PAGE EIGHT
INDEPENDENCE ENTERPRISE, INDEPENDENCE, OREGON.
REMARKABLE ROAD CONSTRUCTION IN KHYBER PASS
Robert J. CStejJ
Author of 1
"Klhtwf ami
Other ttftnt "
X X X
XV
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i sir
lllutlrntlnltt h,
IKWIN MY tits
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A.
View of Hie roads tusivmlliif; tlie Khyber imss. looking towuiil tlu plums of huliu. Hie upper road is tlu- ..!
camel caravan road leading into Afglmuistaa. Tue lower road was specially constructed lust year by Llrltish engi
neers for motor transport
HISTORY TOLD
IN OLD LETTERS
Jews of the 15th Century Alone
Had Trading Posts in North
west Africa.
INTERESTING DISCOVERY MADE
Africa Loomed Larger In the Middle
Ages Than Modern Historians
Have Realized Jews Forced
Out of Spain.
Washington. "Lava preserved the
secrets of Roman civilization in Pom
pell; tombs protected the records of
ancient Egypt's culture; and now
there Is prospect that some long
neglected letters may -reveal one of
the most fascinating chapters in the
historic trail of the Jewish people, and
Incidentally show that Africa loomed
larger in the middle ages than modern
ihlstorians have realized."
With this introduction the National
Geographic society In a bulletin makes
the first announcement in tlis country
of a remarkable documentary discov
ery made by Charles de la' Ronclere,
librarian of the National library In
France.
"Hitherto," says the librarian, Africa
has figured not at all In medieval his
tory. It still was a 'dark continent'
when Stanley and Livingstone pene
trated It less than a century ago. Yet
it would seem the Jews of the fifteenth
century had trading posts in north
west Africa and carried on a vast
commerce with the natives from the
Sahara to the Atlantic and from Al
geria to the Niger.
Medieval Natives of Africa.
"These native peoples, who finally
resisted the Inroads of Christian, Jew
and Mohammedan, possessed sources
of wealth In grain and gold. Some
tribes lived In rock salt houses. Actual
history In one case parallels the legend
ary account of the defense of Troy.
Primitive religions and strange cus
toms flourished In common with a civ
ilization advanced enough to take ac
curate census of cities.
"Antonia Malfante, a Genoese citi
zen, traversed this region and wrote
his descriptive letters in 1-47, from
Timbuktu and Touat. Timbuktu was
the Chicago of the West African
plains, and Touat the center of the
camel caravan traffic that exchanged
the wheat and barley of Egypt for
the powdered gold of Timbuktu and
the percious salt from Teghazza.
' "All the places visited by Malfante
were so well known to the Jews of his
time that they were listed in a Catalnn
atlas prepared three-quarters of a cen
tury earlier by Charles V, according
to M. Ronclere. But shortly after Mal-
fante's visit the Jews were driven out
of Spain, and since the Jews were the
only ones In Europe who knew of the
Nigeria country, and apparently per
mitted no Christians to enter there ex
cept Malfante, the Jewish knowledge
was lost to Europe. Not until Dr.
Gerhard Rohlfs began his explorations
In Algeria and Morocco In 1800 did the
rest of the world form a contact with
the extensive regions of Malfante's
travels.
"Landing at a point west of Algiers,
Malfante worked his way south to
Touat, which Rohlfs believed himself
to have been the first European to
visit. Yet Malfante dated his first let
ter from there four centuries earlier.
An African Commercial Center.
"Touat was an oasis, containing
from 150 to 200 villages, which togeth
er formed a vast commercial center.
Each had a chief. Travelers became
the guests of these chiefs, and Mal
fante reported their protection su
perior to that In states like Tiemcen
and Tunis. One of these towns was
Tamentlt, now a decayed village,
whose people still recall the Jewish
epoch. . Arabian Invaders earlier had
robbed the Jews, who were mnsters
of the Sahara and whose empire ex
tended south to the Niger. Tamentlt,
Malfante wrote, sheltered both Jews
and Mohammedans, who lived in har
mony. "The native negroes valued copper
highly, Malfante stated, and used It
for money.
"Pushing on to Timbuktu, Malfante's
host was the brother of a cnptaln of
desert Industry, a man of great wealth
and possessed of trade Information
concerning all of North Africa. From
him Malfante learned of such flour
ishing places as Teghazza, famous for
its salt mines and unique for Its
architecture. The houses were made
of rock salt. Malfante noted that it
never1 rained there or the houses would
have melted away.
"To the south of the Mohammedan
kingdom were many states Inhabited
solely by savt-ges. One of these tribes
worshiped a mirror, believing that in
the reflection of their faces they saw
a deity.
To Dumb Forgetfulness a Prey.
Greenfield, Ind. Caleb Moncrlef,
farmer, has always denied that he Is
absent-minded, but he has a taxi bill
as proof to the contrary. After com
pleting his business here, Moncrlef
drove home, forgetting he had taken
his wife to town with him. She fol
lowed In a taxi.
Is Postmaster at 13.
La Center, K Zelna Peale, aged
13, acting postmaster here, Is believed
to be the youngest person to hold down
the job In the United States. He Is
serving, pending the arrival of his
brother's commission.
Height Governs
Speed In the
Air
Geography of the Atmosphere
Outlined by a Practical
Aeronaut.
MAJOR AT OLD JOB
t - 'fevL H ft
Maj. J. W. J. Miller, D. S. O., C. M.
C. of Hall cottage, Greenstead, Essex,
England, who has returned to his old
job as a cowman which he left when
he joined the army in 1907.
i In 1914 Major Miller went to France,
won the D. C. M. at Neuve Chapelle
land was wounded three times. Later
I he rose to the rank of major and won
ithe D. S. O. He Is now once more
(the cowman to Mr. E. S. Schwlar, a
Ifarmer who served as a private dur
ing the war.
CONSISTS OF TWO LAYERS
Greatest Discovery Yet Made in Ex
ploring the Air Attain Speed of
200 Miles an Hour at Higher
Levels.
Washington. In his spectacular
flight establishing a new aviation alti
tude record Maj. Rudolph W. Schroe
der found trade winds of 200 miles
an hour velocity far above the clouds,
press dispatches state. The Dayton
(0.) test pilot merely reported one ol
the new phenomena resulting from
a study of the geography of the air,
stimulated by aerial travel, according
to a bulletin of the National Geo
graphic society.
"While the chemistry and physics
of the atmosphere are understood, the
geography of the air Is still practical
ly unknown," says Alexander McAdie
in a communication to the society.
Great Rivers of Air.
"We are aware that there are well
marked areus, zones and levels in
this Inverted bowl; and, though we
may not see them, there are mighty
rivers, far exceeding any of the
rivers of earth In volume and speed,
rushing on for miles and miles, flow
ing vertically as well as horizontally.
There are' vast calm areas and stag
nant pools; also choppy seas and
regions of great turbulence.
"We ure learning today that there
are various layers In the air, which
must be explored and studied before
airships can travel In safety. In fly
ing, men will use only the lower strata,
the cloud levels. Above all clouds are
far-stretching heights, which, too, must
be explored, not by plane and dirigible,
but by the sounding balloon of the
aerographer.
"One might say offhand that there
could be no geography of the air; for
'there are no continents, oceans or
visible geographical features in this
'Inverted bowl' which we will call the
sky. Do we not look clean through
the atmosphere up Into the heavens
and, except for passing clouds, do we
not know that there is nothing to be
seen?
"If the density of the atmosphere
remained constant it could all he com
pressed Into a layer about five miles
thick. In that case the highest moun
tain peaks would stand In space,
piercing the so called homogeneous
atmosphere. But the density decreases
with elevation, and when the aviator
reaches an elevation of 10.000 meters
he Is In a medium which is only about
one-third as dense as at the ground.
There are no clouds above this level.
"The greatest discovery yet made
In exploring the air is that the at
mosphere consists of two great layers
the lower extending from sea level
up to 10,000 meters, in which (here
is a steady fall of temperature with
elevation. This Is called the tropo
sphere. Above this there is no fall
and up to 20,000 meters a slight rise.
The upper layer is known us the
stratosphere.
Matter of Height and Speed.
"It Is actually possible today for an
airplane to rise from the ground to
the bottom of the stratosphere, say
about six miles, in one hour. If we
want to explore somewhat higher, say
twenty miles, we install light instru
ments on a sounding balloon.
"The intrepid aviator who tries to
force his way at high speed against
an adverse wind meets only with in
creasing resistance. But when the
wind favors, then the winged airman
spurns the slow fellow creeping on
wheels below. Willi accelerated speed
he passes over moor, mountain or sea ;
and, If need be, vaults over the clouds.
"If the captain of the winged ship
Is not content with his speed he has
only to climb to upper levels, where
the flow of the air increases to thirty
and even forty meters per second, and
in this stream he would move along
with a speed relative to the earth of
200 miles an hour.
"These are not extreme values. In
a stiff northwester which the write."
experienced some years back the wind
blew seventy-two consecutive hours
505,000 meters, which is nearly thirty
meters per second. This is equivalent
to going 4,700 miles In three days, or
twice the distance from Labrador to
Ireland. The highest speed of the wind
for any single hour was 164,000
meters, 102 miles. For a period of
about fifteen minutes the rate was
120 miles an hour."
j WWW W W
nnl.-llv ud
IVick In (Vmwai-d's olltce. while the
ngroemont was he.ug drawn. Iron.' was
possessed of a consuming 'I''1'"1' ,0
consult with Pave Kld.-u. Sno was
uneasy about this transaction In liu-li
her mother proposed so pivcipituMv
to Invest the grout er part of llu-ir lit
tle fortune. "1 think I would lu-sHiiie.
mother," she cried. "If you buy this
house we will have only u few thou
sand dollars left. Your h.-alth may de
mund other expenditures"
"My health was i.ever boiler." Mrs.
Hardy Interrupted. "And I'm not
going to miss a chance like this, health
or no health. Tou have heard Mr.
Conward tell how many people have
grown wealthy buying property and
selling It agulu. And I will sell It
again wheu 1 get my price."
"It is as your mother siits," Con
ward interjected. "There are very
rapid increases In value. I would not
,7.' Ill &
m
yrn t
There Mut Be an End Somewhere,"
Irene Murmured, Rather Weakly.
be surprised If you should be offered
an advance of ten thousand dollars on
this place before fall."
"There must be an end somewhere,"
Irene murmured, rather weakly.
But her mother was writing a check.
"I shall give you five thousand dollars
now," she said, "und the balance when
you give me the deed, or whutever It
is. That Is the proper way, Isn't It?"
"V.'ertl, It's done." said Irene with an
tmeas laugh which her excitement
pitched a little higher than she hud
Intended.
In an adjoining room Dave Elden
heard that laugh, and it stirred kohic
remembrance In him. Instantly he
connected it with Irene Hardy. The
truth was Irene Hardy had been In
the background of his mind during
every waking hour since Bert Mor
rison had dropped her bombshell upon
him. And now that voice
Dave had no plan. He simply
walked Into Conward's office. Ills eye
took In the little group and the mind
behind caught something of Its por
tent. Irene's beauty! What a quick
ening of the pulses was his as he saw
in this splendid woman the girl who
had stirred and returned bis youthful
passion ! But Dave had poise. He
walked straight to Irene.
"I heard your voice," he said. In
quiet tones that gave no hint of the
emotion beneath. "I am very glad to
see you again." He took the hand
which she extended, in a firm, warm
grasp; there was nothing In it, us
Irene protested to herself, that was
more than firm and warm, but it set
her finger tips a-tingling.
"My mother, Mr. Khlen," she man
aged to say, and she hoped her voire
was as well controlled us his laid b.-fti.
Mrs. Hardy looked on (he clean built
young man with the dark eyes nnd the
brown, .smooth face, but the name sug
gested nothing. "You remember,"
Irene went on, "I told, you of Mr. El
den. It was at his ranch we stayed
when father was hurt."
"But I thought he was a cow punch
er 1" exclaimed Mrs. Hardy.
"Times change quickly in the V'
madam," said Dave. "Most of our
business men at least, those bred in
the country have thrown a hi!-;. so tn
their day. You should hear them brag
of their steer-roping yet in the Jtaru h
men's club."
Irene's eyes danced. Dave hud al
ready turned the tables; where her
mother had Implied contempt he h.nl
set up a note of pride.
- "Oh, I suppose," said Ik mother,
for lack of a better answer. "Every
thing is so absurd in the West. Hut
you were good to my daughter, and to
poor, dear Andrew. If only he i,a,j
been spared. Women are so unused to
these business responsibilities, Mr.
Conward. It is fortunate there are a
few reliable firms upon which we can
lean In our Inexperience."
"Mother has bought a house," Irene
explained to Dave. "We thought this
was a safe place to come" A look
on Elden's face caused her to pause.
"Why, what Is wrong?" she said.
Dave looked at Conward, at Mrs.
Hardy, and at Irene. He was instant
ly aware that 'Conward had "stung"
them. It was common knowledge In
Inside circles that the bottom was
going out. The firm of Con ward &
i,it.t iiiin i
in;: f'f to1
lit; il ueti:
lil.M t IOI1 V.
'l doll
to buy," ti
lmpx be wiser
Willi.".
"F.ut
., M lli rvn for eov.'r, HI
..vivlly li H possible, to
ir (he public, lull M'tiiT.V
"nowrllic And Dm
ed In I''-" l"il,'v
rvtreiu.l.v tblhYult.
think 1 would be In a hurry
Mlid, slo.My lunilnt: hi
his partner. "i-u ouo, ,.. .
to rent n lioia" 11
JenlH ure ixviuiunis - '
I h:iv0 boulit." mild Mr,
. i i. i in.i-
Mm .ty mid there whs u "'mi'" '
Uaui n ijivt lu her voice. "I huvo paid
lliy deposit."
"It Is the policy of this firm." Hldeti
continued, "not to forv or tiiko ad
Mintage of hurried decision! Thf fact
that you have already tmuhi n d.-poMit
does not niter that policy. 1 think I
tuny speak tor my partner mid th
firm when I miy thnt your ilepoidt will
be held to your credit for thirty dnyit.
during which time It will roimtltute an
option on the properly which you hv
selected, if. nt the end of that time,
you are mill of your prenent mind, th
transaction can go through now
planned; ami If you have changed
your mind your deposit will be re
turned.' "t'onwHr"l sTil ft circle r DuvV'ii'direcl
eye. He preferred to look at Mm.
Hardy. "What Mr. Kiden hna told
you about the policy of the firm I
quite true," he ummiged to my. "Hut.
as It bnppetm, this trtmsticllon 1 ut
with Conward & Khlen. but with m
personally. I find It rie-enry to dis
pose of the property which I have Jut
sold to you nt nueh an t-neptloiiiil
price" lie whs looking nt Mrs. Hardy
"und tmturally I cannot run a chnne
of having my pinna overturned by liny
possible ('Image of mind on your part."
"I am entirely Mitlstled." mild Mr.
Hardy. "The fact that Mr. Kldeti
wants to get the property buck rntiki-n
me more imtlsfled," he added, with
the peculiarly lrrltntlnif litugh of a
woman who think h Is ettrnurdl
nurlly shrewd and U only very Hilly.
"The agreement li flgiicd?" mid
luve. He walked to the desk ami
picked up the document, and the
check that lay upon them. Ill eye
run down the familiar rontruet. "Thl
agreement In In the name of ("onward
4 Klden," he itald. "TIiIh ilo-.k lit
puyutde to ('onward 4 Khlen."
Conwonl'a livid face had become
white, and It wuu with illllli'iilty he
controlled Ids anger. "They are nil
printed that wuy," he explained. "I
am going to have them Indorsed over
to me."
"You ure not." snld Dave. "You nre
charging this woman twenty five thou
sand dollars for u hous- that won't
bring ten thmjxatid. Tin- firm of ('.in
ward & Klden will have nothing to do
with that trmi--.-i.-tio:!. it wuu'i even
Indorse It over."
A fire whs burning in Hie grate.
Duve walked to It ami very slowly mid
deliberately thrust the agree t into
the flume.
"Well, If that doesn't b.-at nil:" Mr.
Hardy ejaeiilnte.l. "A 1 1 all cow
punchers so discum-tiMei?"
''I menu no di.-.oomt.-sv," jav.
"If my bolmvl.-r li.v, h-.-mi,.,1 abrupt. I
assure you I have only .-...ukM i H(.rVe
Doctor Hardy's widow--au-l his. .laugh
ter." "It is a peculiar scrv.." Mrs, i:ir.
dy answeri d, i-u:-tly.
"I can only a p.,1, --!.. f,,r my part
ner's hi-liuvior." : lo I'otr.vni,!, ", tl,.,,,
not, bowe r, nff.-. t ;, t raiisielloii in
'he sli-h
will
o i;ioe, A L. lu'ivcim.rit
Il'ilWn -it ..lir. u I. n:'r,...o...r.(
in which the firm ,,f Con .. .ml U Kldi-u
will net !,-: cor,.-oii.'i ."
"Thr.t Will l.c- inoro .i,f!l,-t,,,-y "
said M;s. Ilar-ly. She ,,,.,, .
I"f,rk f"r ur--. I on he bad
moved to neon,, roflhe room and was
converging in low tones with bene
''I am M-i-ry I had (., l;iKt. v'ur
mother' a. .(no ...in,,,.,, ,.,.,.,. h,-,.,,,,,.
stands Which, J f.-nr, she V. , 1 1 Hot CVI-II
''7 to imder.sumd,-' he r.s..j !;i, to
Irene.
, "0h- ,)im' -Mr- i:i'l"n, I ioeim--,,llt
lsyoi! don't ki..,w ho-.v pn.,,,1 ,
'lo'i't know how .,, f n mu
;;je me feel y ,,,.. ,,,,, WUH
' "'died ai:, ,..,-iied. "I' rl.np.'j I
'.Imuldrrt lallt like tills. IVrh,,,,.,
"J(. all depend on one thing," Davo
interrupted.
"What i.s that T
"It all depend on whether we are
"o. iiaoij ami Mr. Kid,.,, -we
are Mill Keen I e and In. v..
Her I,rl,ht eyes had fallen to the
Aw and h,; iuld K0(!
r Ii.ikc,,; anthey r,stl,, ,
a c h,r Slie dw m)t IUHww -J
dire,,l ,., , u mt Khomko
'Mother will b,)y the hfmm 1 ; ;
that Ami when we are titled you
8,;e wc,"'t
.to "We lu better ,ry
"rid out whm-e we stand," ,1(t 'J, f
J "'B to speak dispassionately bt
''o w.'.s a tremor In his vo'ce"'
'-'""slder It fair to s i " t' y0"
enerd women for youvictim
trrrL??0 V-tlne ges
tae, j here a nothing to bo gaLd
whether
1
lis
tuny irJ
by tptiirtvlltiii, Iiiv.v ,
11 K'i at men. When
liKli-i'd UN to fuctH, then w
lit tu prncedtiii',"
"Shout," Kit Id t,iv... M ,(ogilt
hi nhotildiT toward '.tiHur,i t(,j
Ug the flunk nettlliitf ol.ont ttufj'n
city,
"I think," wtlil ('.nwiiid,
itgrrfl that th bootii In over,
doin well, on paper. Ththliikl
la to convert our paper lni0
Pavo lumed about. -yutt
don't claim to b any rri,t
('oiiwiird," ho aitld. "und I lirBB
for gambliT who 1ilit-rntfty
and set at una". 0iiMHiu,.titj j
any pity for you, and If voucm
rid of our holding to other
I liuvo not 111 n it tu any. But If iM
be loaded onta women who 4,,
vratlnc th llttla (avlne of lblf h,J
women like Hert Morrlmin id4 -j
Hardy turn 1 am going to tun
good deal lo ay." Date wmt oat
rUluf heat: "If bualnmi hi u w
donn that way, thro I aaytoh r J
tui tin em 1
"I aaked jrou not to quantl. c
ward returned, with. r-nmrktl tte
poaurp. "I uggtatml thatwtptt
th facta, Now, granting (ut 0,
Imk.iu la over, whera do w mint 1
are rated tnllllonatm, J
hnvrn't a thounand dollari la llkj
at thla moment. ThU" ha HfnM I
lUrdy'a chtck- "would lmt nt J
ovrr tint payday, but you ny j
firm mutt hnvo nothing to do
And which Is tho iimrn I muioraJ ti
you linv ipokro of "inorallty-t t
rept labor from clerka whom joa
pay or to aell property to womi
nay they want It ami are witlnflrd
the prlcp? S' hnv lllerll tt
aandw of unwilled Cfntracti, ?
mtit kri our atiifT to(jither. Wk
debt to pay, and we own It to,
creditor ta maka rotlex-tloni k 5.
f cun pay thoiie debt, and wi
makn collection without a Huff.
on the property w are now Wd
the taxe alone will amount lotr
thouftuiul dollar a year. And I j
It up to you, If w aro going to n
on nentlment, who' going to jay :
tae?"
"I know; I know," sold !. H
anger over th treattaeni of thtE.
dy wm already atihaldlng. "Wn
lu tho grip of the ayntem. 8tl5-.
war they don't uxunlly kill wiitnrti
noiiroiuhatuuta. That I the poifil '
trying to make, I've no aeoUs
about other who are In th pa
we are. If you limit jour optntWi
to ttii-m "
"The trouble In, you ruu't. Tiifl
HoHt of Ihem hav aim
moved on. A few Arm. like oarH
will May and try lo fight It out;!'
at leant, to dona up with a clean it
If we must clone up. Hut ";
wind up a hualne without wl!isf"!
stock on hand, and to w hom are "f-1
Hell if not to people who want U'T-1'
I wlmt you ae'tn to object to.
"You pliice me In rather n tn!i
llcbt." linvn iirotCHtcd. "What 1 "
Ject to I taking the llfo a'"f 1
people people of moderate nrcr
!
I1
"Aro All Cow Punchera So &"''
teoua?"
turo for Pr 1
erlv which w know to be W0ru
to nothing." .
"Yet you admit that we must
up, don't you?"
"Yen, I mippose no."
"And theio'H no other way.
Hnld (Jonwiird, riHinK and I'1110,1"8,!
arm on his nurtner'a Bhoulder, I
pnlhlzo wllh your point of vlc. !
my hoy, It's pure nentlment. my
ment haa 110 place In buHlncsH.
Duv dropped tho Hubjoi't.
IIIIO.M, fr.l 1,. 1... ..nlllltl.f tit gll'"
. . iu IJU
ti..u..i.. 11 miw.i wero
I'.unuiijH n iiiriner. 1 j - ,..1.$
ci-tn ixf o.,.,i..... . o,.ui.-ril wl"CB
r 1 .1..' ..... u..,I,!eiily
",U,IU mem poor, uuu M,
them wenllliu nriil now. Wl"1 " J
KUddenneHH, threatened to ""lKt,11(
poor npoln. It was llko wur-11
ho killed.
(TO I3B CONTINUED-'
Cattle Eat "Rubber Cake.
n . M V
Jperitnents at isinKHi'"-
noown mat a reeding caivc .--
nnd other stock can ho produce"
tho resldun nt Pnrn rubber ct ,
the extraction of. on oil coniPrlBk
vorably with linseed olL