apparatus was re­ \labama. and so naturally quiet and succeeding generations. ! served for this graphic exhibit. ••«•served In demeanor and deportment The locks may grow too small, the j ----------- that men accustomed to measure a Gatun dam may break, a caving in of j C H APTER II. man by bluster and self assertiveness the foundations of the colossal strut-- | j he co»t. make the mistake o f assuming that he tures may occur and other convulsions _ E A8U RED iu money, the Pan- Is not strong. His manner and meth of nature may disable the canal, but Ilnm canal was to cost *375.- ods suggest General Robert F.. I.ee. There were two prime needs, ns Colo­ uotlilug can rob the Americans o f a I V H Wi0i000> Th u l(t impreS!,|ve. wonderful achievement, nor will the - ~ but there ls another item of nel Gorgas viewed the Isthmus In 1904. work have been without glory and jus- j COM( more Important—namely, "the life in any campaign for Improved health tifiratioo no matter what the future cunt," or the cost lu buinuu lives of conditions. One wns to make the Isth mu* clean and the other wns to kill bolds. W e still could rejoice lu the digging the canal. the mosquitoes, which he considered a sheer courage, persistence and indom- Contemplating the record o f the Istb Itnble ability that have wrought the m,IH for unhealthfulness. It could not means o f propagating disease Prrtctl work in Panama. j but be anticipated In 1904. when the ■ •ally everything done by the health de­ Just as the civil war developed Grant Americans took charge, tlrnt this cost partment had been along these main and the Spanlsh-Amerlcan war Dewey would l>e heavy. That It should be 'line* o f theory. The United State* profited by the and Schley, so has the Panama canal surprisingly low constitutes a more developed Goethals. He Justly Is cel significant achievement than any sav­ mistake* of the French to the extent ebrated in the periodical and dally ing In the money or time cost o f the if reserving. In the treaty with the republic of Panama, the exclusive right presa and In books as a splendid em­ project. On July 1. 1913. the Americans had to control the sanitation of Panama bodiment o f Americanism—the Ideal been nine years In the actual work of and Colon. combination o f ability and Integrity. A perspective view o f the whole en­ building the canal. In that period of So In 1904 the engineers Immediately went to work on a sewer, waterworks terprise shows that Theodore Roose­ nine years there were: velt by hi* Individual actions on at Deaths from d i s e a s e ......................... 4.475 and street paving plan that would least three occasions vitally affected Deaths from violence...................... • t l6i make o f these two characteristically the canal and Its successful consum­ Total deaths ................................... $ filthy Central American cities, clean. mation. When lie cut the n Inconceivably dirty and naturally career o f the enterprise. The third . department makes the following re|*»rt unhealthful. The Americans made a time 111* Judgment prevented a great for the nine year period ending July reservoir In the mountains a dozen tnlles away for the water supply of mistake was when the project dell 1. 1913: Number Hate Panama, dug sewers and for ed the nltely was taken from the possibility per native houses to connect with th<*m of em- o f private construction and placed In ^ ployee* Death*. 1 .000. and then paved the street* with brick. *2 13 26 427 .... n.,512 25.S6 A system tif garbage collection was or­ supervision. There were leaser deci- 1906 .... 20.547 1.106 41.73 ganized. and the city was cleared of *M aions of great moment, notably the 23 74 rubbish. Today the tourist *••«** some . . _, , . , ___, .. .. 190* 1.131 I w ith the project was such as to rank as the most b rilliant phase o f bia ad­ ministrations. T o July 1. 1913, the canal had cost. J * ? , *298.000.000. This was divided as fol- lows: Canal zone. $10.000.000: French purchase. *40.000.000: engineering snd construction. *184.000.000: general ex- pendlturee. $87.000,000; sanitation. <19.- 671 602 6M 639 ♦67 246 1301 10.64 10 S3 11 02 10.60 _ . The foregoing figure* not only cover t bo* * " rUl" llv at work !,n ,he canal but as well Include those who. while* not regularly employed, are the wards o f the commission when idle. From 1907 onward health bas been normal | on the isthmus within the canal zone. PAG E | this Item alette iituoitn lng to a sum bet wee u *750.900 and *1.000.INKL Having cleaned up witbiu. rigid quarantine regulation* were made to keep out persons who might be brought In a diseased condition from other ports. Vaccination of every person who enters the canal zone is compul­ sory unless a good scar can be shown. In 1905 a shipload of oati'-®-* 3 op o a m a a QD DE CD nn LADIES INVITED to CALL n □ a □a BO aa And Examine Our Martinique. Imported to work on the canul. refused to land because they thought vaccination wax a plan to brand them so they could never re­ turn to their home. They were forced out at the point o f the bayonet and SUITS It wus beic.e these plan* had been PB matured that the first and ouly epi­ demic of yellow fever occurred In the cii uni zone. In April. 1905. an etn ployee lu the administration building iu I’annma became sick with the fever nud from then ou to September the i-atml zone was in the throes of u fear that was featured by the wholesale departure of employees. The news palters gave the epidemic wide aud oftentimes erroneous publicity, with the consequence that the government had to pay for the four of the isthmus thus created in greatly increased sal nries and gratuities to secure Anierl can employees. By October. 1905. Colottel Gorgas had mastered the epidemic, and. although Isolated cases have occurred since, yel­ low fever was permanently banished as the bugbear o f Panama. From July I. 1904. to Nov. I. 1905. forty four employees succumbed to this dls I ease. While the epidemic raged from j LE A D IN G C LO TH IER B0 April to September, 1905. there were , □ B thirty-seven deaths among employees, mainly among Americans, with whom - the epidemic started. There was u siege with smallpox and the plague, but they, too. were eradicated in so far as epidemics are oucerued. aud malaria, pneumonia and tuberculosis remain as the most frequent attributed causes of death. Absolutely Safe and Reliable Quinine has beeu bought by the ton for the canal zone dispensaries and hospitals, lu 1908 each employee av­ eraged about an ounce of quinine anil was advised to take three grains dally. O f Forest Grove, Oregon The French had left hospital build­ ings in Colon and on the side of Ancon Conducted on Economic and Business Principles. T h e Hom e hill, just outside of I’auama. The Company That Has M ade G ood. Insure You* Americans renovated these aud added Business or Dwelling in T h e to them uutil the present vast facilities Bankers & Merchants came Into form. They sometimes have more than 1.200 patients A large asy­ lum for the Insane also Is maintained Hospital cars are attached to the pas senger trains to bring in patients to the Aucou and Colon hospitals each day. In every towu or settlement j there Is a dispensary with a physician In charge and a sanitary officer to In I spect conditions of living. There are ! about twenty-four employees out of I every 1.000 constantly sick. For the canal zone. Panama and | Colon, in 1905 the death rate was 49.94 | per 1.000. In 1911 it was 21.4(1. or cut down more than one-half. In 1900 the death rate among the Americans front disease was 5.30. and In 1911 It wns 2 82. In 1908 and 1910 there were more j Americans killed In accidents or died from violence than died from disease. It necessarily follows from an engi­ neering task o f this magnitude, where vast quantities of explosives are han­ dled. where there Is a considerable railroad mileage and other hazardous ' features of construction, that the death I rate from accidents would be large. Every month since the American oe- | cupution begun lu May. 1904, there has been an average of ten employees kill­ ed or have died from external causes. The total to July 1, 1912. was 995. and d a n ì e l s o n * by the time the caual Is completed. I barring unusual catastrophes, the | .. - PACIFIC A VE. PH O N E 306 deaths from this cause will be around 1.100. Under the head o f violence are [ included deaths by drowning, suicide, dynamite explosions, railroad accidents, poisonings, homicides, electric shocks, The Forest G rove Press Print” Means Satisfaction to Yon bums, lightning aDd accidental trau­ matism o f various kinds. Dynamit« Explosion In Culebra. Si-ores of deaths have resulted from the practice o f the native employees in using the railroad tracks as public highways. There buve been bad col­ lision* aud wrecka with fatalities, and dvnninlte has claimed about one-tenth of the »Ictlros of external violence, lu COATS FURS ANDERSON I« Forest Grove - - - - Oregon j|jj The Bankers & Merchants Mutual Fire Association Washington County Agency for O V E R L A N D Cars Expert Automobile, Motorcycle and Bicycle Repairing. I 1 We will soon open > a First-Class Garage H ASKELL & SON c.c. j .1 Rasmussen’s Feed Store Dealer in Flour, Feed and all kinds of the handling o f 25.259 tons of dyna­ mite. or 50,517.050 pounds, to July 1. Garden Seeds in season...................... 1912. the following prluelpal accidents have occurred: May 22. 1908. In Cfcagres division, tw o killed: premature explosion of twenty-six ton*, caused by lightning. Oct. 8. 1908. at Empire. In the Uule- bra cut. five killed and e'ght injured, c Ave. forest Grove, Oregon premature explosion. Oet. 10. lists, at Mlndl. seven k11 leal and ten Injured, premature explosion: dredging lit Atlantic entrance. Dec 12. 19418. at Bas Obispo, prema­ ture explosion o f twenty two tons In the Culebra cut. twenty-six killed and forty Injured. Jan. 10. 190«. at Paralso. two kfll4>d, ten Injured July 25. 1909. on Panama railroad, four killed, nine Injured. Tinning and Plumbing, Sheet Aug. 30. 1810, at Ancon quarry, four Municipal Engineering Metal W ork and Re­ killed. Surveying and Subdividing The second part of the program - kill­ July 19. 1911. at Ancon quarry, four pair Shcp. ing the mosquitoes—was accomplished killed, two Injured. Phone 482 pri nctpully bv fht* u*e of crude oil. Forty deaths from dynamite explo­ Erpry «tagnant r*,ol of water and sions are note|fe. but It (C< ntinued on Page Eleven.) I. RASMUSSEN, Proprietor P a c i.' W M . W E IT Z E L A. A. K I R K W O O D CIVIL ENGINEER AND SURVEYOR