Polk County observer. (Monmouth, Polk County, Or.) 1888-1927, August 31, 1906, Image 1

Below is the OCR text representation for this newspapers page. It is also available as plain text as well as XML.

    FOLK
County
Observer
VOL. XVIII
DALLAS, POLK COUNTY, OREGON, AUGUST 31, 1906
NO. 25
1
We Are V ell Arme
8
Z8
To meet every requirement of the purchaser, $
with the latest styles and best makes of
Ladies', Gents' and Children's
. . Shoes. . .
There is honest value in every pair, and we
guarantee that they will give good satisfaction.
We believe thatapersonal inspection will make
you a customer. Prices? The lowest possible
for good footwear.
DALLAS SHOE STORE
Mrs. J. C Gaynor, Proprietor.
Main Street, - Dallas, Oregon.
Groceries and Provisions
WE carry all the leading brands of Canned
Goods, Coffees, Teas and Spices. Also
a good supply of fresh vegetables and fruit in
season. . Crockery and Queen's Ware.
SIMONTON & SCOTT, ''"
08FIELD OLD STAND
NOTES BY THE WAY
WILL ADD TENTH GRADE
DALE WINS HIS SUIT
Mrs. Kozer Finds Much of Interest Dallas School Patrons Vote Necessary Jury Decides He Is Entitled to Wages
in the "Hub of the Uni- Tax Senator Loughary Chosen tor Labor Performed for Burk-
verse." for Director. hard Youngable.
of
and at the
WHY DON'T
YOU
Use Electricity
for Lighting
It is certainly cheaper than oil, costing only cents
per night for a 16 candle power light.
It is less trouble, needs no attention and is always
ready.
It is safer, and where used will reduce insurance if
oil is entirely eliminated.
There is no danger from fire.
Lines will be extended to any part of town where the business
warrants such extension and the consumer can have either the same
flat rate as was used by the former management, or if the consumer
so desires a meter will be Installed.
If you are thinking of using electricity, let us know and some
one will call upon you to give any information you may desire.
Willamette Valley Company
C. B. EHODES, Manager for Dallas.
(Continued from Lint Week.i SunnArHnw thpir nnhlln school with Burkhard Younerable, an eccentric
After a pleasant ride of 12 hours the same loyalty and enthusiasm that farmer of the Liickiamute country,
from the Capitol, we found ourselves marks their encouragement of every will probably be in no particular
in the "City of Culture." The Christian other worthy institution, the citizens hurry to make any more wills in
Scientists and Medical Conventions of Dallas met on Monday afternoon favor of his hired men at least
were both in session, but the Scientists and, without a single dissenting voice, while the memory of bis recent
spread it all over the medical doctors voted the tax needed in furnishing a experience in County Judge Coad's
as far as cumbers and enthusiasm go. room and employing a teacher for the court is fresh In his mind. Mr.
Seeing Boston means a lot more newly-established Tenth Grade. A Youngable, better known as 'Brigham
than just lookinc it ovpr. n n. errant, e-oodlv number of voters were present. Young" was sued last week by
many neoDle do. and it is nn of the considering the busv season of the Nesmith Dale for the recovery
most interesting nlaops in tho wnriH vnnr. unH the hfist of feellnc char- wages alleged to be due,
to the loyal citizen. It is where this acterized the proceedings of the conclusion of the trial, Monday after
National fabric was started, where it meeting. noon, he found the score of $100 and
was nourished, and where it first Di. B. H. McCallon, chairman of costs chalked up against him on the
asserted its ind(npnrlpn ao Almost h. t.h Hoard of Directors. Dresided over Judge's big book. The case was tried
fore you realize it, you find yourself the meeting, and H. G. Campbell was before a special jury, the members of
back in those troublesome times, and at the secretary's desk. When the wmen were o. o. wuiumus,
snon lipnomA pnvplnnerl in nn phmrman announced that One Of the Loughary, W. G. VaSSall. J. J.
atmnsnhom that is ontimiv dav tn niirnospa of t.hfi maAtinff was to elect a man, D. J. Riley and T. T. Notson
you, but which is very old in fact. director to fill the vacancy caused by The evidence went to show that Dale
Eiffht down wnpm t hP st rPPts of the resignation of Director I. N. went to work for Brigham last October
Boston are most narrow and tangled, Woods, the name of Senator U. S.
stands the old State House and old Loughary was placed before the meet
South Church, where the eagle was ing by H. L. Fenton. There being no
first heard. In the middle of the further nominations, the secretary
street near by is a circular block of proceeded, upon motion of G. L.
paving marking the spot where the Hawkins, to cast the ballot for Mr.
victims of the famous massacre fell. Loughary.
Just across the street is the site of the Chairman McCallon then called
house where Benjamin Franklin was attention to the vote or tne taxpayers
v, I at tha .Tnnfi Bn.hool meetiner. bv which
Looking up at the window back of vote the directors were authorized to 1. when Dale left the place, claiming
.u.uu . j nu., aa tha Tnth rndn to the iresent that Bdgham had discharged rum.
and reading the inscription above it course of study. He explained that Brigham denied this, contending that
i w iim (v,.mpmhprnf t.hn hoard were ready Dale had abandoned nis contract.
, i ui-poa a to nroceed in accordance with the ex- Dale then brought suit for the woik
111 IU1UUUU LUIO TUlUUUn lu uuuivuu v i - . .
iah of t.hn t.aTnavers. hut that ne nad periormea.
meeting 01 pairiois wiieu uu umi f"" , - , , . a o.,,nlorl
. ... A u,ij u-KoftaVino-nnvBtPtiB toward estab- The hearing of the case occupied
means 01 entrance were uiuuneu -"""o j r- - - , ... . . .v, itni.nnnn Dmi
.. , ...... ...v....Hc,v,tnr.tv.aHoairpd tirade, t would be the creator part of the afternoon, and
isnusn soiuiers, you cuu leanse vvuai, .."'"b r.- - - - . .nmj
it meant to be a patriot. This feeling necessary to vote a small tax for the wa attend d by quite a crowd of
vou can act nowhere else on earth, purpose of furnisning a room ana luiciom D. . -
.? 1 the salary of an additional elusion of the examination of wit
,lulu SWulu s Z i:::, trwf the oninion that nesses, the jury retired and soon
! " on the taxable brought in a verdict for Dale for $100
., .. nwimrte of the district would be and costs
a rare collection 01 reiiua it-iaiiiu w .."j -
the history of early New England is sufficient for all purposes, but that it
displaye( might be possible that a Blightly
The State House on Beacon Hill greater tax would .be needed. After
.,;o ti, ottp John fTancock's siving the matter due consideration,
cow pasture. The cornerstone was the taxpayers decided to authorize tne dlfJtance ea8t of Amity iast week
After living with bis family on a
homestead on part of what was the
Siletz Indian reservation for the five
years prescribed by law, the proofs of
ownership offered by John C. Fletcher
were refused by the general land office,
because the survey of 120 acres of it
U. 8.
Wise
and received pay for most of his work.
In February last, Brigham made a
will in favor of Dale, and, as he put
it. Dale was to "work for tho will
The agreement was that Dale and his
wife should live on the place with
Brighato, and that Dale should do
the farm work and his wife keep the
house. Everything went on peaceably
under the arrangement until August
and disbursements.
costs will amount to about $40.
The
Ripe Strawberries In August
M. W. Kichtor. who lives a snort
FINAL PROOF REFUSED
C. Fletcher Homestead Appraised
as Having No Value to the
Estate.
SAVE THE SHADE TREES
Dallas Citizen Protests Against Ordi
nance Now Before City
Council.
DALLAS, Or., Aug. 29-(To tho
Editor.) In looking over the pro
ceedings of the last meeting of the
city council, I noticed this item : "On
motion of VanOrsdel.the City Attorney
was requested to prepare an ordinance
providing for the cutting down of all
had not been approved, and the land shade trees in the streets where they
was declared not subject to entry. The interfere with the wiring to the height
remaining 40 acres had been surveyed of 20 feet."
regularly and the survey ' accepted, If this proposed ordinance should
but Fletcher was not allowed to prove pass and the electric light and tele-
his title to them because he had built phone companies, in whose interests
his house on the ground included in it is evidently offered, should exercise
the 120 acres not subject to entry. the privilege wnicn it grants tnem, is
Because of this the homestead is of would mean the mutilation or ae-
no value to the estate of Fletcher, who struction of every shade tree of any
has since died. The appraisers of the oonsoquence in Dallas, for the lines
estate-H. C. Starr, Jasper Agee and ol tne various companies now occupy
John Deakins filed a report in the each side of every improved street in
county court this morning showing the town.
that the property of the estate is worth Of course, we all recognize the con?
$1,229. The homestead is mentioned venlence and necessity or tnesemoaern
in the report, but is appraised as hav- utilities, but what we should consider
ing no value to the estate. Attorneys is, can we afford to allow the beauty
for the estate declare that Fletcher's or the town and vaiuame wees, some
family will be able to prove up on the which have required from 30 to 40
homestead if they continue to live on years to reach their present state of
it until the survey is approved by the perfection, to te destroyed wnen u is
general land office. Portland Journal, not necessary, just for the sake of
maKing a utile less worn auu eiieuoo
WOODMEN GIVE BALL
Members of Halls City Camp Prove
Entertainers of the First
Rank.
laid by Paul Revere and the Masonic board to levy a tax not to exceea two thered a Recond crop of strawberries.
fraternity in 1795. The new extension mms iol mo hu. . xhe berries are large and ruiiy de-
is four times the size of the old build- counting of the ballot disc oseu we . . Jn order tQ ln8ure a crop.of
ing The State Library has over fact that not a single vote naaDeen Btrawberrles in August, blossoms are
mo 000 books and many rare maps recorded against the tax, and the ,ucked froin the vines tbe first of
and pamphlets. announcement of the result was re- August berries have been sell-
Memorial Hall contains 274 flags or ceivea wim
Massachusetts in the war for the The election of Sator ughary to
Union Christ's Church, built in 1723, a place on the school board will be
uuiun. uii,i 0otiufQ,.torw to t.hn natrons of
the oldest church Dunaing ; - p.fi
has a chime ol me uismcu w Fw6...
... i :.. ri anA a IovrI frlp.nd of
..... t i . i . . . .nxrtv urara 11 ki nnn 1 1 1 il u uuv. u .1 -
Ing in the Portland mancets at io
cents a box by the crate. Amity
Enterprise.
for the companies who maintain lines
under a free franchise in the city?
The Pacific States Telephone Com-
j pany some time ago expressed a will
ingness to carry their wires througn
the tops of the large trees In cables,
The Woodman's Ball at Wagner's and, in some cases, have made prepar-
hall in Falls City last Saturday eve- ations fordoing so, but irtnisproposea
ning was one of the most successful ordinance should pass, the company
affairs ever held in- Polk county, will no doubt exercise its privilege.
About 75 couples were in attendance, and get busy with an axe.
and nothing was left undone by the We have heard considerablo talk in
management that would add to the the last year or two about beautifying
pleasure of the guests. The Dallas the town, civic Improvement, etc., and
orchestra gave a program of late the council has set aside a certain
popular music, and the floor was in amount of ground on each side of the
excellent condition. ' Dancing was in- various streets for park strips. Many
dulged in until a few minutes before peoplo have improved these strips,
midnight. Tho members of the Falls planted trees and made lawns, until it
mtv CamD Droved themselves ex- is me universal Biummnwuu ..o.u-
oellent entertainers, every courtesy ing strangers,
possible being shown the visitors from you have!'
Dallas and other outside towns.
"What a beautiful town
is
Boston
hune the lanterns to warn raui
uuub me i k,j noiatinfT of Dr. McCallon.
Revere that the British troops were to uu-.u, -- mav
march to Lexington and Concord. v. u. uoau uu by firei Monday morning. Tho cause
Faneuil Hall, sometimes called the be safely counted upon to give the J . yTnehouewa9 valued
Cradle of Liberty," was built in 1742 aflairs or tne district y
t"ame Ir, .A' , a mnrkPt conscientious administration, and,
and presente u " thA harl
Cottage Destroyed.
The cottaee of Dr. M. F. Fenton, on
Portland heights, into which he had
recently moved, was totally destroyed
and town hall.
STATE NORMAL SCHOOL RT MONMOUTH
BEGINS its 25th year September 2G,
190G. Three full courses of study.
Higher course recognized in Wash
ington and other states. The best and
shortest way to a state and life paper
Additional work in both general and
special Methods; also, school manage
ment for graded and ungraded schools
better opportunities are open to Normal graduates, benooi ai'B r
date the superior ability of Monmouth graduates, and the . demand far
exceeds the supply. Catalogue containing full information wUl be sent on
application. Correspondence invited. Address,
J.B. V. BUTLER, Registrar.
1 imm 'HBm
...
In this building was with the hearty co-operation of Prir.-,
,.u. n..i:Dh or1min1at.rRt.ion C Dal W. 1. evuoiua ouu uio o.v
denounced uit . motha T11a nubile
The main nail nas assuwuio, w iuu T ,
school stronger and more uaeiui iu
every department than ever before.
Is not known
at $1000 and was fully insured. It
was recently purchased by Dr. Fenton.
of the Colonies,
many portraits of prominent men.
The old building has undergone a
thorough overhauling, and but ntue
now remains or tne origin .u
construction, andoime cmjuui
the bare brick walls.
Boston Common was laid oui Deioie
1610 as a training nt-iu au
and is said to have contained about
. ionl Here stood the
WILL SEE MODEL ROAD
Visitors to State Fair Will Be Inter
ested In Road Built by
Government Experts.
Old Indian Dead.
Depoe Charley, one of the oldest
Indians on the Siletz, died at Newport,
Tuesday night, of heart failure. He
was buried at Siletz Thursday. Depoe
was a good man and his sudden death
wan a shock to his many friends in
this community. Toledo Leader.
Those ffoincr from Dallas were
Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Uglow, Mr. and
Mrs. Oscar Haytor, Mr. and Mrs.
G. N. Cherrington, Mr. and Mrs. Rus
sell Davenport, Miss Rose Bronken,
Miss VanSkike, Messrs. Chaunoey
Crider, Lester Butler, Tony Teats,
Floyd Myer, Tom Holman, G. B.
Hardin, E. Jacobson, R. E. Williams,
Lott Brown, Walter Williams, U. S.
Grant, Tom Stockwell, J. C. Hayter,
of Dallas ; Mr. and Mrs. E. J. Bryan,
Miss Maud Steadman, of Portland;
Misses Edna and Delia Simonton,
Jack Goodell, Ed Siefarth, John
Miller, of Rickreall, and Edward
Lorence, of Monmouth.
To those who take no pride In their
homes and to those who own no prop
erty in the town, except trading
property, and whose Interests are
based only on dollars and cents, this
question of preserving the shade trees
may be a matter of small moment,
but to those who do take pride In their
homes and have helped beautify the
town by spending both time and
money in improving their property, it
is a matter of doep concern.
MARK HAYTER.
Wright-Rhoades.
Thomas Wright and Miss Amanda been
Rhoades, of Oakdale, were married at horse to go against time during the
A Speedy Stallion.
Zolock, a pacing stallion now in
training at the Oregon State Fair
grounds, has been doing the mile in
the "work out" on the track in 2 :07
with ease. Arrangements have almost
completed for this wonderful
Oscar DeHaven, formerly of Cor-
Visitors at the Oregon State Fair vallls, but now a Dallas laundryman,
business visitor in iwrvuuib,
Gazette.
Miss Florence Sochler left Sunday
The first of tho month
i 0f iand. Here sioou me - -
1 . . 1 v,co whin. Uirtnir the week (Sept. 10-15) will not was a bu
granary.aimsnouse Buu of agrl. Friday.(
ping post and pmo.y. - - horticulture, mechanical and Ml93 F1
was quarieieu u ----o - i .'u,Wtanf interest, but also t.,io
Tm .tin TtrCr HPT. . H" II IIC CL l-O ojvu.w.vw w ' - I 111. U U1JI..I
C1UUil"" . . -.! l.k. lintlniM w. r. t . 01,l,.l!. Wo oh
all important cele- a demonsirauou ui tun k""b miss csecnier gueu mj uuni, "
V .. . , .11 1 rliatrlnta nt. this time. I . I - .iIa. anA raalilo Por.
were on tne inaiiuui iuic u.a.wv . . iojoiu uci uiu.uci
namely "good roads." jusi ouusme Vftni8 Gazette.
of the north fence line 01 tne maw Water waa hauled from Whiteson
Fair crounds can be seen from begin- . . t t t th a p oll t&uka at
of Boston's ning to end the building of a modern gt jQe to see If there were any holes
the Baptist parsonage in Dallas,
Thursday. August 23, Rev. C. H.
Davis officiating.
Milking Machines.
Fair. Sept. 10;15. Should sucn do
closed up, an exhibition such as has
never been seen on the Coast Is ex
pected. The owner of this horse says :
"Zolock is in better condition than
hpfnrft" and ha Is satoiy tne
army
siege of Boston
mentof the town,
brations and festivities
m. ..i.t! norrinn flnps not Dossesa or
xne x'uuiiu waiuu
the historic interest 01
. u ; na of TJoston 8
tUe : "Xi foktures. The area of highway. The United States govern- tfaat Bhou,d plugged up. The raain
IuusiaLl1" : ' h it cover8 was once ment road experts are at worn upon a 8torage tank is 66 feet in diameter in
23 acres whicn i of experimental road and high.-McMinnville
WT" ,thfiLrfen laid lout Well- This piece of work is well underway
t i1- nrri onn n n ih i ui a ujuq o w " . ,
Last Sunday morning a crowaea
ji.io v,kh i thnr- oonereKation nstenea to ueimuu UJr
LTIUUIUK ou 4i.r" 1 - . II T UA
i, ' I . - .. .u ltflv ii J. isecKer. 01 jjauas. iu io
IJi . Trmont ouehly done, tnen a o-iucu cuat.uR vM " . nn
Near the toiuui, z- " 'w ,.1, thoroughly rolled, evening tvev. u. n. iavi, ano,
,in..n.n Kiirvins coarse auDucuiuv . o j . .. . ..n 1 rrK- ..,.
street, is tne 0. - w -; - Wet and the final coating of finer preacnedtoa iuu uu.
Ground." x-- sprinkled and rolled gooupreauuJUtsuaB
1 T
and wagon port mews.
worries until she gets
remains of many u ...-..,, ThiafAt.iirft rinitiAs. then worries because she
We pay 4 on time deposits, cunrent
rates on savings accounts, receive deposits
jecl to check, and do a general bank
"8 Alness..
You can have the advantages of a
trong bant at your very Joq, by using
Emails.
Send us your deposits. Acknowledg
"wl wJl be sent you by return mail.
Savings accounts received from one
iiHar up.
Pcn an account with us and note
apiuly it will grow.
1 FRANK WATSON. Pnk
L Dt'RHAM. Vie. Pwmiat
K FEAR. 5
1 C. CATCHINGa A-i Swj
LXfjlWASrlST. POTLANO.OOE. j
to
obmpiVRTLAND, ORE.
Pays SicK Benefits of $ 40
$50 per raonui.
Pays Accident Benefits class
rajs .matinn
ified accoraing w r-
Pavi Surgeons ees
-
Pays Funeral Expenses 01
from $100 to ?"
Mo Medical Examination.
W V. Fuller, Aent
Dallas, uregw".
Common, on
the "Granary
t iirp(l its name from
... v,ot: stood on tne cruaucu
the public giuun j . iQt of ft team and wagon
south siae 01 , ho noticed after having passed A woman
huriod the remains 01 iuaujr .... This feature wrinkles, then worries because
tinguished citizens. Thg S ioe h worthy of a trip to the Fair, has them. If she takes Hollister's
were Paul Bevere ; Josiah Franklin alone j v Mountain Tea she would have
and his wife, parents or b vour9elf daily, you're not neither. Bright, smiling face follows
Franklin; Robert rame, ,.Aa ripan ,naiAM means its use. 35 cents, Tea or Tablets,
Belt
nlou n tnnirie.
John Hancock, Lwn. stomach, bowels, blood, liver, & Cherrington
Adams and leter taut uu. the clean, healthy tissue in every organ. Captain l'ercy Willis, of the United
. " . mvthlpal Mother MORAL; . J"" "u,""" " dwshjo biuij,
Among many
crrave of
Goose.
been stir
lets.
M. OLIVE
teacher ol
SMITH
PIANO AND ORGAN
Vrt 2. Wilson Block
Studio. Room
DAIXAS OEEGO-N
Take Holllster's ItocKy states army, is in rialem visiting
if.,f.in Tps as cftnts. Tea or laD- ,oioriw.a Ha has lately Deen at
UXUUUba.u -" ' i . - -
Belt& Cherrington. Fortress Monroe, Virginia, and nas
h.n transferred to command the 34th
Berries Scarce Bear Plentiful. mnnv of coast artillery at Fort
w - J -
almost Obllieinu-u,, . Khiii hrothers. of Mill UreeK. s..vpn. CaDtaln Willis 13 ai A.J,
anna Goose, wife of Isaac oo kmed tfaree Jarge black te&Ta OQ their purvine8 home in Tolk county today
years. c - . ,-.tMt hv farm last week. Une or tne animais fialem Journal.
r;,nff. than any came Into the orchard and wascnased
more peoy.e. oii u - ' d up a pium tree by the dogs.
II M?S 11 I - . .. . .
whMt childish heart has not
ihv Mother Goose's rhymes!
Oniy a lain slab, with the inscription
Stbliterated,) ''Here hes Sua
43
saying
other, for as muc
1 Tn Una rv Tc.(
oiuei," f rag3 ,8 persons iu van o
that beadstcae not a spea g & oq fhe hU north 0,
seen-notniuH . --- et0 hast Friday, but wnen rnenn orauW
1 I . f huntara
Several
having
. t.,i,ni3 it wasim
Tne Kiwu , .t j
to he seen is this burying groun.
are to be seen i kOZEB.
MRS. II
-J l, nrl
Old maids would be scarce auu
to find,
Could they be made to see,
How grace a
By using io"J
Bt & Cherrington.
nd beauty is combined
Jlouniaiu xr-
Joe Craven, and other local hunters
repaired to the scene, no trace of the
animal could be found. Farmers
living in the foothills report bears
unusually plentiful this year. George
Conlee, who has had much experience
as a woodsman, Bays the animals
hP heen driven out of the mountains
by hunger, there being a scarcity of
huckleberries and salal berries this
summer.
Disease laKes no summer
vacation.
If you need flesh and
strength use
Scott's Emulsion
summer as in winter.
Scb4 for tree napl.
SCOTT BOWNK,
Feart Mreei,
pc.adi.o;
- . .1 T lU
The da rv operators oi iue nunn- ever
west will have au opportunity to wit- best horse In bis class on the Paciflo
ness one of the latest applications fer coa8t if not in the world.
"milking mechanically" In operation
dailv in connection with the Dairy
ovhihir. rlnrlncr Orecon State Fair fi8
week (Sept. 10-15). This is certainly a
wonderful machine, the working of
which is perfect, the lacteal fluid be
ing extracted gently, speedily, and
thoroughly, therefore removing a
great amount of drudgery in con
nection with this very proutaDie
adjunct of our growing agricultural
district. The dairy section of the Fair
has outgrown its building and addi
tional space will be provided.
Pacific Coast
Leader
regon
State Fair
fori Str-t, , ,u"-
Bright Outlook for Normal.
We are pleased to note that the sum-
. . I TA.rn.1
mer session oi me oimo auiuim
School at Monmouth, which will close
In another week, has been very suc
cessful. The enrollment has reached
120, and many of the eminent edu
cators of the state have taken part In
the work.
The coming regular session, which
opons September 2fi. promises a very
larco increase in the enrollment.
With the added apparatus and new (ome and See
material for tho various departments, , pv.Vniv nf
and the renovation of the entire build- ine 'ty "l
ings, the school has a most promising
outlook. The demand for tne gradu
ates of the Monmouth Normal Is ex
tending beyond the borders of tho
slate.
Remember
It is unlawful
To sell any game
To kill more than 10 pheasants,
grouse or quail in one day
To catch trout less than 5 inches in
length
To catch trout other than with hook
and line
To catch trout by night fishing
To hunt deer at night
To hunt doer with dogs
To kill more than 5 deer in one
season
SALEM SEPT. 1045, '06
OPEN DAY AND NIGHT
The West is a good and
promising Live Stock dis
trict. This exhibition
will be of great value to
breeders and purchasers.
The entire stock-loving
West will be at SALEM.
HORSES,
CATTLE,
SHEEP,
COATS,
SWINE and
POULTRY
Also a Grand
Display of
AGRICULTURAL,
HORTICULTURAL,
MECHANICAL and
FINE ART WORKS.
Racing Events Daily
Special Railroad Rctcs
To bunt game, animal, or uiras y H. DUVYfuXil, TC5.
, without license except upon your pp i y. BURS IN, SiZ.
own ground. "