EIOHT PAGES
THE INDEPENDENCE ENTERPRISE. INDEPENDENCE, OREGON.
PAQE THREE
. , 1 1 - "
- , alaaaaa . - """ ' ' i
FRENCH ARMY SELLS HORSES TO THE FARMERS
wn- rr mm. ., -r , , , -
r v l ,i
.1
; . ' r "V.
e iiJ - f-.r.r ..r... - - - -.I r.nrt.
L, itn.ru. I It I ihlilli 1 -nil- -' ,,,
i
.. 'I'l... I.',.,.,rl. ,.ivrniili-Il( In HOW UI)-
tunm-M wltt. uiilnmlii to M I" to rt'contrucllon.
f '
f
Big Increase in Acreage
Unwise, Says Houston
lecretary of Agriculture Declares
Largo Fluctuations Are Not
Desirable.
CALLS FOR CAREFUL THOUGHT
I xpmlon of Ntlon' Agriculture
j Limited by 8upply of Labor nd
Capital Available for Farming
Purpoaea Rather Than
j . Scarcity of Undevel-
I oped Land.
5 WAKl.liiKton. It r.lnt.ly would I
wnwlHC to Btlmuluttf a lurk'o hwUU-n In-rr.-aM
In furm litn-1 imt.-iiko t ttio
t,n.H.-nt tl.iK'. cHpwIallj where luch
..n li.fr.-HHo would hnve to 'ITfCti'd
l.y iitllUlnit Innd wl.Uh U Inferior or
i.i.h would be mndo nvnimiiio ai
honvy outlny fur iliilt.ng... lrrlKtln or
rU-arlnj:. Thin opinion m fM'
,y Duvld F. IIoiiKlon, errrtnry of
.rlrultuw, In hid annuul r.-port for iniu.
.Slum tho nation now retain but llttlo
Innd of ready iivnllablltty. agricultural
'rxpanalon will renult mainly from t ho
'rfforta to utilize and to IncronHe 'ho
- j.rnductlvlty of furm land now owned
' .y Individual, corporation and ntnta.
I Can-ful thoiiKht nhould lo Blvn, the
'rccretnry nays, to quvntlon portalnlnu
Uo the uho of ad.lttlonnt '.and. "The
! J.ht expert of th federal department
mid of tho oKrlculturnl collegeH shnu d
luako a detailed atudy of the i-okhIWII-Ilea
of utlllr.liB land not now devoted
..piniiiur.." In respect to tho
; M.m),m) acre of cut-over land, tho
. IV1,(KK)XK) acre requlrlnK drnlnnRO,
mill tlio 30,000.000 ner-H which may lo
irrlsnted. there a n great variation
from district to district as to tho poa
Midlines of economic ure.
' Study Dlatlnctlwo Region.
' Distinctive regions Khould l f"y
utmlled with tho view to ohhpiuMo nil
rxlHtlng datn on productivity, tost or
inakliiB land nvallahlo. prenent tenure
! and price, typo of agriculture bent
adapted to tho conditions, ohn1u1o rc
! turna. minimum mIra of fnmw enpa e
I of aupportlnK families In reasonable
r romfort. minimum txpilpment needed
. : at tl.o beKlnnnlns of settlement.
t pourcoH of credit, and marketing and
" transportation facilities.
The decretory refers to the fact that
1 Hmi nrtvttto agencies are engaged
In promoting land settlement and says
that whllo many of them nro honest
in intontlnn. nronilso nnd practice, om'
: r. (.nnn within the letter of tho law,
hut through exaggeration and Indirec
tion of statement create falso Inipres-
; nlons In the minds of tho settlers. Only
. i, afntes. luve niado careful
-.,.,u.a f Mm conditions of successful
' Beltlement, nnd prnct lcnlly all nre ac?k
Jng to reallxe tho highest possible price
' for their undeveloped holdings. As
seltler of small means Is
' reroly nhlo to dLstlnguIsh between tho
' nml hint Methods of selling hinds
Jn new regions, ho thinks It would bo
deslroblo for government agencies
hrnntru ilietr nirrlcultural machinery
to furnish rellublo Information to those
,.iHniT fnrms. to clvo new settlers
Ivcry spoclul nsslstnnco nnd guidance
nnd, whoro romnuons
nld In dovcloplng well-considered set
(Moment.
The matter of land utilization comes
In for n large measure of attention In
It ho secretary's report.
ThA exnanslon of the nation s ngrl
k-ulture," says Secretary Houston, "Is
limited by the supply (' bor and
icapltal available for farming purposes
father than by the scarcity 01 uuuvr
oned lands. It Is true that, In gener-
ni tim host land is already In culti
vation, but without question much of
the remainder can be tilled when the
pmmtrv reaches tho economic stage
which would Justify its utilization
"There are numerous fallacious
Uplnlons With respect to the need of
extending tho farm area. Mimy poo
La. noHnir the prevailing prices of ng-
Vlcultnral products, demand Increased
lies in Immediate and rapid expansion
of the iicreago In funus. Others, ob
serving large tracts of unused land, de
plore the great wasto of our resources.
Still others explain the movement of
population from rural districts to cit
ies l.y tho nonavailability or lunu.
hlch they attribute to land monopoly,
speculation and other evil. Tho de
mand for farm products, unlike tho de
mand for manufactured articles, noes
not expand rapidly to meet a largo
Increase in supply. There is a ten
dency toward an equilibrium between
urban nnd agricultural Industry. If
too much labor nnd capital are divert
ed from farming, the relntlve prices,
nnd consequently the relative profits,
of' ninlculturnl activity will Incrcuse.
mid ibero will be a tendency toward
expansion. If this I excessive, how
ever, relutlve prices nnd profits will
end to decrease nnd the Industry may
suffer depression. The Inelasticity of
demand for farm products sets a very
decided limit nt a given time to the
Increase of population and capital pror
Itably employed In agriculture.
Large Fluctuatlona Not Dealrable.
"It Is not In the Intercut of produc
ers or consumers to buve large fluctu
ations In agricultural production
There I always danger of glutting tho
market and of serious Ions. The aim
rather should be to secure a steady
now of commodities of sullident vol
ume to supply an Increasing demand
at prices which will yield the farmer
a decent wage nnd a fair profit on his
Investment. It seems difficult to get
It Into the minds of some people that
farming Is a business and must pay
that under modern conuiuou im-ic
cannot be an unlimited number o
farmers. There eould be n larger : ro-
portlon of farmers to total population
if each farm were seir-sunicieiu mm
produced no surplus of consequence.
but today the average rarmer pro-
uces many times what ho consumes
f some things nnd Is dependent for
his prosperity upon their profitable ex
change for other articles wiucu n
uses. There should Ik nnd in the long
run there will tend to be, no more
fanners in the nation thnn nre needed
n nroduce the Quantity of products
which can he disposed of at a profit.
Lore will be farmers enough u tno
business of farming is made profiluble
and If rural life Is made attractive nnd
healthful. Tho consumers must do
willing to pay prices for farm products
which will enable the farmers to pro
duce them and to maintain n satlsfac-
tnrv Rtnndnrd of Individual and com
munity life. Tho nation also must be
prepared to omit nothing 10 improve
the countryside. It Is of the first im
portance that satisfactory schools, with
ennrses of study related to the prob
lems of rural life, bo provided, tnai
l'oo.1 roads be constructed, and that
n.innuntfi nrovlslon be made to give
rural communities the requisite mili
tary and medical services, Including
hospital facilities. When tneso re
quirements nre met, we shall not have
tn concern ourselves as to the number
of farmers and the adequacy of our
agricultural production. There will
M.nn he no difficulty in retaining in uie
rural districts a sufficient number 01
...tn,1 nnrt nfllrlent people. What
UUillVlllV-VU niiv a
we need is not n 'back to the land prop
ngnndu, but nn acceleration of the
movement for the improvement 01 w.
cuntrysldo which will render the
abandonment of farms unnecessary and
the expansion of farming Inevitable,
Expansion During War.
"There is reason to believe that a
considerable expansion In farm-land
area occurred during tho war. The
acreage devoted to the 19 principal
cror-s Increased 10.1 per cent from
1914 to 1918. Accordingly, the crop
tiren per capita Increased from 8.22
acres In 1914 to 3.33 In 1918, or 3.4 per
wnt. This cxnansion probably result
ed In part from tho use for crops of
land normally devoted to other pur
noses, especially to pasture. However,
It seems to indicate that tho farming
industry has more than held its own
during the period. This conclusion la
r ,1 1... nnfn ry T O f 0'V !
Needle in His Body
For Half a Century
Elyrla, O. From mumps to
measles nnd chronic indigestion
to neuritis, Itobert Myers, fifty
two, had run the gamut of hu
man lllnew. Ueccntly a lump
uppeurcd between his shoulder
blades. It did not heal, and when
tho family physician was cnlled
he hurried tho patient to a hos
pital. There a tarnished needle
with 21 Inches of thread at
tached was removed. Physi
cians believe Myers swallowed
the needle when a child nnd that
perhaps half a century it, bus
been wandering through his
body seeking an outlet. His var
ious ailments are charged to the
needle's peregrlnutlons,
American Musicians Are
Returning to Old Haunts
After World War Strain
From the music of cannon and the
rhythm of marching feet, back to the
quiet harmony of studio and concert
hall.
Hundreds of musicians In America
threw down their bow and their baton
to enter the war. To Hme the Idea
was just a ..bit ludicrous tho emo
tional musician engaged in the brutal,
uncomfortable business or ngiuing.
To those who knew the patriotic fer
vor nnd adaptability of those Inspired
music mukers, there was more than
a little anxiety for the pence future
of wjirrlor musicians. How would the
delicate 'mechanism of their phenol
ogy be affected by an activity so. pow
erful and so fur from their normal
desires? , . i .
Komo musicians like David Ilocn-
steln, the young violinist who lost his
lire in the Arifonne. will never reiuru,
Hut unnasumlnz numbers of tnem
have taken their places again In the
ranks of i.layers. One may hear mem
i nrchi-Htra. 'liiey aru
111 L I IT? f -
ninvini? in the rubarct Jazz band, con
tent to return to the humdrum of the
iif. ttiiir-h was so enthralling to uera
before the war. It may be a bit stalo
to them now. Bat the reaction win
soon set in. lias already come to many
who have lost the first restless crav
ing for excitement that they ten on
liielr return from the ironi
rercv Grainger. Australian pianisi,
lina rotnnuHl to his old Job of compos
ing and concerting. Irving neruu,
BIG AMOUNT OF BARRELED APPLES REACH
MARKET EACH FALL IMPAIRED. IN guALin
' rmKL ''-W&l f r ' I f!.
L i i j iij 6 , ,Ty . ,Ma?
An Apple Sizer and Grader In Operation.
Depart-
klDg of popular mu.-lc, has stopped in- d b the united States
... ' ..,.i.n. o,l ,ns set bls P v ment of Agriculture.)
uriiruur iiih miiwivs, '- - - 1 .
the sol- -truh a vIm to meetinff the neeas
brill iu 111 imtriiio i " - - - i,i Ha
dler In civilian life. Albert Spalding. o ar,pie growers In the Kast. middle
one of the greatest of America's violin- West and elsewhere who have not
. . hnirm from the r.tn,i thoir hiisiness on the most pror-
front. His old Job of fiddling and ,taWe balg, the bureau of markets has
making the world fe for cu. ore UHt Pwnea " An-
waiting for him, and tie win .v
' ntiists. tenors, iruiu"'"
-'.1 tur.r,in hnck Into the old
nre o o.!'.'
paths and are glad to be there.
The Kitchen Cabinet.
IOSO. "Prenaration or uarreieu n-v
pies for the Market." The apple crop
In a majority of the states is shipped
In barrels.
A large amount of the barreled iruu
reaching the market each season Is
imnnird in auality by being picked
at the wrong stage of maturity, either
f-oorivnr too late. The grower must
realize that fruit is not reaay w
picked when It clings to the spurs bo
the per capita production of nearly nil
the Important crops, but niso, Becom
ing to n recent report, in the number
of cattle and swine per capita. More
over, estimates for milk, eggs, anu
poultry Indicate an Increase In per
capita production during tho war. Ia
view of Uiese facts, it prouamy wouiu
be unwise to stimulate a large Increase
In the per capita farm acreage nt tne
present time, especially where such on
Increase would have to be effected by
utilizing land which Is inferior or
which would be made available at a
heavy outlay for drainage. Irrigation
or clearing.
L and Settlement Problems.
"At present various private agencies
nre engaged In promoting land settle-
munt. Mnnv of them are honest in in
..,,i.4n ni-nmis- and practice: others
ton within the letter of the law but.
.. 1 tir,
through exaggeration anu
.,, onnw-loua of ft neces
sity for "klllini- time" can hardly be aald fa fc the g are puned out
to be llvms. For life ta orSbroken. Furthermore, the color of
rul -?.-" . . ..rience. that r.- which eventually turns red, is
lt la lmpos-lble to loieraie mo ."ss-"-- i not always a reuauic mu-.
of killing even a necc-nd of time In whicn ,t of the co"or being dependent
have .the privilege of living.
Almond Cakes.
t Tea nv cood white cooky recipe,
roll nnd cut the cookies, then spread
with maple fondant and sprinkle with
chopped almonds while they are still
warm from the oven.
A box of cakes and a glass of Jelly
or a bottle of grape Juice makes a
most acceptable gift. It eliminates the
unessential, for they are soon gone.
Ways With Grape Juice.
The thrifty housewife who has bot
tled enough grape juice to supply her
family with many tasty dishes and
drinks Is fortunate. Grape Juice Is so
popular with everybody that it Is be-
coming the universal anu-. mi
juice may be used for various dishes
upon the prevailing cloudiness or
brightness of the weather. Whether
or not the red color develops normal
ly, a reliable Indication of maturity Is
a ground color which, when the fruit
Is ready for picking, should be turn
ing from clear green to a whitish green
or greenish yellow. Yellow, green and
russet varieties of apples are generally
ready to pick when they have attained
the proper size and the stems separate
readily from the spurs. In picking ap
ples the stem should be separated
from the spur either by giving the
fruit a slight rotating motion com
Mno with a sharn upward twist or by
exerting a slight pressure with the
thumb or forefinger at the Joint of the
stem and spur Just as the fruit is
" . : .i.i,.v. fniinwlne are a
of statement, create false Impressions besides, o-
In the mind of the settler. Many vlo- few:
late no canon of fair business Pctlce.
hut their Interest is In profits, and Grape Juice Bneroet
but imir iui-.ii m, 1 .... . n,,nrt nf wnter and
thev do not pursue a policy caicumieu lS0u -" h--- , " '
way uo no- 1 . ..fnia f Riurnr f3tralned honey
to develop a promame ----" i r ite- add a
cnminnnltv life. On y a rew nave iu may oe ueu - ---
care u fud.es of the conditions of teasnoonful of gelatin which has been
ii ennL- nrf Tfi rtMiiic tiro 1 ipnioii. rn.T. -v.---
cany "i . unde- i . with a cherry for garnish.
We"r. -nrae tler I. nTenkfast grapefruit Is delicious
veiopeu i.u.u.i.b, - -- - , " ri r two of crnre
romnelled to race tno prouiem i -- serveu wu
Iiistment to pioneer conditions while julce poured Into the center of the pre
carrylng a burden of land value which pared halves of grapefruit.
often represents, m pan, u.e w
atlon of a future increase in e.irm..s . Grape juicu r. ...
auuu ui . one-hnlf cun-
nower. . eai uun , .
I"" ' .. . " .moll . . . . , o,l,l nno-linlf CUD-
"Tbe intending bem--i --" iuia or iiemy - . . . I ,
- .. .... i . 1. I . . . 1 .1, i,.l,irt nf tin If
means is rarely able to aisunKuisu u- ful of grape juice anu i-
tween the good and bad methods of a ,emon. Cook together to the soft
selling land In new regions. The more ball stnge three-fourths of a cupful of
unscrupulous the iana coiapuiijr sugar nna one-uau
moro lurid Its advertisement and the Julce then poUr boiling hot water over
vrnvnirnnt Its promises. Pet- 4h cHfflv beaten egg white; beat un-
imuo - . ,, ..
tiers often are Induced to invest tI1 coia. Fold tne iwo uiuii
their savings In land not suitable for getlier nna pour into a qnnrt mold,
successful farming, to purchase more flUed t0 overflowing. Lay a waxed
land In relation to the capital available r over the mixture and press the
- ,iinnminit limn inev suouiu, ui ,.- in nlnce over me iui.
to undertake projects the cost of clear- ln equnl uiensures of ice and salt. Let
ing or reclamation or wnicn win prove gtan(i three n0urs.
to lio prohibitive. The results in many
hnve been irncic uuiurca i- Rraee ju ce oponao.
ter years of Incredible hardships, waste Sof(cn one-fourth of a package of
nf eanltal and of humnn lives, tiiscour- pllltln jn cold water, using ono-iourui
.nf of intending settlers and In-1 , dissolve by heating over
jury to the business of legitimate and ,)ot wnter. ntid two-thirds of a cupful
well-niennlng laud concerns. of grnpe jUce, the aime amount of
"It would be desirable it goveri- nr aml the jUce or nnir a lemou,
mental agencies, by systematic aid, gtlp over lce wnter until the mixture
0i,n.nirt furnish reliable information to . .na t thicken, then gradually beat
those seeking farms, should take par- L the whltea 0f three eggs; when the
tlculnr pains, tnrougn tneir ubiku.- mlxture holds Its shape, roiu in one
tural machinery, to give .ew settlers foufth pound o mnrshmallovs cut in
very special assistance and guidance, tcrs Tuvn mto a mold or Individ-
and. wnere wuuiuuuo ' hint molds, serve wua ei-ui.
should aid m tne ueveiopun-iu w
considered settlement plans."
Tiny Engine,
TTlllsboro. N. D. A young Jeweler
of Hlllsboro has made a tiny engine,
run by compressed air, which Is only
three-auarters of an Inch long and
weighs only two and one-quarter
crnins. The diameter of the cylinder
bore Is 28-1,000 of nn inch j the diam
eter of the flywheel is IM4 or nn men
nnd its stroke Is 30-1,000 of an Inch.
Contrasted with this is a valve used
ior tinting cake frostlngs as well
. ..... n n..tn,T iica iho (rrfine lulce
as aouii'B iui'w'.'bi "" ---
Instead of water.
Hot grape Juice witn tne aaauioa
of sugar makes a delicious snuce for
Doing Things Wrong Way.
The mnn who does things the wrong
millod.
a ,-c.riotv of nicking utensils are
commented on in the bulletin, some of
which are mentioned for special ap
proval. In removing the crop it is gen
iiir ndvnntneeous to use both sacks
. 1 1. ' j , .
and baskets, as the latter are especial
ly convenient for gathering fruit near
fh prniind. while tne sach.3 i
used to advantage for ladder work, as
the pickers have both hands free. The
chief disadvantage of sacks Is that
v,nir tisA involves a greater possiDiuiy
of bruising the fruit. In emptying
either the basket or the sacK, care
.i,m,m ho taken to avoid dropping the
fruit. If a basket is used, it should
be lowered to the bottom of the lug
hn-r or other receptacle ana inverted
gently. A certain type of sack Is con
structed with a drop bottom, so that
the fruit can be emptied wnnout
bruising It
Ladders Make or Mar.
Much efficiency In picking depends
on the use of ladders of the proper
type. Several varieties are in common
.,co sten-iadders are esueauaj oai-
icfoVtorv for work in small trees and
In picking from the lower branches of
larger trees. Tne most aesiruuie u v
are wide and flaring at the bottom,
narrow at the top and supported wiui
but one prop. As a rule, not enougn
consideration Is given to the selection
of ladders.
Where the crop is packed over ta
bles that are moved about the orchard
the packers usually carry the fruit In
the picking utensil to the packing ta
ble. While It is common practice for
the pickers to do this, it should be
avoided by assigning certain members
of the crew to this task. They should
also furnish the pickers with empty
receptacles as needed.
Use of Sorting Tables.
Two tynea of grading or sorting ta
bles are used almost exclusively where
tne iruil IS Bruueu, in nc "'"-i
they are used to a large extent. ln
nacklnir houses. These are tne apron
tnhle and the canvas or burlap table,
The apron table or a variation of this
tvne Is commonly used in an sections.
The bed, which is slatted, so that trash
falls through it. is .inclined, causing
the fruit as It Is graded to roll to the
lower end, where on opening a stop
or droD it is lowered by means of an
nnron Into the barrel. While work
can be done rather rapidly withthls
table, it is not altogether satisfactory,
as the fruit frequently crowds past
the sorters and permits carelessness
on their part. The canvas or burlap
tnhle is runda with a piece of this ma
teri.il stretched over a rectangular
frame, and is not fitted for running
the fruit from the apron into the bar
rel. The apples must be sortea Dy
hand Into baskets In which they are
lowered into barrels. The advantage
of this Is that all apples are subject to
careful Inspection.
Sizing machines for barrel apples
are gaining popularity. They have
been used In the Northwest for several
years for sizing boxed apples, dui op
erate on a different principle than that
employed In barreled apple-sizing ma
chines. At present sizing machines
are being used quite extensively for
barrel packing in all sections to meet
the demand for apples of uniform size.
The most common practice throughout
the barrel apple sections Is to sepa
rate the fruit Into two standard sizes,
2 to 2Vt inches and 2 inches and
There are a variety of ma
chines employed to do this work, each
featuring some distinctive mecnauic-u.
device or sorting process. In general.
any of these will size apples sausiac
torlly for barrel packing. In making
a selection, the apple grower mui. de
termine which machine has a capacity
proportionate to the size or ms or
chard and can be operated most eco
nomically. He should also iook ir
one -of simple design and free from
features requiring too much adjust
ment, and should make sure mai n
will not bruise the fruit. The durabil
ity of the machine should also be con
sidered. The various methods of feed
ing the fruit to the sizing machine
should also be studied caremuj.
Influences dtrectly the total daily out
put and consequently the cost of op
eration. Only small machines can be
operated by hand power. Some of the
simplest types having a capu
perhaps 100 barrels a day can be run
in this way, but in most cases the gas
oline engine or electric motor Is pref
erable.
The apple grower raising any con
siderable quantity of fruit should give
careful attention to the advantages ox
mechanical conveyors, which save
much labor both In handling luuao
fruit and light packages.
Operation of Grading Lawa.
The enactment of grading laws for
apples Is a comparatively recent devel
opment The present federal law,
known as the Sulzer law, took effect
July 1, 1913, and at about the same
time a number of states also passed
laws. For several seasons the state
laws have not been entirely success
ful ln obtaining results desired. Many
were enacted hurriedly, and most of
them contained provisions not consist
ent with commercial practices. The
degree of enforcement in different
states has varied markedly. Further
more, fruit from many of the states
having these state laws frequently ap
nrs in the same markets and the use
of identical grade terms having differ
ent meanings In different states has
In a way defeated the purpose of the
law. In spite of tbese objections, uow
ever, a state law that is practical in
its specifications and intelligently en
forced will carry witn it many auvu-
The grower who feels the need of
a packing house will find suggestions
in the section of tne Duuetin uevuicu
to designs of such buildings. Floor
plans of various types are suggested.
One provides for an output or zuo
barrels a day, nnd a second plan shows
a house equipped with three grading
machines having a total capacity of
1,200 barrels a day. A third pian pro
vides for an output from two macmuw
with a total capacity of 100 barrels a
Partial suggestions relating to haul
ing concludes the bulletin. As a large
part of the barrel crop of the country
is packed In the orchard. It is neces
sary to haul the packed fruit from two
to fifteen miles. Under many condl
nc asneeiallv where roads are fa-
xmrnhle. motortrucks are best suited
for this work. The farm wagon most
commonly used Is equipped with either
an ordinary wagon bed or a tnree-poie
frame, and has a capacity of 15 bar
rels. Both types of wagon should be
equipped with springs, preferably bol
ster springs, for careful handling of
the packed fruit is quite as Important
. 1 -..-.am -tn1
as care m tno pacsiug uiJtiiiuuuj,
lJl.iau1iil'ilBh,i,l. ,1b. ..In m'l l.'iMlli'lii'MWWHWIWMWMWWMMMIMIIIWWMWWMWWWIIWMMIW