"" BOER AND BRITON.
History of the Trouble Which Has Led to War )
in the Transvaal. . P
CIIAMUKlll.A'SU
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yHf ORANGE REU 3V ' jjl
ftr HE Issue between the English and
H the Boers is one as old as this cen
ia tury. In many different forms, but
always with much the same ground of
quarrel at the bottom, it has reappeared
with each succeeding decade. Many
times the two peoples have met on the
battlefield, and when war itself has not
existed rumors of war between them
have been current. Wherever the Eng
lishman and the Boer have had their
common interests in one territory strife
has leen sure to come, for the qualities
and ideals of the two are widely dissim
ilar. The great gold fields in the Transvaal
are the material facts that have caused
A WELTIIT BUKOHEK.
the conditions for the present struggle,
for it Is through them that Englishman
and Boer have been brought so close to
gether. xiie uoers claim to be tne mvjgj
of the Transvaal country, and theyperi
. f ,f . 1 . . W I lil' ...
6si in reguruiug iuu loreigu seiners
Uitlnnders as temporary residc-fits w,tn
out (real rights. Sharply opposed .4 this
view btanda England, whose many sons
In Transvaal land have their immenee in
vestments in mines and machinery and
demand a full share in the government.
"The Transvaal for the Boers," is Presi
dent Kruger's cry, while the English
against it shout: "Full rights, civil and
political, for our emigrants who settle In
your land."
The problem takes on many phases, but
not one of them can clearly be under
stood without back reference to the his
tory of the relations of Boers and Eng
lish. The first form of the issue is over
the question of sovereignty. England is
asserting her suzerainty, while admitting
Boer Independence in local affairs, and
Kruger is denying England's claim. Such
is the history of the two that each can
fairly make its claim.
Sovereignty or no sovereignty would
not, however, be a burning question was
there not reason for insisting on it. The
more practical statement of the issue is
that it concerns the political franchise
rights which the Uitlanders now find it
so difficult to acquire,. $rd which Eng
land insists so strongly ,v shall secure
on reasonable conditidiu ""It is on ac
count of inability to agree on the terms
of the franchise, combined with views
about sovereignty, which leave no mid
dle ground, that war came, but even the
franchise Is only an Incident In securing
what the English really want. Sir Al
fred Milner, who has been the foremost
English agent in negotiations with the
Boers, has said that he insisted on the
franchise merely because he thought it
would help the Uitlanders to secure for
themselves what they need, and because
he thought an agreement could be reach
ed concerning it more easily than con
cerning the many reforms in Boer laws
which are the real objections to bo at
tained for the benefit of the Uitlanders,
and the real occasion of England's Inter
vention. Btrucs'fis In Former Days.
Only by considering the past struggles
with thi English can the present one be
J .n St a lv .st
BOER NATIONAL SONQ. a
a
Flag of our precious Innd, wave on,
Transvaal's four-cnlor fiee,
We pray may God the hand strike down
E'er rnlspii to lower tliee.
Float proudly, banner, to the wind,
For past the thrca enlnc ill.
Our foes have fled and left behind
A land unconquered still.
Through many years of hate and blood.
Dear flag, thou didst endure.
Again thp storm thou hast withstood
And floated Ftlll secure.
And as of old when foes assail
O'er brave hearts thou sbalt wave,
Nor shall the black or Ilrlt prevail
While we have strength to save.
Thoc art, dear flag, our token true,
Transvaal's four-color free.
To thee we pledge ourselves anew.
Till death we'll Btrlve for thee.
Aloft o'er all our precious land
Wave, banner, proudly on,
Bv God forsaken be the hand
. "E'er raised to drag thee down.
1
seen in its true proportions. The Boers
were the original Eur. .pean settlers of
South Africa. Of Dutch descent, they
had sturdy qualities, which their life in
the savage lands only served to make
sturdier. They were farmers from the
first, and by the sweat of the negro races
they grew in v.caith. The English took
definite possession of the Cape in 1S14,
and the En'glish immigration then began
in such -great waves that Holland emi
grants and Boer children could not keep
up the balance of power. The situation
was much such as exists now in the
Transvaal, where the Uitlanders out
number the Boers, except for the fact
that then the Boers were actually and
not merely nominally subjects of Great
Britain. The English rule was autocrat
ic, and the Boer Idea about slaves and
land holding fitted so little with the Eng-
TYPE OF ARMORED TRAIN EQUIPPED BY TUB BRITISH.
lish Ideas that soon the Boers had two
great grievances against their rulers.
The Dutch-French colonists quarreled
with the English continually, and num
bers of them "treked" or tracked north
ward In search of farming lands. Their
first settlements were In Natal, but from
there also the English drove them, nnd
then they "treked" Into the Transvaal,
where, on an unpromising upland, 0,000
feet above the sea level, they became
Boers "farmers." There they hoped the
British would leave them alone and their
hopes might have been realized had not
the discovery of gold been made there in
18G0.
Prior to that time, In 1852, England
had practically acknowledged the Inde
pendence of the Transvaal, otherwise
known as the South African Republic.
In 1854 the Orange Free States were
also declared Independent, but by both
treaties and conventions England retain
ed suzerainty.
There was trouble In 1881 when a
force of British was repulsed nt Majuba
Hill, the Incident leading to a revision of
the convention In that year and again in
1884. It is the latter which defines the
degree of authority reserved by England
under Its suzerainty, and the contentions
over which are involved In the present
trouble. By its terms the South African
Republic has full powers to frame and
amend Its constitutions and administer
its Internal affairs, but Is prohibited from
making any treaty save with Its neigh
bor, the Orange Free States, without the
consent of the Queen.
By this time British, Americans, Ger
mans nnd French were pouring Into the
gold country, nnd Johannesburg began to
take on the size and character of an
American mining town. This annoyed
OLD FONT AT MAFEKI.VO.
the Boers, but their thrift did not de
sert them, and although they avoided
mining and stuck to their farms, ihey
found many menus to derive national
revenue from the Uutlanders or "out
siders." The government, under Presi
dent Kruger, levied transport dues,
stamp taxes, license fees, franchise costs,
customs and monopoly charges on such a
mining necessity as dynamite.
The British In the Transvnal appealed
to London and London appealed to Preto-
ria, but there was no redress. By 1S00
the Outlunders were paying to the Boer
government a revenue of $5,000,000 an
nually, which cousisted almost entirely
in a tax on mining.
Then a number of prominent English
and American miners formed in Johan
nesburg what has passed into history as
the National Reform Union Committee,
of which Lionel Phillips was chairman,
and John Hays Hammond, an American,
an ofilcer. They were In communication
with Cecil Rhodes, resident director of
the British South Africa Company, nnd
Leander Starr Jameson, known as "Dr.
Jim." What happened is of too recent
occurrence and too sensational to have
passed from the memory of readers.
The first battle of the Jameson raid
occurred at Krugersdorp on Jan. 1, 1800!
the second at Doornkop the day follow
ing, when Jameson's already defeated
raiders were nil captured by the Boers.
President Kruger turned over the raid
ers to the British Government, which
sentenced Jameson to fifteen months in
jail and some of his officers to shorter
terms, after making them the heroes of
London for weeks.
Kruger arrested hundreds of Outland-
on, In Johannesburg, on the
treason, and upon '' " r v. is ho
ed to death. Among the In
American inning export, John Miijii
Hammond, but -,V,",r0 K
muted to fine and linprimmmcnt. lotn
Z Boors and the British were flight g
mad and everyone expected wr would
follow Ttween them, but It was averted
In a curious manner.
Emperor William of Germany -e
cable inuww- of yMU'th) J
it nicer and the enfant terrible or uio
a X of mtlons by this chnrnoorb,Hc
Jet e angod the whole situation. Eng land
i !J at WlllUm that for n line
die forgot or Ignored Krtigor. She ns
2n,Wiueh a fleet of wjr
has never before In the hU tory of o
world prepared for war-aud William
sang softly.
Trouble Not Komedlml.
But the trouble In the Transvaal wns
not remedied. War talk was hoard from
time to time In the Transvaal as well a.
In England, ami In August, lbl)7, I resi
dent Kruger, In an address to the volks
Jam , openly denied that England pos
""sod any rights of sovereignty over Uio
Tn 'March last Joseph Chamberlain
brought the Transvaal situation promi
nently before the House of Commons.
He said that President Kruger had prom
ised reforms, but that none of his pro
posals would be satisfactory. In nnother
speech during the same month he dollm-d
the right of Intervention In the 1 rails
vaal which England had. limiting it to
cases in which the convention of 1S8I
had been violated, or In which KnglWn
subjects had been treated In such man
ner as would give online for Intervention
If they wore residents of some Indepen
dent foreign country, us France or Ger
many. ... . , ,
March 21 n petition, which hod w-on
signed by over "JO.0OO British subjects In
the Transvaal, was forwarded to thu
Uritish Government through Conynghnm
Greene, the British agent nt Pretoria. It
dealt with political grievances only, nnd
aimed to show thnt the Boors were con
tinually making existence harder for the
Uitlanders. A ldy known as the Uit
lander council was formed, and Its com
munications with Sir Alfred Mlluer. gov
ernor of Capo Colony, met with n favor
able response. Negotiations, In the hope
of securing n settlement of the troubles,
only resulted In producing a firmer and
more emphatic assertion of his rights by
President Kruger.
No definite answer to the Uitlanders'
petition came until May 10, when Joneph
Chamberluln suggested a conference be
tween Sir Alfred Mlluer and President
Kruger at Pretoria. President Stuyn of
the Orange Free State at once invited
the two men to meet at his capital,
Bloemfontein, and n week later both ac
cepted the invitation. The demand made
by Milner was that every foreigner who
had been n resident of the Trausvnal live
years, and proposed to make It hU per
manent home, should be given full citi
zenship, nnd thnt the distribution of re
resentutives of the volksraud should be
so arranged that the Ult hinders, who
mostly live near Johnnnesbiirg, should
have proper shnre in the government.
The best thnt President Kruger would
do wns much less than this. He projKjs
ed a two years' residence prior to natu
ralization, and then five years more In
fore the grouting of the full franchise.
He placed so many conditions around
even thU iffer that it was regnrded with
much suspicion. The conference had no
practical result. President Kruger sug
gested arbitration by n foreign power,
but owing to the British clnlm of sover
eignty the commissioner could uot con
sent to tills.
Futile Nesotlntlona,
Negotiations went on slowly after this.
The British demands formulated them
selves as a live-yeur ierIod for admission
to full burghc rship and an Increase of the
representation of the mining districts in
the rand to one-fifth of the total number
of members.
A bill embodying some of these points
was considered by the volksraud during
the early part of July. On the Kith of
that month it was passed in a form that
granted practically what President Kru
ger had proposed at the Bloemfontein
conference.
Message and diplomatic notes sent
back nnd forth nfter this brought out two
points of disagreement. President Kru
ger Insisted thnt if he made any conces
sions to the Uitlanders It should be on
the distinct understanding that England
would not regard its Interference ns a
precedent and would formally resign nil
pretense of sovereignty. Secretary Cham
berlain would not listen to such u sugges
tion. The other point of dlsngreement wns In
regard to the assurances that any re
forms made would not have nullifying
conditions attached to them. Secretary
Chaml)orlaln began to Insist that a Joint
committee of inquiry, made up of expert
delegates representing the Transvaal nnd
the British Government, bo appointed to
Investlgnte nnd be sure thnt nil frnuchles
promises would be cnrrled out.
Aug. 21 President Kruger declined to
tnko pnrt In nny such Joint Inquiry, but
offered n five-year franchise on condition
that Eneland would nmmlti. ,ir.t n n
sovereignty In the future, nnd not to in-
ii.-m.-u- uKiuu wun we internal affairs of
the Transvnal. TCni!
Kept. 8, a note to Uio Boers which was
so specific that it was regarded ns almost
an ultimatum. Tt nnftij ennMntnn
and reminded Kruger that the proposal
inquiry would not always re
main open.
A HO Bit SUPPLY TIlAIIf.
it Kruger repllnd Scpt lof
n tie
Unite
tv
and
with n r,.f.; ' "WVOJ
and
l)i
..t,.l. I, " Kill
thu
rand
,vi. i : nu Tbu f-nii
ns the minimum h0 w.mtul.S
jjenrs
mi un
this I
, , ,i :
DOI-lz
i.. .... ..." Wl,ii a
ns iiikim ... J
prnctlc
leu 1 IV n tmnt!n,iM.t, . "
turn
Held.
till hur ir,, ,; ; :'
Tho v..lk. , . 'orj
Jocted
flu miilmttjil i.t -l.. 9
dynn
si tun
Actl
.....I ...... i.ufciniiu bum worse
, .i Ropi tip on B
ntul tin. xl In i. ii,,.. . . 1 9
sides,
who
-........ i, wiii. miina9
, .... U....t iiu .....
on
i, v.. im- wrnnge irrC(l ifl
iliwlilivl tn inu lm s
rand
neighbor
" :. "..iVii-, '"""""vwitB
... iv'iiiuiiiv, iMiuun eontlntiJl
troops Into South Afrlr. nn.ll
ixHir
Boors
IIOKIl BKNTI.M'.LS O.t DPTr,
gency. Tho district north of Dundee j
Newcastle woro hurrleilly turned
camping grounds by the burghers, Lil
Nek wns occupied, nnd other kU-ih
taken that menaced an invasion of
tnl.
Oct. 10 Kruger's government sent!
ultimatum to London di-mntnlmir
withdrawal of British trooM from
frontier nnd the return to England!
tho sia-clnl forces sent to South AfH
nnd of the forces en route. If not
plied with, n stute of war wat to d
In twenty-rour hours. Jhe nut
Montnguo White, the Boer consul
erul. quitted Ioudon, nnd war wai pn
tlcnlly on.
Itocr Flirhtlnir Btrenutli,
The fighting strength of the llor
very hard to estimate. It is safe, hi
ever, to sny that with the Transvaal i
Ornngc Free State side by aide, and wl
TYI'KS 01' IIOKIl SOt.DIKIlH-
recruits from Nntul ntwi Cape Ooloii
tli can muster nn nrmy of M.000 md
'lit. ti'littn mil t. iwiMiilfitlnti of the Trad
vnnl In piaciNi uy tne census u 10
1'I7(i.17 Cit trw ii., .lit 2(1.000 ft
. . . .... s 1 Cf lit
tiln.lnilloil. TaC WOfl
mule population of the Orange Free Stal
In ISIW was .1(1,071. nnd tne numwr
burghers available for military serrlj
17.381. , j
Tint Tirutra nrfill ilv n that each ofl
of them Is equal to seven Kngllnuniej
nnd Uie truth Is that Uiey nre oiuohb ij
most skillful mnrksinen In the worii
I',-..,. ,.l.l n,.m Pnnl pnn linndlc Ills no
with sulllclent skill to make him bontr
of the amount of lend he can put In 1-ng
lish lieailH. uy an order or uie vumi.
issued Aug. Ii all burghers ofM
IAP OK UAFKKXXO ASI VICINITT
classes aro made liable for military
vlco nt quick notice. .
riM. i ... i rt wnr Wltn
n . i i.,. t.iil- h war oine
i . i.w wvrt iin LNir rmn nru Imt nther Cul.
WWW' V-""w'wx',w !17Rl
puters place It nearer tvo.uw.uw
000,000). The ltinglisu reiu ",,', ,J
clpllned men, but tills number has nwj
Increased by regiments uom
from Brltlsli garrisons.
ne i.lfn..
n .. .....inniin nr. Llvrieri
xuo v reiiuu buiuohw...... -- ,.o
say
8 Wiai UIUl Ol " in
1 14 nil ItlllTllIM ltTlUM" X
befor
lives to bo 100 years old ana MJ
000
o
inly
ono person out or every --j
to
bo
CO. .
on.it for co-mi
Long
one I'm geiiuiK
fort, but am unable to una .
Short-It Is said timt ""':mi
8
.. nuii l rn worry, wo . i
uii.iuo ... - - - HborM
I
lmvo nothing to won td
Well
, Just to ueip j u. ; "VihlL.nSd
you loud mo ten dolIara.-ChUns
let
President
News