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About Estacada progress. (Estacada, Or.) 1908-1916 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 19, 1915)
KID DRAIN LAND OF W ILD nilS IA K D Clean Cultivation to Pre vent Seeding is very Best Kemedy I ALL DISKING IS ADVISED O. A. I'. Expert Gives Treatment that should Materially Reduce Damage ot feat. (Uy 11. S. Hammond, Botanist, O. A. C.) YV here fields are infested with wild mustard the land should be worked up with a disc or spring tooth harrow utter the grain is harvested to cover tne seeds and induce germination. The plants resulting may be destroyed by lull plowing or by freezing, preferably by tall plowing in this region. The lieids should be cultivated reasonably early in the spring and before the crop is sown, if gram is raised, to kill any plants that may have started, if the cultivation can be kept up until late in the spring many of the young plants will be destroyed. A liberal seeding of grain should be made when the soil is well prepared so that growth may be quickly made and will fully cover the ground. If the mus tard starts in the grain many of the young plants may be destroyed by Harrowing with a light spike-tooth harrow, if scattering plants appear lacy could be pulled by hand. If in spue ol the careful preparation of the land, the field should still be badly in- icsied with mustard, the plants may lie destroyed without injury to the grain by spraying. Spraying to destroy the mustards is a comparatively recent practice which originated in Trance und be- tume known in America in 1900. Ex periments in the United States and t uiiaua have fully confirmed the Eu- ropean results as to safe destruction oi these weeds by the spray, in crops ol cereals, The method is to use a solution of either ciqqier sulfate (blue vitro! i or iron sulfate (copperas) as a spray; if the copper sulfate 2, 2 Vi or .1 , solution, (8, ltl, 12 lbs. in 50 gallons of water), applying 40 or 50 gallons to the acre upon the fields of grain containing mustard plants in ury weather either cloudy or bright aim sunny. 1 he must effective results are obtained before the mustard comes aito bloom. While the cereals, such - ■ corn, outs, und wheat, may show slight apparent injury at the time, the ■ njurcn plants appear to recover unu the mustard is killed or prevent- eu from seeding. Showers soon after spray lug may require repetition of the spray. 1 Ins will kill or injure practically all plants of the mustard family if applied on the foliage. It is especial ly to be recommended when the weed m iests wheat and oat lieids. Of the iron sulfate (copperas) solution, 15 to 20 per cent solution, (60 to 80 lbs. in 50 gallons of water) may be em ployed us the chemical is cheaper though less active. Wild mustard is one of the most troublesome weeds because of its per sistent seeding habit and the endur ance of the seeds when buried in the soil. It is most common in fields that are devoted exclusively to grain, and disappears when a system is intro- duced which provides for grass and cultivated crops. The vital point in the process of eradication is to pre vent the seeds maturing and shatter ing out. BENEFITS OF GARDENING “In every school and community there should be at least one teacher who knows gardening both theoret ically and practically,” said United States Commissioner of Education, P. 1’. Claxton, who recently inspected the Oregon Agricultural College. "This teacher should teach the elementary sciences during school hours, and out of school hours direct the home gar dening of the children between the ages of seven and fourteen or fifteen years. Where possible, the teacher should have the assistance of an ex pert gardener so that the work may be done in the most practical and profit able way. The teacher and gardener should help the children find plots of ground in back yards and vacant lots, aid them in having the lots properly plowed and prepared for cultivation, help them select the seeds and show them how to plant and cultivate and harvest to obtain the best results.” MANUAL TRAINING TOOLS The following list of tools was pre pared by the Industrial Art Depart ment of the Agricultural College for rural school teachers and pupils of Oregon who do not have the requisite tools for carrying on manual training: Block plane ................................. $ .50 Jack plane .................................. 1.75 Bevel edge chisel '* in.........................35 Bevel edge chisel % in. .................... 40 Back saw, 12 inch .... ...... .......... 1.00 Marking gauge ..... 10 Tour fold rule ...................................25 Wing dividers 6 in ............. 20 Try square ..................... 20 The foregoing list mentions tools necessary for each pupil while the fol lowing may he supplied for the entire group: Hand saw, rip 22 in. 6 points to inch ............................ $ 1.00 Hand saw, cross cut, 20 in., 10 points to inch ............................ 1.00 Auger bits, H in., % in., M in., in., in., and 1 in. ........... 1.80 Drill bits, 1-16 in., % in., 3-16 inch .................................................... 24 Screw driver, 8 in.............................24 Hit brace. 8 in. swing ............ .90 Carpenter's square, 24 in......... . 1.00 :1i in. gouge ............ 60 1 1 in. gouge ............................. .50 Slip stone ................ - ..........................25 nil stone .............................................60 Nail hammer, 7 ozs....... ..................... 40 Glue pot ........................ .45 Cabinet scraper, 3 in. x 5 in............30 Draw knife .... 75 Bevel square .......................................25 4 hand clamps, 6 in...................... 1.40 I pair of door clamp fixtures, Taylor's, No. 31 ..... 5.00 Bench ........................................... 12.00 Instead of the manual training bench costing $12.00 a bench screw may be purchased for 50 cents and a very good bench made by the pupils. The pupils may also make a bench hook, draw board, saw horse and miter box, according to drawings and speci fications furnished by the College in the Industrial Club bulletin, "Sug gested List of Tools and Materials,” copies of which will be furnished free upon request. fruit and foliage of the gooseberry and upon European varieties it is worse than upon the American. Its symptoms are an artificial white mold, or mildew, on fruits and foliage of young canes. It is first noticed by growers on the fruit but probably starts upon young foliage. The whitish spots change to a buff or even to a blown, from which time the disease spreads rapidly. The standard reme dy is to spray with potassium sul phide, one ounce to two or three gal lons of water, beginning when the l uds bleak open and continuing for ¡.bout ten days in which seven appli cations wili have been made. Experi ments conducted in Oregon indicate that an application of winter-strength lime-sulphur solution to the dormant branches, followed by application of lime-sulphur diluted to 1-30 to the Valuable Points on Location foliage, gives excellent satisfaction. The slight deposit of lime-sulphur left Soil, Tillage and Prun by this solution makes it better to use ing (Jiven potassium sulphide in the later spray ings. The most common currant fungus AMERICAN VARIETIES BEST disease found in Oregon is anthrac- nose, which is widely distributed. It may grow upon practically all parts Worst Insect and Disease Pests Con of the plant above ground. It causes sidered by College Specialists, who small brown spots, more or less thick Give Treatment. ly scattered, on the leaves, which turn yellow and fall as the disease becomes advanced. Conspicuous black spots, (By C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist slightly shrunken, are formed on the O. A. C. stalks and leaf and fruit stems. These The American gooseberries are suc spots are from one-fourth to one-half inch in length on the cane, but on cessful and make a good commercial proposition. Very few of the English the fruit they resemble fly specks. Plants in shade are not seriously at varieties do well in this country, as The fungus exists in two they succumb to the American mildew tacked. stages, one on the canes, leaves, and disease. The best variety is the Cham petioles, and the other on dead leaves pion, sometimes known as Oregon. that drop in the fall. Control is Another good variety is the Industry. helped by plowing under the dead In Eastern Oregon the Red Jacket, sometimes called the Josselyn, is pre leaves early in spring before the new ferred. The best all round currant is ’eaves start, or by raking and burn the Perfection. The London Market ing them. Spraying should follow is earlier, is not so badly attacked by along toward spring with a 5-5-50 Bordeaux mixture, again when the worms, and generally escapes frosts. The Tuy is also a good red currant. leaves unfold, and at ten-day inter vals until the fruit is two-thirds Soils. grown, avoiding the blossoming period. Both fruits prefer moist, cool, well- Insect Pests. drained soils, those with some clay ( By A. L. Lovett, Insect Specialist.) preferable. They will stand shady conditions, north slopes, and in regions There are two insect pests of cur of the Inland Empire, where the rants and gooseberries which may do ground tends to become warm, it is considerable injury where allowed to better to grow them in the proximity go unchecked. One attacks the foliage of shade. They do not like hot soils, and is known as the green currant and when planted on hot sand or silt, worm. The other attacks the fruit do not thrive, as a rule. and is known as the currant fruit fly Propagation. or gooseberry maggot. The green currant worm, as the They are very easily propagated. Hardwood cuttings 8 or 10 inches long name implies, is a soft velvety green ore taken in the fall, hurried in moist worm less than an inch long. Often sand, and planted out in the spring. the currant and gooseberry bushes They can be propagated by mound are almost entirely stripped of foliage just as the fruit is nearly mature. layering or by root cuttings. The adult of this worm is a wasp-like Tillage and Fertilizers. The tillage should be the same as insect known as a sowfly. The females for other small fruits, but should be are present in the field at blossoming very thorough, yet shallow, as the time and deposit eggs in the surface roots of these berries tend to come to of the leaf near the margin. These cegs hatch in about ten days and the the surface. Both these plants are rank feed young worms feed greedily. They are ers and respond to moderate amounts about mature and their injury be of well-rotted manure, or wood ashes. comes really serious when the fruit The latter is especially desirable for is about mature. There is a second these plants. Heavy applications of generation of worms some three weeks coarse, loose, strawy manure should later. be avoided as it tends to make the Spray just after fruit has set with ground too dry and warm for these lead arsenate one ounce to three gal lons of water. If spraying is delayed fruits. until fruit is nearly mature spray with Pruning and Planting. In this country pruning to the bush white hellebore powder one ounce to form is recommended. The goose three gallons of water. The earlier The latter berry bears fruit on the two, three, spray is recommended. and four year old wood and this spray is colorless and practically non- poisonous, therefore preferable on growth should not be cut. The cur rant hears most of its fruit on the nearly mature fruit. The currant fruit fly is found as a second and third year old wood. Cut out all canes that droop toward the maggot causing the fruit to ripen pre maturely and drop to the ground. The ground. Cut out all weak canes, and reduce the plant to the number of adult of this maggot is a small yellow canes that will grow in a vigorous con two winged fly. This fly is present dition. Whenever the canes tend to in the field when the fruit is one-third get gnarly, old, or weak, remove them. grown. The female flies deposit eggs I he plantation should be renewed in underneath the skin of the forming 6 to 10 years. While it will fruit fruit. The young maggots on hatch longer, li will not pay as the fruit ing tunnel to the interior of the fruit where they feed and grow. When ma tends to get small. The plants can be set at varying ture they leave the fruit and tunnel in distances, according to size: 5x5, 4x4, to the soil to a depth of about two or in rows 6 feet apart and the plants inches where they form a small brown :i feet apart in the row. They can be capsule-like puparium. Here they re harvested when desired, and for can main until the following spring when ning should be harvested green, and they emerge again as flies. Stir the soil about the plants in for jam. very ripe. late summer or fall and again in the Diseases. spring. By turning these puparia un ( By F. D. Bailey, Plant Pathologist.) der to a considerable depth or ex Powdery mildew is the most serious posing them to predacious birds they fungus disease known to attack the are held in check. G R0A1N G CURRANTS AND G0ÜSFBEKK1HS