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“ Thirty=0ne Presidential Elections ”
LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS
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(ORNISH
JILE this article is being writ-
ten the result of the election of
1908
not known. Otherwise
the record of the thirty-one elections
which have taken place since the founda-
tion of the republic is complete, and read-
ers of this magazine will have hi compact
form a history for which they would
have to search many volumes. It should
be preserved for future reference.
At the time of the adoption o i the Con-
stitution there was a party opposed to anv
party in favor of the Constitution as it
came from the convention. The latter
prevailed; but the opposition triumphed
ill forcing, in the various conventions
called to ratify the instrument, an agree-
ment thai ten amendments should be
adopted, embodying ideas which the orig-
inal convention, under the influence of
Hamilton, had refused to enact. By this
compTomise the Constitution came into
effect with the assent of all parties.
The teii amendments, embodying the
more democratic ideas of the party, at
first known as Anti-Federalists and head-
ed by Jefferson, were adopted and rati-
fied according to compact. They forbid
the establishment of any state religion
and provide freedom of religion, speech,
the press, assembly and petition; the right
to bear arms; trial by jury and other
safeguards for the security of the citizen
agàinst artibtrary authority; provision
against the abuse of military authority
and a final clinching in the Tenth Amend-
nient, which says that “the powers not
delegated to thé United States nor pro-
hibited to the States are reserved to the
States respectively or to the people.”
At the first election the electors voted
for George Washington unanimously. As
the Constitution then absurdly proposed
that the electors should vote for two can-
didates, the person receiving the second
highest number of votes to become Vice-
President, the electors scattered their
second vote among various candidates,
JoHn Adams received thirty-four votes to
thirty-five scattered among various other
candidates, John Jay and John Hancock
among others receiving votes.
At the second election, in 1792, Wash-
ington again received the votes of every
elector, but for second choice there was a
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division along party linos, John Adams elected Vice-President Over a scattered
receiving the vote of the Federalists, sev- opposition.
entry-seven votes, and Governor George
In 1836 Van Buren was promoted to
Clinton of New York fifty votes of the the Presidency, with Richard M. Johnson
opposition.
as running mate. 1 he opposition adopted
In 1796. Washington having declined a the ridiculous device of nominating no
third election, the two parties put forth candidate, leaving the voters each to
their
candidates— John
Adams
and think that the electors of the Whig party,
Thomas Pinckney for the Federalists and as it now called itself, would vote for his
Thomas Jefferson for the Democrats, own particular candidate.
1 he combiua-
Aaron Bur of New York, Samuel Adams tion carried 1.14 votes to
¡70 for Van
of Massachusetts and others receiving Buren. Johnson failed of a majority, but,
Democratic votes for second place.
according to the Constitution, was chosen
Adams received seventy-one votes, Jeffer- by the Senate.
. ___
son sixty-eight, two of Adams’ votes he-
In 1840, a bank panic having occurred,
ing cast by electors who voted for both Van Buren was defeated overwhelmingly
Adams and Jefferson.
by William Henry Harrison, who had
In 1800 John Adams and Charles Cotes- been his leading opponent. The vote was
worth Pinckney were the Federalistic can- 234 to 60. John Tyler was elected Vicc-
didates. Thomas Jefferson atjd Aaron President, and, the President dying a
B urr being the Democratic nominees, month later, Tyler succeeded to the Pres-
Jefferson and Burr each received seventy- idency. He soon broke with his parly
three votes, and it thus became necessary and, before his term was out, went
for the House of Representatives to dc- squarely over to the Democrats,
cide. Although it had been fully under-
In 1844 James K. Polk was elected
stood that Burr was to have the Vice- President and George M. Dallas Vicc-
I residency, lie now made a vigorous ci- President by the Democrats over Henry
fort to become President, and received Clay and Theodore Frelinghuysen, Whigs,
the support of the Federalist membi. s of The vote was 170 to 105.
the House for that position. The ballot-
In 1848 the Democrats nominated Gcn-
ing being by States, eight voted for Jef- eral Lewis Cass for President and Will-
ferson and six for Burr, while two di- iam O. Butler for Vice-President. Gen-
vided evenly. There was thus no major- eral Zachary Taylor, a recent war hero,
ity, until on the thirty-sixth ballot several was the Whig candidate and was elected
Federalist members failed to vote and by a vote of 163 to 127. The Democratic
Jefferson received * the vote of eight defeat was brought about by the candi-
States. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, dacy of ex-President Martin Van Buren
Connecticut and Rhode Island voted for as a candidate of a faction_ of the Dcm-
Burr. The latter, laying tile loss of the ocrats who were dissatisfied with the
Presidency to Hamilton, who advised his party's position on the slavery question.
party that Jefferson was preferable, The President dying, the Vice-President,
nursed his revenge; and when, l.ter. Burr tie
Millard
became
more Fillmore,
than a year
later. President a lit-
being a Federalist candidate fhr Gover-
In
1852
General
Franklin
of
nor of New York and Hamilton again New Hampshire and William R. Pierce
King of
opposed him. Burr, as is well known, Alabama were the Democratic candidates,
challenged and killed Hamilton in a duel. General Winfield Scott of New Jersey
In 1804, when the Constitution had been
amended so that votes were cast for Pres- and William A. Graham of North Caro-
ident and Vice-President that the scandal lina being the.W hig candidates. Pierce
of the last election might not be repeated, and King were elected by a vote of 234
the Federalists nominated C. C. Pinckney to 42, the Whigs carrying only Massa-
and Rufus King, who received fourteen chusetts, Connecticut, Kentucky and Tcn-
votes, to 162 for Jefferson and George members
nessee. This
the newly
Whig arisen
party, Re
its
going finished
into the
Clinton.
In 1808 the Federalist candidates were publican party, into the American or
the same, and Piinckney this time re Knownothing party or, in many cases, go
ceived forty-seven votes, against 142 for ing over to the Democrats.
In 1856 James Buchanan was named by
James Madison, the Democratic candi
date. Clinton was again elected Vice- the Democrats with John C. Breckenridge
as Vice-President. • Opposed was the
President, and di>d in office.
In 1812 Madison was renominated, with party which opposed the extension of
Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts for slavery and which had taken the name
The Federalists nom- Republican in order to attract the votes
Vice-President.
inated DeWitt Clinton of New York, a of Democrats who were attached to the
Democrat, with Jar#d Ingeisoll for older name of their party. The candi-
Vice-President. The vote wasi28 to 89, dates were General John C. Fremont and
in favor of Madison.
William U Dayton. Ex-President Fill-
In 1816 the Democrats named Jat*. . more as the candidate of the American
Monroe and Daniel D. Tomokins, while party received the vote of Maryland—
the Federalists put forward Rufus King eight votes. Buchanan had 174, Fremont,
for President, scattering their votes for 114.
the second place. King received t.iirty-
Tn i860 the extreme pro-slavery ele-
four votes to 183 for Monroe. This was ment of the Democratic party bolted the
the last of the Federalist party,
At convention and nominated Vice-President
this election their former Pre idem. John Breckenridge for. President, the regulars
Adams, was at the head of the Demo- nominating Stephen A. Douglas o f Illi
c i t ic electoral ticket m Massachusetts.
nois. The “ Constitutional Union Party,”
In 1820 Monroe received all hut one composed chiefly of old Whigs, named
electoral vote, one elector breaking in- John Bell, who carried four Southern
structions and voting for John Quinsy States.
The Republican party named
Adams, Monroe’s Secretary of State, in Abraham Lincoln, with Hannibal Ham-
order, as he explained, that Washington lin for Vice-President Although the di
might remain the only President elected vided Democratic factions cast a vote
unanimously. Tompkins lacked fourteen greatly in excess of that of the Repub-
votes of unanimous re-election.
ficans, the latter had 180 electoral v otes to
In 1824 there were four candidates, all seventy-two for Breckenridge, thirty-nine
claiming to be the real sure-enough *or
and twelve for Douglas I he lat-
Democratic
candidate — John
Quincy t*f had » popular vote nearly equal to
Adams, Andrew Jack sc n, Henry Clay and that of Bell and Breckenridge combined.
William II. Crawford
No rnr.didate
In i 8*>4. at the height of the civil war,
having a majority, the election was for Lincoln was renominated, with Andrew
the second time thrown into the House of Jackson, a 1 ennessee Democrat, for Vice-
Representatives,
where
Adams
was President. The Democrats named Gcn-
choscn
John C. Calhoun was elected eral George B. McClellan and George H.
Vice-President hy the Electoral College. Pendleton. The electoral vote was 212 to
This election caused much bad feeling 21
favor of Lincoln,
and the dominant party split, the admin-
The President having been assassinated
istration party calling themselves National hy a crazy actor named Booth. Johnson
Republicans and the opposition, headed succeeded. Attempting to carry out the
by General Jackson, claiming the name known policy of Lincoln in reference to
the readmission of the States, Johnson
Democrats.
In i8z8 President Adams was defeated, came into conflict with the leaders m
receiving cigbty-tlirec rotes to 128 for Congress. In their determination to get
Jackson. Calliotm was re-elected Vice- rid of him. they attempted to do so by
impeachment, but failed by one vote ol
President over Richard Rush.
In 1832 Jackson was re-elected, receiv the necessary two-thirds in the Senate.
In 1858 it 1 >ecame very probable that the
ing 210 votes, against forty-nine for
Henry Clay, while Martin Van Buren was
Continued on fioge * J