FARMER DETERMINES EFFICIENCY OF FARM
CALLS THE SOPHOMORE DOWN
jj f
I?'' X
If ' 'V'w$$s$&
Improved Farm Implements Are Great Time and Labor Savers.
The farmer himself, in the last
analysis, determines the efficiency of
avery successful farming enterprise,
according to the government's farm
management investigations. These in
vestigations were carried on to deter
nine Just what were the main factors
naklng for success in agriculture.
The farmer who comprehends and ap
plies the principles of good farm or
ganization, selection of good seed, til
lage, and feed, who is quick to under
stand the readjustmeni and Improve
ment of existing systems In case of
need, is the farmer who gets the max
imum result with the minimum ex
penditure of money and effort.
Although the farmer may not under
stand the meaning of "applied econom
ics," he will many times, through ex
perience and training, know how to
use the science much better than one
versed only in the general theories.
3uch a farmer, when he hears of some
Improvement in methods or redistribu
tion of activities, will apply the gen
sraities to his own case as soon as
they are brought to his attention.
While he may well look with distaste
on the introduction of wholly new sys
tems, he will comprehend the possi
bilities of readjustment of existing
systems. -
The United States department of ag
riculture's investigator has listed other
(actors of efficiency In farming as fol
lows: The magnitude of the business,
whether measured by area of land
farmed, amount of working capital em
ployed, or the number of days of pro
ductive labor provided.
Organization, which determines the
degree of diversity of enterprises on
the farm which may be made to pro
vide full occupation to the available
labor and equipment while avoiding
the necessity of hiring large amounts
of extra labor.
System of management: It Is shown
that neighboring farmers, with similar
types of farming, devote very different
amounts of time to the various classes
of enterprises on their farms because
of the lack of standard systems of
management of these enterprises, and
It Is not always the man who devotes
the most time to an enterprise who
makes the largest profits from it.
Lack of system means lost motion and
useless work.
Adaptability of enterprises: In or
der that the farm may be profitable
the crops and live stock maintained
upon it must be adapted not only to
local condition of soil and climate but
also to existing economic conditions.
Quality of the business: The income
per animal unit is a very Important
factor In profit. Yield per acre is also
Important, but less so than the In
come per animal unit. Moderate
yields may be more profitable than
very high yields.
On a farm which combines a large
number of these factors of efficiency,
nrofits are greater than on those
which are efficient in fewer things.
Many other factors of efficiency
exist, but they are not here dealt with
for lack of sufficient data.
Adaptability of Enterprises.
One of the most Important factors
In determining profit In farming is the
adaptability of enterprises to soil and
climatic conditions, and especially to
existing economic conditions. Adapta
bility to soil and climatic conditions
is so obvious as to need only mention
here, but the facts regarding adapta
bility to economic conditions are not
so well understood.
The following table gives an estl
mate of the average labor Income for
one of the leading dairy counties in
the state of Wisconsin and one of the
leading dairy counties In the state of
Massachusetts. The calculations are
based on census figures In so far as
these are available.
The estimated cost of maintenance
of buildings, implements and machin
ery taxes, and miscellaneous expenses
are based on the results of farm-management
surveys and other Investiga
tions conducted by the office of farm
management. Unfortunately, certain
Items necessary to determine accurate
ly the labor Income are missing. In
this table the labor Income represents
not the wages of the farmer but the
wages of the whole family. Further
more, the labor Income Includes what
the farm furnishes toward the family
living, except the milk and cream con
sumed on the farm where it is pro
duced, the last census having made no
estimate of the value of this Item. In
addition, a good many farm families,
especially In Massachusetts, earn con
siderable amounts by outside employ
ment, and on many farms this Is the
tirinclnal source of Income. Unfor
tunately, also, the census gives no In
formation as to the amount of money
Bpent In the purchase of live stock, so
that the labor Income must be re
duced by the average amount spent
annually in the purchase of live stock.
To sum up, the labor Incomes, to
gether with the interest on the invest
ment, which make up the farm in
come, require the following modifica
tion In order to represent the sum
available annually for the family liv
ing: The farm income should be in
creased by the amount of milk and
cream consumed on the farm where
It is produced and by the amount
earned by the farm family from other
sources than the farm, Including, of
course, Interest on Investments other
than in the farm, and it should be re
duced by the amount paid for live
stock bought. The figures are there
fore only of value as a comparison be
tween different regions, for the same
defects Inhere In the estimates of the
two regions.
Estimate of the Average Labor Incomes
for Farms in a Leading Dairy County
in Wisconsin and One In Massachusetts.
Selected county In
MassachU'
Items of Comparison. Wisconsin. Betts.
Number of farms 8,358
Improved land per farm,
acres 65.0
Number of cows per farm 12.7
Improved land per cow,
acres 5.33
When Student Acquires Little Learn
ing He Will Know Why It Is Dan
gerous, Says Mazle.
"The varsity graduate has a good
deal of conceit. He Is nothing, though,
beside the undergraduate the junior
or sophomore."
The speaker was Chomley Porter,
the brilliant varsity oarsman of Itha
ca. He resumed:
"On a white beach there lolled be
side a pretty girl a sunburnt, bare
headed sophomore in one of those
queer $1S suits that the advertisements
call 'ready-built,' or 'ready-to-put-on,'
or 'ready-tailored' anything, In short,
ready-made.'
The sophomore blew a cloud of
nasty-smelling smoke from his cheap
cigarette, yawned and said:
'Mazle, why do they says a little
learning is a dangerous thing.'
Mazle touched Impatiently with her
brown finger a long 'ladder' that had
appeared on the ankle of her brand
new pair of 39-cent silk stockings, just
put on for the first time that morning.
1 'What did you say, Gus?' she mur
mured absently.
" 'Why, it is claimed,' the sophomore
repeated, 'that a little learning is a
dangerous thing.'
"Mazle's calm, clear eyes look at
him thoughtfully.
"'Well, Gus,' she said, 'if you ever
get any you'll know. "Minneapolis
Journal.
6,438
Total farm Investment $10,300 $7,945
Value of farm buildings 2,279 8,283
Value of Implements and
machinery 868 405
Dairy products, per cow 43 106
Value of Products.
Dairy products (exclusive of
home-used milk and cream) 605 532
Wool and mohair 1
Poultry products 124 183
Domestic animals sold ,. 818 175
Domestic animals slaughtered 42 2
Value of crops not fed 676
Total $ 1,666 $1,795
Expenses.
Labor $ 146 I 627
Fertilizers 1 74
Feed 44
Maintenance of buildings, 4.5
per cent 103 148
Maintenance of Implements,
etc., 20 per cent 74 81
Taxes, 0.6 per cent 62 4S
Total (designated expenses) 429 $1,274
Miscellaneous expenses 64 191
Total (all expenses).. 493
Farm Income $ 1,073
Interest on Investment, 6 per
cent 675
Labor Income 658
1,485
$ 330
891
-67
Should be Increased by the value of
home-used milk and cream and receipts
from outside sources. Should be decreased
by the amount paid for live stock pur
chased.
FIGURES MOVES
Curiosity In the Piscatorial World to
Be Shown In New York In an Ed
ucational Series A Rare
Specimen.
Had the Usual Success.
"What! Back from the country so
soon? , I thought you went up to that
little place where you could get board
for f 6 and $7 a week so that you could
save money.
"I did."
"Had it all figured out that the long
er you could keep your family there
'he better off you would be. '
"That's right."
"And yet you're back."
"Yes, I'm back, and say!"
"Well?"
"You couldn't loan me fifty, could
you?"
Bill, the famouB two-headed trout of
the Yama farms hatchery at Napo
nock, N. Y., has become so pleased
with himself that his twin headB
threaten to swell up to the bursting
point. The reason is that Bill had his
picture taken for the "movies" and
will appear In an educational series to
be shown in New York.
Bills Is seven months old, a husky,
beautifully marked specimen of brook
trout He is perfectly formed, accord
ing to experts, but just forward of the
dorg&l fin he displays a tendency to
lead a double life. His heads are as
separate and distinct as if there were
two Bills Instead of one. Dr. William
Hornaday, curator of the New York
Zoological park, examined Bill with
Interest a short time ago and pro
nounced his case unusual. John Bur
roughs, the naturalist, has also ad
mired Bill. Mr. Burroughs says that
malformation in fish Is not unusual,
but It is very rare to find a specimen
that survives for any length of time.
When Bill was very young his twin
heads had some trouble in agreeing.
When one would wish to feed the oth
er insisted on swimming about, and
vice verBa. But lately they seem to
have formed an alliance, and now
United Trout, Inc., gets along finely.
In common with the other trout In
the hatchery, Bill was fed ". finely
strained liver until he was two months
old. Since then he has subsisted up
on chopped beef. The moving picture
camera man took Bill In all stages of
his daily routine.
Intellectual Ingratitude.
"You really have more money than
you know what to do with!"
"Yes," replied Mr. DuBtin Stax.
"Why don't you endow some libra
ries or universities?"
"I have thought of it. But how do
I know the libraries wouldn't circulate
books about the evils of concentrated
wealth or that the universities
wouldn't deliver lectures on the dan
gers of financial aristocracy?"
Professional Rivalry.
"I understand that beef Is going to
be dearer next winter than ever be
fore."
"Yes," replied the Chicago packer.
"What's the idea?"
"We're going to take some of the
pride out of (hose eastern coal barons
who thought they had the world beat
as price boosters."
SHOP TALK.
BEST LENGTHS FOR SILAGE
Question Is. One Upon Which Much
Difference of Opinion It Mani
fested Among Farmers.
(By H. H. KILDEE, Iowa Experiment
Station.)
In response to Inquiry as to the
best lengths for cutting corn to put
into the silo; Professor Klldee of the
Iowa Agricultural college, makes the
following reply:
"The question as to the proper
lengths In which corn should be cut
when put Into the silo is one upon
which much difference of opinion is
manifested. Some advocate as long
as one and one-fourth Inches, others
less than one-half inch or approxi
mately one-fourth inch, and the ma
jority intermediate lengths. The short
cuts, such as the one-fourth and one
half Inch, require more power, . but
lusure a more palatable silage, result
ing in less waste In feeding, and make
it easy to pack It thoroughly at time
of filling. This packing helps to ellm
bate the air, thus improving the
quality, and makes it possible to put a
greater quantity of corn in the silo.
It is more essential that thoroughly
mature corn be cut into shorter
lengths than corn that Is more Imma
ture and succulent, as much of the
dry portions will be wasted by ani
mals on full feed If not cut Into small
pieces. When one considers the mat
ter from all standpoints, it Is evident
that the common practice of cutting
the corn into one-half to three-fourths
Inch lengths is the preferable dhe.
Tho writer has made it a practice to
cut the corn Into three-fourths-tnch
lengths, but realizes that when corn
becomes dry the one-half inch cut is
more desirable. If the correspondent
wishes a shorter cut for the upper
part of the silo I would recommend
the upper third be filled with one-half
inch cut.
8torlng Onions.
Onions should be stored in crates
or In racks In the storage house.
4
'Say," remarked the wheelwright to
the wheel, as he hammered away at
the tire, "you're a great old rounder,
aren't you?"
"Oh! go take a vacation," rejoined
the wheel. "You make me tired."
Proportionate Greed.
"This Beems to be a rather ornate
hotel."
"Yes. I shall not stay here long.
"Why not?"
"I've learned that the more gilt
there Is in the lobby, the more ra
pacious the waiters are in the dining
room."
A Secondary Consideration.
First Senator I am opposed to the
measure. .
Second Senator Why?
F. S. If I vote for it, I'll be defeat
ed in the next election. And, besides,
I'm not sure but that the measure Is
wrong.
A Profitable Course.
""I understand that when this cap
italist was a little boy he made his
first money by selling lemonade with
a great deal of water in It."
"Well, he's been consistent He got
rich by selling stock with a great deal
of water in It"
Shouldn't Kick.
"Our water pipe got choked up and
the confounded plumber charged me
$20 for fixing it It's an imposition!
"Well, you can't say yo'j didn't get
run for your money.
Giving Details,
Maud Kitty married a man a good
deal older than she, so I hear.
Marie Older! Why, he's twice her
real age and three times the age the
tat the It.
wo-Headed Trout a Feature of
the Films.
LATE ELECTRIC INVENTIONS
Vapor Lights Employed to Detect Im
purities In Cube Sugar Elec
tricity as Motive Power.
Green mercury vapor lights are now
used, as described in the Electrical
World, to detect impurities in cube
sugir and to assort the 16 different
shades of ivory which go Into piano
keys.
Eight quartz-tube mercury vapor
lights on steel towers Illuminate the
yards of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie
railroad at Pittsburgh.
A recent speaker on railroad motive
power declared, from the returns on a
division 440 miles long, that electrici
ty was 25 per cent cheaper than
steam.
The Electrical World describes a
sheot-metal case with an opening at
the top through which an electric
blower forces' hot air to dry the
hands. The device is to displace the
insanitary towel for multiple use. A
foot pedal controls the operating
switch.
An electric range, in a test at Salt
Lake City, was operated 168 hours at
a cost of $1.18.
By Introducing minute particles of
zinc into the tissues by powerful elec
tric currents a Philadelphia surgeon
destroys cancers and has effected many
notable cures.
In a New York church there is an
Incandescent lamp that has been used
seven hours a day for more than seven
years, which is believad to be th
world's record.
SKEE AIDS SWIMMING AT SEA
Machine Invented by California!,
Drives Operator Through the
Water at Rapid Rate.
What is called a skimming Bkee has
been Invented recently by a native
of the California coast, by which Its
operator will be driven through the
water by the aid of propellers at a
rapid rate, head-first, as if shot from
rocket The apparatus comprises a
board with an Upwardly turned float
the front end, while the other
end is supplied with a propeller to be
ELECTRICAL BURGLAR ALARM
Snake Admln-.d "Movie" Star. .
Something 1: strays "happening to
Mary." The latest thrill to be added
to this girl's life Is a battle with a
snake, in which said snake met his
Waterloo. Mary Fuller, with her di
rector, Walter Edwin, and a company
of some 35 players, Is at present up
Blue Ridge mountains, Shohola,
Pike county, Pa., putting on a three
reel feature. "The Heart of the Night
Winds." The hotel people affirmed
there hadn't been a snake seen in the
crick," which comes down from the
big falls at Shohola, for 20 years. But
when Mary pulled off her white stock
ings and little black shoes and began
to "sozzle" her pink toes around in
the water, a big water moccasin lifted
its head from the moss across the
stream, and admiring beauty from
afar, Bllpped into the water and swam
quickly over to pay his respects to
our movie heroine." No, Mary didn't
shriek or run, but grasped a hickory
stick and waited. ,
"I'll spank you, naughty snake," she
warned.
But with blood In his eye the snake
darted at her leg. After a series of
terrific "whacks," the big mottled
black lay still and Mary was safe to
go wading.
Oevlce May Be Conveniently Attached
to Door, Window or Other
Movable Objects.
In describing and illustrating a bur
glar alarm, the Invention of S. Sundel
of 103 East 125th street, New York
the Scientific American says:
A burgiar alarm Is provided by this
Invention for the use of travelers and
other persons. It may be convenient
ly attached to a door, window or oth
or movable part with a view to sound
ing an alarm on the movement of that
part. A flexible connection runs from
Portable Burglar Alarm for Travelers.
an electric contact device to a fixed
part such as a door frame, so that
when the door Is opened, the contact
Is closed and the alarm 1b sounded.
ANNA LUTHER
Anna Luther is another picture play
er who recently showed her skill In
the latest steps. Miss Luther took
the cup offered by the Hotel Rudolf,
Atlantic City, and, emboldened by her
success, is now entered In the Hotel
Shelbourne contest The prize is to
be a 'Paige runabout
Surprise for Film Star.
Rose Tapley was given a birthday
surprise party at her home In East
Orange, N. J., when 30 of her friends
and neighbor Invaded her home, dec
orated it from cellar to garret In
yellow and green, and gave the popu
lar player one of the most enjoyable
occasions Imaginable. Mies Tapley
was the recipient of many present, in
eluding a handsome vlctroia, a com
plete set of Shakespeare s works, nu
merous books, and many other valu
able and useful gifts.
Temporarily With Andrew Mack,
William Conklln, who for the past
tlx months hat been playing Important
roles In ,nn eastern company's produc
tions, by permission of that company
wat allowed to go to Philadelphia for
the company, now filming "The
Ragged Earl," with Andrew Mack In
the leading role. Mr. Conklln Informs
ut that the jolly Andrew it a fine
horseback rider, a fact which will
probably surprise m.-nv of hit friend.
iwOTIIl
Electric power Is generally used in
watchmaking. ,
London averages 475,000 telegrams
dally; Paris has 120,000 only.
An Instrument has been Invented to
measure the glare of light reflected
from paper.
New types of Incandescent street
lamps are capable of 6,000 candle-
power.
Electric fans are used In city stores
to drive away flies. Flies do not like
electric fans.
The Panama canal Is lighted along
Its entire length by electricity, for
lighthouses, buoys, etc.
Some of the finest examples of elec
trically equipped coal mines are to be
found in Nova Scotia.
Electric vehicles are now bein
used in the Btreets of London for
sprinkling and sweeping.
A nfiw pocket electric flash light
can be used to display light of three
colors, single or In combination.
A Fremh electrical device for curl
Ing women's hair is said to be so effl
dent that the hair retulns Its shape
for months.
A chain of wireless stations extends
around the entire coast of Australl
so that a toasting vessel never Is out
of touch with the shore.
Wireless messages have been re
ceived in Germany from the- Cape of
Good Hope, 6,000 miles distant, clearly
and distinctly.
An attachment hat been Invented
for telephone receivers to enable
stenographers to take both tides ol
conversations over wires.
Three million dollars have been
pent to bring the power of a water
fall 90 miles to Bombay for electric
light and power purposes,
4
i) 1 1 1 , i T .. -t,.- ti NiihiiliWllijiKlhlftJlii'.
Skee for Swimmer.
nanlpulaud by the feet of the opera-
or as his body rests along the length
f the board. The body of the opera-
or reposes In an almou horizontal
josltion, and as the propeller drives
im through the water his body of-
ers the least possible resistance be-
ause of the angle which It describes.
RADIOACTIVITY OF THE BODY
Examination by German Scientist
Shows Different Orjans Contain
Some Electric Substance.
In his investigation of the radioac
tivity of the organs of the human body,
Dr. Albert Caan of Heidelberg has ex
amined 41 organB from 12 different
persons, and every one of them con
tained some substance that made the
air electrically conductive, as shown
by the Brecker emauometer. It was
concluded that this substance must
be radioactive, though possibly not
radium itself. The brain, and also
the lungs, proved very active; but the
heart and liver were less so, and the
kidneys and spleen Bhowed only slight
activity. . The radioactive substance
seemed to Increase with age and in
disease. Little effect was shown from
such conditions as social position, oc
cupation or manner of living, and even
locality of living was unimportant. Ra
dioactive substances the effect of
which on the vital activity of the
body cells remains to be learned
might come from food and drink, or
from the air. The testing emauome
ter includes a receptacle for the ashes
of about 100 grains of the organ under
test, and this 1b connected by electric
wires and a rubber tube to a wire
electrometer with a microscope for
fine reading In the circuit of a stor
age battery.
DARK ROOM MADE PORTABLE
Box Hae Hinged Sides and It Col
lapsible Apparatut It Easily Car
ried When Folded.
Of the various portable dark rooms
on which patents have been granted,
one of the best Is that devised by
an Indiana man. The box has hinged
sides and is collapsible. When Bet
up It has a shield In the top for the
user's face and Is so shaped that It
tits around the features and does not
admit light there. Entrance to the box
Is through a flexible and llghtproof
hood, which has elastic armholes. A
slide across the face keeps the light
from penetrating through the arm
holes when they are not occupied.
Slides containing Bheets of material
Folding Dark Room.
Impervious to the actinic rays are fit
ted In several other places to admit,
enough harmless light for the opera
tor to see the work by. This apparatua
Ib easily carried when collapsed and
can be set up anywhere, even outdoors.
World Would Grow Hotter.
According to an English scientist,
if the radium In the Interior of the
earth Is In any way equal to that in
the rocks at the surface the world
will grow hotter In time Instead oC
colder.
Life-Saving Appllanct.
A steamer chair which opjent Into
a life raft when It strikes water la
life-saving appliance patented by two
New England man.