. 3
V0L.S7,
.... (THE HOME PAPER)
DALLAS, FOLK COUNTY. OREGON. TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1915.
(TWIOE-A-WEEK)
NO. 7(1
INSTITUTION IS A CREDIT
DALLAS HOSPITAL MODERN IN
EVERY PARTICULAR.
Large Number of Resident Patients
Cared for During Past Twelve
month Hospital Affairs.
One thing of which Dallas and Polk
county has a very just reason to be
proud is its fine hospital. Few com
munities of this size are favored with
such an institution for the care of
he sick and injured. Those doc
tors of the county who have taken the
- (time to investigate conditions and
equipment here are liberal in their
support. Only a year aero the build
ing was opened, after Dallas had put
up with a small and not very well
equipped institution, and since the
opening more than 150 cases have
been handled under the direction of
Dallas and Polk county doctors, as
sisted by Miss Katherine Van Voor
hees, manager of the institution. The
doctors erected the building, equip
ped it and turned it over fo Miss Van
Voorhees, whose career as a nurse and
director has been notable for its con
nection with many large undertakings
and the wide expeiience she has gain
ed since leaving the Battle Creek sail
tarium in Michigan, where she re
ceived training as a professional
nurse. Modern, in action and equip-
ment, is a fact at the Dallas hospital,
and trom basement to rafter every
thing is of the very best. The insti
tution has two fine wards with fout
beds in each, and has eight private
rooms, which, if surroundings have
any bearing on the curing of disease
or the recovery of a patient from in
jury, should surely effect a speedy
recovery. These rooms, as well as the
wards, are excellently equipped with
the most up-to-date furnishings that
it is possible to secure. Plenty of
light and an abundance of fresh air
are two features that make the quar
ters tor patients very desirable. There
are accommodations for 16 patients,
and . in emergency cases almost . as
many more could be accepted without
great inconvenience. The death rate in
the county is very low and sickness
and injury is at a minimum, but in
spite .of that, .the hospital has cared
""for as manv as thirteen patients at
one time. The average number being
cared tor at one time ranges near
eight. Of the 150 cases brought to
. the hospital not a single patient has
died, with the exception of a tew that
were brought in too late. In several
instances patients far removed from
a doctor's care have been treated too
late to save the life, and they have
been brought to the hospital for emer
gency treatment, with only one chance
in a million of a recovery being ef
fected. These are the only lives that I
were not saved at the institution. Miss
Van Voorhees has been sq busy at
times that as many as six nurses have
been employed, and there are usually
two or three at the hospital.
Practically all the patients of Polk
county doctors are brought to Dallas.
The reputation made by he hospital
has been far reaching, and with fa
cilities for caring for any case doc
tois have been even more willing to
trust their patients to the direction of
Miss V an Voorhees than they would
be to send them to the many other
hospitals in the valley, in the in
stance of two or three doctors in a
community, where inter-city strife is
so keen as to affect a doctor s senti
ment, the local hospital loses the cas
es to the Salem hospital, but, withal,
there are very few sick or injured who
go outside the bounty tor treatment.
That such results should come from
community squabbles is unfortunate,
but does not seriously affect the con
dition or progress of the Dallas hos
pital. The emergency cases from the
mills and railroad operations of the
county are all humed here for treat
time, cooks the wholesome food that
Miss Van Voorhees prescribes for the
patients in her charge. Quarters ft.
the help are in the large and well-fin
ished basement. There also is the
laundry room, where any amount of
work can be done, and where a win
ter drying-room is a feature. This
part of the equipment makes it pos
sible to quickly dry laundry during
tbe rainy season. It is equipped with
steam beating appliances, and great
racks for the clothes, which are pull
ed out in sections, like a section of
the wall. But these things are not
thejnost interesting part of the base
ment. There is the fruit room. Be
tween the walls of the room set aside
for fruit and other edibles, such as
vegetables, eggs, butter and the like,
tbere is a collection of food that
would almost supply the German
army, the greater part of this is can
ned fruit and vegetables, put up un
der the personal and very careful di
rection or Miss Van Voorhees. This
year the cooks canned more than 800
quarts ol the very choicest fruit and
vegetables, and the many jars are ar
ranged on the shelves about the room,
If the patients eat that amount of
food they certainly must develop great
appetites under the care that is giv
en them.
The first floor is devoted to the of
fice, the private quarters of the man
ager, the wards and some private
rooms. Miss Van Voorhees is very
comfortably settled in attractive
rooms, but she devotes as much, or
more, attention to making the sick
rooms as pleasant as possible. In each
of the wards are four beds, set around
a bright room. The wards are equip
ped with dressing tables and plenty of
chairs for the visitors who are wel
comed each day at certain hours. The
private rooms are cheerful looking
and very pleasant. Comfortable beds
are the chief feature, but the furnish
ings are complete in every detail. All
are outside rooms and each has sev
eral windows for the admittance of
light, ventilation and anything that
may be cheerful from the outside,
either sunshine or the spring song of
the birds. Comfort, brought about by
the creation of every convenience,
warmth, air and light, ate provisions
in the absolute rules set down by Miss
Van Voorhees. Miss Van Voorhees
has her private quarters in such a
place that she can give instant atten
tion to any part of the house and her
rooms are connected by phone with
all other parts of the building:'"
The second floor of the building is
given over to other private rooms, to
(Continued on page three.)
SUSPECTED OF MURDER
INDEPENDENCE JAPS MAKE
HOWL FOR BRIEF PERIOD.
Maltreated Wife Disappear From
Scene of Disturbance, Caused By
Old King Booze.
HOLDS SURVEY IS VALID
COURT ENJOINS INDEPENDENCE
FROM CHANGE IN SURVEY.
Property Owners Sustained in Con
tention That Long Acceptance of
. Conditions Works as Bar.
Circuit Judge Belt on Friday last
estopped the city ot Independence
from changing contested street lines
in accordance with a survey made by
County Surveyor Canfield, which
would force adjoining property own
eis to move back several feet from
the present lines. The court held that
the city's long acceptance of the lines
has enjoined it trom making the
change. The action was taken on a
suit for injunction by J. Hart of
Independence against the city.
The contested street was formerly
a county road leading from the
bridge at Independence, through
North Independence and joining with
the Salem road. The pioposed change
in the lines was bitterly threshed out
in the council before the case was
taken to the courts. Evidence was
brought out at the trial that the!
street had been established for many
years, that the lines bad been accept-
About four o'clock Friday morning
Sheriff Orr rubbed the sleep out of
his eyes, swore a solemn oath, and
answered the telephone. Excited voio
es from the Independence neighbor
hood cried to him that one Mr. Pa-
jima, a Japanese, had most surely
murdered his wile,. The sheriff lost
no time in getting his trusty Ford
out of the garage, and was soon at
the scene of the tragedy. The mys
tery, horrible and grivesome as were
its possibilities, unravelled itself un
der the searching investigation of the
sheriff in this way.
Act 1 Pajima, a Japanese emlpoye
of the Sperling hop yard, had gone
to town with friends. "Town" be
ing Independence the friends partook
of the refreshment that has made
that city famous. About 11 o'clock
Pajima returned home, and in his li
quored frenzy maltreated his wife
when she was too slow in preparing
for the revelers a midnight repast
of noodels. After taking as much
abuse as she could stand the little
woman fled from the place. A search
did not disclose her hiding place.
Act 2 The Japs went back to In
dependence in search of the woman
and communicated their troubles to
a deputy sheriff. When they return
ed to the hop yard again the woman
was still missing and tbe drunken
mongolians set up a hue and cry that
was heard for a mile, screaming and
crying they aroused the neighborhood.
which stood back in deadly fear, for
it was certain that murder was be
ing committed. Pajima rushed from
the house and into his buggy, and
started for town again. The spec
tators were sure, from the speed he
was making, that he was taking the
remains of the dead woman to a place
where they would never be found.
They called the sheriff and the act
was done. ;
Act 3 All perfectly good melo
dramas ,musi 4iavhirdet. iid-a
sheriff. An auburn-haired sheriff is
that much better, if the stage man
ager can get such a character. Sher
iff Orr answered the call and when
he entered the house he found things
in a chaotic state. Dishes were smash
ed, furniture was upset and every
loosened object was either broken or
topsy turvey. Some of the woman's
clothes had been stuffed into the
stove, and to the untrained eye a
terrible deed had been committed. No
one knew where the woman was, and
until one of the Japs was advised by
phone trom the McLoughlin ranch
that she had been found, consterna
tion reigned supreme. The Jap who
received the information said nothing
to the sheriff or Ins own countrymen
until the officer had told them what
an awful deed they would have to pay
for. That intimidated the one who
received the news, and after giving
his reason for secrecy as bis fear that
Pajima would still harm the woman,
he told the sheriff that she had taken
refuge over night in the McLoughlin
barn. Nearly frozen and frightened
half to death the woman was taken,
early in the morning, from his hid
ing place. When Pajima sobered the
customary melodramatic lecture await
ed him, the woman discarded her ob-
ENDORSES UNIT PLAN
TEACHERS' INSTITUTE RECOM
MENDS UNIT SYSTEM.
Institute Passes Several Resolutions
Immediately Prior to Adjourn
ment Last Friday,
The committee on resolutions, com
posed of . L. Keezel, Miss Edna
Sweeney, W. E. Buell, W. 1. Key-
nolds, W. I. Ford and Fred Crowley,
Submitted the following resolutions
to the annual teachers' institute
which closed on Friday. They were
unanimously adopted:
We, your committee on resolutions,
beg to submit for your consideration,
correction and adoption the following
resolutions:
Be i! resolved by the teachers as
sembled in this annual Polk county
teachers' institute that we express to
the board of education of the city of
Dallas our appreciation for the use
of the high school building and to
the teachers of Dallas a vote of
thanks for the hearty reception given
to teachers and visitors.
That we express to our instructors
and to all on the institute, program a
vote ot thanks for their splendid ef
forts in making the institute a most
enjoyable and profitable one.
That we endorse and recommend a
continuation of the Industrial club
work so successfully carried out this
last year in Polk county.
That we pledge our support to the
standardization of all Polk county
schools for the year 1915-10.
lhat we recommend the Parent-
Teachers' association as a most im
portant agency in seeming the full
co-operation of school and communi
ty.
That we recommend to all teachers
the reading circle work as supervised
by the University of Oregon and the
Oregon Agricultural college.
I That we recommend for the serious
Consideration by the citizens of this
County the county unit plan of school
organization.
lhat each teacher strive loyally
and conscientiously to attain the Polk
county teachers' aim for 1915-16.
that to superintendent rl. C Sey
mour we" express WrfTnOStllearty art-'
preciation of his untiring efforts to
advance all of the educational inter
ests of the county, and to Mrs. H. C.
Seymour our appreciation for her
cheerful helpfulness in the work of
the superintendent.
That we pledge to Superintendent
H. C. Seymour and to Supervisor H.
H. Parsons, our loyal support and
co-operation.
The consideration in the aetion
brought by Smith against the defend
ent realty developers is $14,422. Mo
Nary & Martin are attorneys for the
defense and waiter Wmslow is on tbe
side of the plaintiff.
POLK CATTLE BRING PRIZES.
Total of $9,145 Cornea to Oregon
Breeders from San Francisco.
Polk county has been financially
enriched to the extent of $2,205, while
the entire state of Oregon brings home
prizes amounting to $9,145 as its
share of the spoils from the cattle
show at the Panama-Pacific exposi
tion. Last week The Observer an
nounced the various Polk county
farmers who took prizes in the sever
al classes, and although there were
many ribbons issued the real cash in
hand was less prolific-ally cast about.
Walter J. Domes of McCoy, whose
Ayreshires were top-notchers, receiv
ed the largest cash award, $775. C.
f. tlembree of Monmouth received
second largest award, $770 on Jer-
seys. F. E. Lynn of Perrydale took
$295 for Jerseys: Frank Loughary is
$240 richer for showing cattle in the
same class and J. G. Hewitt of Per
rydale showed Jerseys that, brought
him 91A). California took the great
est amount of money in prizes, when
breeders of that state cornered $9470,
Oregon was second with $9,145, and
Washington was third with a total of
$s,oao.
MAC WINS FROM DALLAS
VISITORS FROM YAMHILL RB-Hv
FUSED TO BE WALLOPED.
In Hard-Fought Gridiron Battle Hornet
Team Goes, Down to Defeat -Sixteen
to Six.
Disposition of Grant Lands.
Governor Withycombe has called
conference for Thursday, November
18, of the seven state commissioners
and the Southern Pacific officials to
formulate some plan for the settle
ment of the land grant controversy
According to resolutions adopted at
the Land Grant conference held in
Salem September 16-17, there was
general desire to reach an agreement
between the state government and
the corporation, to put an end to
litigation and open the lands to settle
ment on fair terms. So far as the
members of the commission have ex
pressed themselves through the press,
there seems to be a unanimous agree
ment that under no circumstances
shall any of the 2,300,000 acres be
added to the forest reserve.
Confronted by an effective combi-c
nation of speed, weight and football
knowledge the Dallas high school
team was unsuccessful in a brave at
tempt to win from the McMinnville
high school team on the local grid
iron Saturday afternoon. The day
was ideal for football and the crowd
was unusually good, the boys having
sold every admission ticket before
the game started, but these things
failed to have an effect in overcoming
the handicaps of weight, and lack of
practice which were responsible for
the defeat of Dallas. The game start
ed off like a sure victory for Dallas
and only a few thought McMinnville
had a fighting chance against the
Hushing lighter boys. Dallas com
pletely outplayed its heavier foe in
the first half of the game, so far
outplayed them that the systematic
advance netted Dallas a touchdown
about the middle of the second quar
ter. But McMinnville cameback with
a vengeance in the Becond half and by
hard line bucks tore through the Dal
las defenses for repeated gains of
from five to fifteen yards. This
brought the team two touchdowns, for
which only one goal was kicked, and
a field goal, a total of 16 points to
the 6 made by Dallas.
The fact that Coach Rudder could
not get a practice team together on
more than two days of last week was
very evident. Lack of practice caus
ed many foolish plays that, if avoid-'
ed, might have enabled the boys to
tell a different story. The team made
its greatest mistake and went con
trary to the instructions of the coach
when, after its own line bucking 'fail
ed to bring the proper gain against '
the heavy McMinnville team, it did
not discard the close play and open 1
up its battle line for passes, punts
and end-runs, or a general style of
open play. During the second half
CLOSED BRIDGE BRINGS MTXUP.
Take
Salem Newspaper Carriers
Wrong Rig For Long Ride.
Jess Walling, Polk county farmer,
Jack White, night policeman at Sa
lem, and Fred Shoemaker, circulation
manager for a Salem paper, figured in
a Sabbath day episode that seriously
disturbed the peace of mind and the
comfort of Sheriff Orr, guardian of
Polk county law and order, shoe
maker made arrangements with
White to let two youthful paper car
riers use tbe White family's dobin
to make the daily round of subscrib
ers. VY bite was to have his wife
leave the rig at the Polk county end
of the inter-county bridge, but he
tailed to get that good lady on tbe
phone and also tailed to advise shoe-
When the
per cent above the last year, a levy
of 20 mills having been decided upon
by the city council. The levy for the
present year was only 7 mills. Ihe
valuation of the city property is esti
mated at $520,000.
Increase in Tax Levy.
The tax levy at Independence for
the. ..coming year will. ..be.. nearly 2Q0Jilift light line plunges, -of , the- Dallas.,.
ERADICATE THE GOPHER
POLK COUNTY FARMERS EX
PENDING MONEY TO THIS END
Destructive Animal Captured in Large
Numbers by Trappers Employed
by Tillers of the Soil
molrai if tlia ait it a firm
jections to her wrathful husband and bovg appeared to take charge of the
buggy and horse they did not know
that the onlv one in Bight was that
roent; they come from remote logging,. l"1uT"'
-,m .J ...rmnnHine- ,iti KU,bU1 ' fenC!8 alld OUlldingS On the
basis ot the present lines. Tbe case
lasted two days, and many witnesses
camps and surrounding cities. Black
Kock, where the lumber industry con
tributes many injuries; rails City,
where accidents are traced also tc
lumber operations, and from tbe local
mill and railroad work come easel
that keep the staff at work through
out tbe year.
The large building is designed es
pecially for the work that is carried on
therein. From tbe furnace to the
shingles on the roof the building is
equipped with the sole ides of making
of it what it is, the equal or superior
of any hospital, regardless of size, in
the Willamette valley. .Of course,
things are on a smaller scale than in
' tbe larger hospitals, but there is none
that is better prepared for the treat
ment of the various troubles and ail
ments that come to the attention of
tbe medical profession. Starting with
the full-eement basement, and going
entirely through the building, there is
little left to be desired in the way of
equipment or arrangement The kitch
en and house dining room are in
tbe basement. Tbe dining room is
pleasant, and an abundance of light,
characteristic of the entire structure,
most make the meals that are served
-tbere more palatable. The kitchen is
roomy and up-to-the-minute. A huge
range, going full Mast most of tbe ber.
were called. Judge Belt inspected the
street before he decided the case.
Several Independence councilmen
have declared that the case will be
taken on appeal to the Supreme court.
Polk's Fancy Prunes.
A number of boxes of Roy Graves'
fancy packed prunes were sent to the
eastern market this week that will be
a revelation of Oregon ' prune indus
try to the purchasers. Tbe prunes
were pecked in 10-pound boxes con
taining nine layers of thirty-five
prunes to tbe layer snd made a most
attractive package. Such s pack is
worth eight snd nine cents s pound
here and will sell for twenty eents
s pound in tbe east. Sheridan Sun,
D. A. R. Chapters Increasing.
Tbe work of the Daughters of tbe
American Revolution is spreading in
s most gratifying manner throughout
Oregon under the efficient guidance of
Mrs. lsase Lee Patterson or Lois,
stste regent. Dallas lsvs elaim to the
first organization of Children of the
American Revolution with Evelyn M.
Sibley, daughter of Mr. snd Mrs. J.
E. Sibley, ss tbe first charter mem-
they promised to live happilv ever
after, as the curtain came down with'
a thud. Sheriff Orr was late on the
job the next morning.
DALLAS PRUNES IN THE EAST.
Arrival of First of 1915 Pack Report
ed at New York.
New-crop Oregon prunes are on the
eastern market, according to mail ad
vices from Mew York, which say:
"Brokers reported that the first ship
ment to be received tbis season of
Oregon Italian prunes had arrived
trom the eoast and was being offered
by holders in the New York market.
According to operators, the supplies
that were received showed the best
quality that has been displayed for
years by the first shipment of prunes
or that variety, the shipment, which
consisted of several thousand boxes.
came from Dallas, Oregon, snd Van
couver, Wash. A large part of the
stocks that were received were said
to run to 30s, the prevailing size, ac
cording to packers in this season s
Oregon prune erop. Offerings of this
size were being made in the New York
spot market during the course of the
trading at 9 cents."
Airlie School Standardized.
The high school of Airlie has be
come standard and has won the Den
nsnt offered by County Superinten
dent Seymour. A list of 16 require-'
ments wss sent to tbe school at the
beginning of fhe semester and pupils,
teachers and parents at once eo-o oer
sted to make tbe school standard. Pu
pils hsve become interested in many
new systems this year. '
of Jess Walling rather than Jack
White, so they piled their papers in
and started out. They had almost
completed their route snd were in the
vicinity of Independence when Sheriff
Orr, in response to a call from Salem,
found the lads. Jess Walling is said
to be the most put-out of all, for the
scare he got made him resolve to stay
away from Salem until the bridge is
again open to traffic and be ean keep
his horse and buggy in plain sight.
SUNRISE CHANGES OWNERSHIP
Lloyd Kohari Gives Up Management
of Hotel to Former Cook.
Lloyd Kohari, who has Derated the
Sunrise hotel for several years, has
transferred his interests to Ijee Ka-
mar of Independence and Harry Mi
yamoto, who has been Kohair s chief
cook. Miyamato will be manager of
the establishment and Ksmsr's inter
est will be financial and advisory.
Tbe new owners plan s number of im
provements in the equipment snd ser
vice, especially in the dining room.
Kohair will remain in Dallas to con
clude his business affairs.
Smith Case Heard in Circuit Court
la the ease of Smith vs. Van Wal
ters, for foreclosure of contract.
Judge Belt will make no decision un
til further testimony is submitted in
writing next week. The first testi
mony in the ease was heard in circuit
court yesterday morning, and Dr.
Mott, who with a group of others, wss
named ss defendent in tbe action,
wss tbe only one to appear. The
other defendants loose by default.
According to a Monmouth corres
pondent, Millard McCaleb of that city
has enjoved a remunerative occupa
tion during the past summer trapping
gophers on the larger farms of Polk
county, he having killed 3800 of the
little pests, which at twenty-five cents
a head netted him $950. These oper
ations were carried on at the Riddell
ranch, which comprises 1500 acres,
where traps are still scattered over
the place. On another farm in that
neighborhood, that of John B. Stump,
which contains 1200 acres, Warren
Neal, a Veteran of the civil war, has
caught hundreds of gophers the past
slimmer, and netted a handsome prof
it from the employment. But while
this attempt at extermination is pro
gressing on these large tracts, the
smaller farmers are said to be suffer
ing more than formerly because of
the fact that the gophers are driven
to them from the big ranches. But
inasmuch as "self preservation is the
first law of nature," the scriptural
injunction, "go thou and do like
wise,' msy very well spplv to this
undertaking. The gopher pest is one
that has proven a great hinderance to
farmers of the Willamette valley in
the past, and there seems to be a
determination on the part of the most
progressive farmers to exterminate
them at any eost. United action, snd
keeping everlastingly at it, must nee
essarily give the desired results. The
destruction of crops is an item worthy
of consideration with the tillers of
tbe soil, as is evidenced from the
fact that those who are carrying on
this extensive campaign sgainst the
gopher are willing to pay so hand
somely for their eradication. During
the past severs! years tbere hss been
sn enormous increase in the number
of these destructive pests, snd it re
solved itself into question of who
wss to hsve possession of the farm.
Farmers in all parts of the vslley
should forthwith take up the filth t.
and each doing his part the result
ould be that within a comparatively
few yesrs the gopher would, practi
cally spesking, be s thing of the past.
It is s duty the tiller of the soil owes
himself, ss well ss bis neighbor, who
is expending time snd money to wipe
out the existing eviL
boys were absolutely ineffective and
(repeatedly runners were thrown for
loss. The greater portion of the
first half of the game was played in
McMinnville territory. After t.he
first touchdown Dallas again rushed
the ball to within striking distance
of the goal, but lost the ball to Me- '
Minnville just before the time whistle
blew. However, the game was inter
esting and both sides battled at their,
best throughout the contest. The
crowd was a good one, and loyal in
its support of the home team. Finan
eially it was the most successful so
far staged here. The team has learn
ed an expensive lesson and will prob
ably profit greatly thereby in the
game against Silverton here next Sat
urday. The dope all favors Dallas in
the Silverton game, as the local team ,
beat the same adversary on its home
field in the first game of the season.
Saturday's game by quarters reveals
a comparison of the work of the two
teams. .
First Quarter First Half.
Holmes fo McMinnville kicked off
to Balderee of Dallas, who returned
the ball about 10 yards. Cutler cams
back 5 yards on the next play snd on
the third down Balderee punted out
of bounds to Mao. On Mac's first
play they lost a small yardage and
gained 5 when Dallas was penalized
for offside play. In the next two
plays Mac gained nearly 20 yards and
then passed. Balderee intercepted the
pass and was downed in his tracks.
Scott gained 5 and Mac was penalized
for offside. Berg gained 5 making
yardage for the team. On the next
play Dallas made yardage again and
macle another good gain when they
Inst the ball on a fumble. Mae had
the ball on its own 20-yard line. Mao
gained 15 yards and was penalized 20
tor holding. llson for Dallas did ex
cellent work in breaking through tbe
Mae defenses in tbe first quarter.
From a dangerous position near its
own goal Mae punted 30 yards to
Larl Cutler, who came back for a
yards. Dallas had the ball near cen
ter field and gained 5 yards from
penslty sgainst Mae for offside play
ing. After short gains Scott passed
to Bennett. Mse intercepted tbe pssa
snd fumbled. Dallas regained the'
ball and punted to Mae's 20-yard
line. Mae gained 35 yards by straight
football snd five from sn offside pen
alty against Dallas. When the whis
tle blew the ball was close to center
field snd in Mse's possession. Berg,
Wilson snd Balderee were the bright
est stars for Dallas in tbe first quar
ter. Wilson by his breaks through
tbe Mse line. Berg, by his fast sd-sO
vsnees with tbe ball and Balderee by
his punting and plunging.
Second Quarter.
A fake pass by Mse wss spoiled by
Elmo Bennett and Dalles sent Balder
ee through center. Scott around end
msde another gain and in the next
plsy Berg fell wrong and fumbled ther
ball to Mae. A bad forward pens by
(Continued ob pare three.)