i FARMER OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
He Pursue His Cnlllns In a Scientific Waj-TlK5eD.y3 .na Does Not
I U'inl llvr.
Lcnve Everything to Proviucncc nnu
. . .. . ...i i nr untitled to write, "Itnchelors
T used to be the rule that wnen n
tiinn wasn't flt for anything else
im M-na runsldered trood enough to
.,i,i,.,i mn.t -nniiuli to
bo n farmer: that If he hadn't urnms
enough to master military tactics or
the Intricacies of the law or medicine
or of theology, and was utterly lack
ing in creative ability, then his proper
sphere of usefulness was the farm.
And In those days even the "gentle
man" farmer was a person of Inferior
standing, nnd he wns made to feel his
Insignificance whenever ho came In
contact with the superior persons who
ruled the State nnd made or expounded
Its laws. Society spoke of him as n
"gawk," and his sons nnd daughters
were "country bumpkins." But all this
IOWA STATE COLLEGE OK AGMCULTUKE AND MECHANIC AHTS.
has changed and is destined to still fur
ther change. Science, which has done
so much for the world at large, has
taken the farmer In hand and Is Invest
ing the man and his works with the
dignity and standing that are theirs of
right. The masses are being made to
realize what they have known dimly
all along, but never fully appreciated
that It Is the farmer who feeds them,
and that he Is more necessary to them
than they are to him; that without
him works great and small would come
to a stop and the peoples of all the
CHEMICAL LABORATOIST, ALABAMA
INSTITUTE.
earth be reduced to a state of savagery
and cannibalism.
Farmer Known Why
Science Is bringing not only the pub
lic to a realization of the importance
of the farmer, but the farmer himself
to an appreciation of the Importance
of. his work and of the necessity of fit
ting himself for It by studying nature
and inducing her by scientific means
rather than by haphazard to yield her
store. Formerly the farmer could tell
you "when" without knowing "why."
Experiment showed him that rotation
LESSON IN IIUtlGATION U
In crops made his laud produce better
and last longer, but he couldn't tell
nature's reason for It, nor explain the
thousand other seeming mysteries of
the soil. Science has done nnd Is doing
that for him. It Is experimenting for
hint day In nnd day out tho year
round, nnd teaching him the why and
the wherefore. Uncle Sam Is backing
science In this matter, nnd the farmer
Is getting the benefit without cost. Tho
farmer learns from tho bulletins that
are sent out by tho Department of Ag
riculture, nud all over tho land the
farmers' sons aud daughters are tak
ing courses In ngrlculturo nnd horti
culture, farm gardening and dairying,
nnd stock breedlug nnd stock raising,
In colleges supported jointly by the
State nud Federal governments.
Their Instruction Is practical, too,
for tho colleges havo farms under cul
tivation nnd herds nnd droves of cnttlo
and swine, nnd dairies nnd truck farms
and orchnrds. The Instructors are men
V
A
AAJ ! ) .
rhey
know nil about the soils nun mi m
a
oiw nntl what crons are atiapta
,,.i.ht nr. imr. mid their sclenc
goes so far as to Include conditions
c,...,i,., i ormntriis nud to be able
Judge from them whether corn. 01
whent. or barley, or whatever produe
of the farm will be most In demnni
,. nnmri. nnd so command the ream
ot mupi-ni nm! the best nrlee. They
have reduced farming to a science, and
nr., tivipliln-r It ns a science. 1 he course
In n-rlnlllttiro Includes history Mid go
eminent. French and Herman. Englls
nml the hlcrher mathematics and musl
sh
so that our farmers of the next genera
tlon will uot only know how to get the
best and the most out of the ground,
but will bo able to hold their own for
general information and polite accom
plishments with the elect of any land.
Where They Are Taught.'
Colleges of agriculture are main
tained In universities, with the aid of
national funds, In Arizona. Arkansas,
California, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois.
Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota.
Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New
York, Ohio. Tennessee. Vermont. West
Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. In
Massachusetts Harvard University has
a school of Agriculture knowu as Bus
sey Institution. Besides these, agri
cultural and mechanical colleges have
been organized In Alabama, Colorado.
Connecticut, Delaware. Florida, Iowa,
Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Michi
gan, Mississippi, Montana. New Hamp
shire, New Jersey. New Mexico, North
Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon. Pennsyl
vania. Bhode Island, South Carolina,
South Dakota, Texas, Utah. Virginia,
and Washington. Separate Institutions
of this sort are maintained for colored
students in Alabama, Delaware, Flor
ida, Mississippi, North Carolina. South
Carolina, nnd Virginia. Massachusetts
has the only college whose curriculum
Is wholly devoted to agriculture.
In the universities In which courses
In agriculture are maintained the gen
eral tendency Is to make this course
correspond In scope and thoroughness
with those given In the other depart
ments, to divide the Instruction in agri
culture among an increasing number
of specialists, and to provide buildings
and apparatus nnd illustrative ma
terial on a scale In keeping with those
In other branches. At the same time
efforts are making to bring the uni
versity In close touch with the masses
NIVEHSITY OF WISCONSIN.
of farmers through special schools,
farmers' institutes, nature tenchings,
nnd other forms of university exten
slon work. Along with this Is tho
deepening and strengthening of tho
scientific and practical researches, car
ried on with a view of widening tho
world's kuowlcdgc of the facts, laws
and processes required for tho 1m
rovement of agriculture.
Thirty Tlioiisanl Former Rtutleutii,
The classes In agriculture in these
schools range In enrollment from 200
to 000 students. The total enrollment
is 30,000. The full course In agrlcul
turo covers four years, and practical
farmers who know enough of other
matters to mako them Intelligent nnd
desirable citizens are being sent out
from these colleges at tho rate of 8,000
n year, or 80,000 In a decade. Thnt
they will nsslst wonderfully In the de
velopment of the country need not bo
doubted. Their knowledge and train
lug will enable them to get more out
of the earth nud themselves than the
t .....,,oni.,u of other earnest and
honest men who havo taken up
stead and gone to fanning without
nnv knowledge of or preparation for
the cultivation of the soil.
In an article In the Year Hook of the
Department of Agriculture on "Some
Tvnes of American Agricultural Col
leges." A. O. True. Ph. P.. director of
the Government's experiment stations,
describes the essential features of sumo
of these Institutions of learning. Of
the Massachusetts Agricultural Col
lege, which Is near Amherst, on n farm
of -100 acres, situated In a most beau
tiful part of the Connecticut river val
ley, he says:
..i iir iim vn.ffi had nermnnent
endowment funds aggregating ?itWV
000. and Its buildings, farms and equip
ment were- valued at about 115,000.
The college buildings Include combined
dormitory and class room building.
chapel and library. lalxiratory ror
chemistry and physics, euiomuixum
botanic In-
Imratory and museum, drill hall, dorml-
torv. nresldent's house, several resi-
deuces for professors, farm houses.
lHarllng house, horticultural piani
house, and barn, lucludlng creamery
,..i .liiirv lnhnmtorv. The experiment ,
station also has a chemical laboratory,
lHitanical laboratory with pmni nouse.
nnd barns.
I xcclleiit Kuiiliimrnt.
"On the farm 150 acres aro under
cultivation with a variety of Hold
crops, and the extensive college 1mm
U tn.-kral u-llll 1IH llt'lld of Cat tie HIMl
etpilpiKHl with the most Improved agri
cultural implement ami macninery.
The horticultural crounds cover 100
acres, with orchards, vineyard, small
fruit and vegetable plantations, and
groves of forest trivs. Much attention
i civen to UnrtiMilture and Inndscane-
in r.l en I ml, nnd tho n mule ulant house
are well stocked with numerous varie
ties of exotics. Some eighty acres are
1vntivl to tho work of the cxnerlment
station, including numerous plat exper
iments who varieties or new aiw nor-
CLASS SCORING PIGS
tlcultural plants, fertilizers, methods'
of culture, etc.. feeding experiments
with animals, soil Investigations, etc.
The laboratories of the different
scientific departments are well equip
ped with apparatus for experimenta
tion aud demonstration and with illus
trative material, such as specimens of
plants, insects, animals and machines,
particularly those of Importance In
their relation to agriculture, vine li
brary of 18,000 volumes has been care
fully collected with reference to the
needs of an agricultural college, nnd
Is thoroughly catalogued anil managed
with a view to providing the students
every facility for obtaining the Infor
mation they desire to gather from
books. It Is one of the most extensive
and valunble collections of books on
the science and practice of agriculture
to be found In this country.
"The Instruction Is given by a corps
of eighteen professors nnd nsslstants.
The chairs Include botany, chemistry,
agriculture, horticulture, zoology, vet
erinary science, mental nnd political
science, English nnd Latin, modem
language, mathematics and civil engi
neering, nnd military science and tac
tics. There Is also a lecturer on farm
law. The student Is required to follow
a definitely prescribed curriculum dur
ing three years, and In the last year of
the course he Is allowed wide latitude
of choice among numerous spcclaltlos,
English nnd military science being the
only required studies."
For a time the college was open to
men only, but women may now attend
special elective courses In such
branches as botany, entomology, fiorl
culture, fruit culture, market garden
ing nnd dairying. Candidates for ad
mission must be nt least 10 years old
aud nro required to pass examinations
In English grammar, geography, Unit
ed States history, physiology, physical
geography, arithmetic, tho metric sys
tem, algebra (through quadratics), ge
ometry and civil government. Tho
students as a rulo room In tho collego
dormitories and aro boarded in clubs
or private families. Tho expenses for
room rent, lward, fuel, wnshlng nnd
mllltnry suit for tho college year aro
estimated to rango from ?1C0 to ?300.
Students performing labor nt tho col
lege are paid by the State, nnd thero
nro small endowment funds for tho as
sistance of needy students. The biu
dents hare their athletic associations
nnd glee clubs nnd soclnl amusements
the same as at Harvard and Ynl and
''m'Su; 'smto Agricultural
College is the oldest II. ho countr - t
ur n Legislature In IMS. ami for thirl
t s like the Massachusetts College,
i . i ii an agricultural course. In
IStH) ! iwer a materially Increased In
o me mechanical course was a. .led,
, la ler a woman's course. The h.w
1 St . e prescribe lhat It. slm I bo
-high seminary of learning. In hie
Uio graduate of the common school can
minute, pursue, and finis I. a course
of study terminating In thorough ti e
retlo and practical Instruction In those
science and arts which bear directly
""" 'r "' -x-rW
MABSACIII TT UH.I.r.OK 1IAH.V
upon agriculture and kindred Indus
trial pursuits."
The college Innd. eomprlslnic
acres. Is divided Into the farm of 1!30
acres, devoted to tleld cropi grown tin
dor a system of rotation, forty-rlve
acres of woodlnnd pasture. 1M acres
of lawns, gardeiis and orchards. "10
acres of forest, ami 17 acre of experi
mental fields ami plats. The farm la
with cattle, sheet) and awlno
of the principal breeds. There are an
arboretum of l.K) ieelo of tree-i, a
botanic garden containing 1,2X kc1i
of native and foreign hardy herbaceous
plants, with .me shrubs, a grass gar
den of 'Joo spwlea of grasses aud clov
ers, nml a weed garden of loo specif
oi the most troubleom wels. The
students In agriculture are required to
work two and one-half hour a day on
the farm or garden. The annual aver
age expetiM of students for board.
IOWA STATE COLLEtJE
room rent, heat, light, Isniks. lalnirntory
and other fees are estimated at Jl'jn.
These expense are often reduced by
receipts for lalwr informed on the
farm or elsewhere alxiut the college.
There are thirty or more professors and
assistants In the faculty, and In addi
tion to the chairs provided by the Mas
sachusetts College there aro professors
of mechanical engineering, domestic
economy, and household science.
Nrtr-oc Not Wcrrlvril,
'I he Mississippi Agricultural and Ma
chanical College Is conducted on the
same general plan, except that women
ami negroes are not received ns stu
dents. Out of a total of :i(3 students
entered last year :il(! elected to tnke
the agricultural course. By farm lalsir
the students may reduce their expense
there to $100 n year.
Over 800 students took the farming
course Inst year In the Kansas State
Agricultural College, in Manhattan.
The college farm comprises over :iu)
acres, nnd Is well equipped with live
stock. The Stute has supplemented
the United States grants by the erec
tion of a number of substantial build
ings, which aro valued at ?:ir0.000.
Students of both sexes are admitted at
14 years of age, after passing mi ex
amination in rending, spelling, writing,
arithmetic, geography, English gram
mar and United States history. Con
nected with the course of study here
is industrial training In several of tho
arts, to which ench student Is required
to devote at least one hour n day
throughout almost the entire course.
Young men may have fanning garden
lug, fruit growing, woodwork, Iron
work, or printing. Young women may
take cooking, sowing, printing, fiorlcul
turo, or music. Tuition Is free, and
tho annual expenses of tho student
rango from $100 to ?200. Students
are paid nt the rate of 10 cents cn hour
for work.
Tho Iown Klnto Collego of Agricul
ture and Mechanic Arts Is n flourishing
and well attended Institution. It has
fifteen buildings, erected by tho Stuto
at a cost of $r.00,000, and these Include
a hall for women. Thero aro besides
dwelling houses for professors nnd nth
or employes, n creamery, barns, stables,
seed houses nnd forcing houses. Tho
collego lands, of which 110 ncrofl havo
boon narked nH college grounds, nro 000
acres In extent. "Tho farm," Mr. Truo
Kays, "consists of rolling prnlrlo, hot
torn and woodland, nnd Is stocked with
good representatives of nro breeds of
horses, six breeds of cattle, seven
liro.odN of hIiii !, ,U M .y-
Timlin mil .. . '"Till,!,
trillions a.l r... , . ; riu, J
lueuiHiii iireeiine ,, , "
meat. wool. K,t),
coiiuucieii uy in- e,,,.... "ictn.
u department of . .,," S
crops or the r(tn,
H'v.
CIUICIIIIOIIIII pUIM.N,- ,, ""VJ
aro fed by rule mi, M,, H
hums or their inni,,,..,., -:
hit
on and tisi
'"" '- Kin. in'T
llllMdtf I.,.. . . Uuifl
LlnK
uot coin
recuiturai course ,.. ..... "'"Ud.!
Is parallel with ti.r
Uii'"1
students tiny for n.. ir i. ' . hi
In the mornings ii ,., "J'mUa
Is u prnct.,,,1
cheese factory In ,..., ,Tr' hi
I IIM VIM4 r I 111 Hi i
'"Li
rvi.in innim ...... a
r 1 ' Ni- Kim,,..
are taken In dall, ,,
Into butter nml 1.,nrtH
or MttulciiiH lu isw , -7J ,
women." " ,D,'
fill
Npw Viirli Mrt10,,
In New York sii. , ,' ,
If n
College la an aim. .,r '. l
My. mid lu 1M; ti. ,. IV
(leiita taking the r... . ,. ,, "
tuition In mrrtruitm. ,, , .' 1
nud the yearly i- ,., ,,, ,Li ,'
rangoH from f,'iisi i . ,
years' course In nk-i,, ,, , ,
tonrfonl an iHlueuii . , , , , '
oral hh that given i -, , , . Ia
of the iiulversltv, n :,.,,,',
gree of Itnchel.ir . , i . , 4
ture. The odlek-.- r , , , ,
aenti of land, nu.i n ., u,,)',,
with dairy cows. i ,.,,,
and iwniltry. Th.- , ijun ,"
wiulptil with tiio.1. .-, u,,j,.
lUHchlnery for nm,..; t , !?
chee. Ton arr- in. i. ,.. )(
gnnh:m. orchard. m..!
horllculttiral di'imii. i f
baa eight forcing !,. -. , . ,
for admlw!ou tn tin-1 . :,. u a
Hi COtir0 IllllSt In- :il !. . ). , .
and paaa examliii.iiun i i,k, .
onrnphy, phjNli.l,.k .i !,in t
tory of the I'nlled si . ,j ( y
Clreerv or lioiiif, .i.n k-. , i
iiH-ntary algebrn m. i . . i(
IHttn. ami Frein h .. (. . ,fc
vancetl uiatht-mntl.
i Is prplty much i' . c t ,
th other agrknjltunii . iir-g-j 7
student geta praeti 1 ;,,'r,' jf
altN In practh-al . ;
the tmiim time the i ...r. . '(Jr
meiits made for ti.- 1 i.,.t '
provemchl In i-ulth ii 1 J -quantity
and quallM - f "i" k-- -There
Is the anine i-m1 n ty'
some respwts, cxtr.n tin c
to athletic that t 13 c
er college, and the:- r
literary ami social uiw.,Jr 1
or less clanuUhiu-Hs ai. t m j i.-t
are college pajM-rs nnl nr.c lij
which aome wrlou uir.tl tti. ti
mid not a little InniiHK.niii: '
The students are lend'ng cani'-itul
useful aud happy Uk-h. ami V.-ju
Judgel by the miiiii- nural tUbiuk
as are men and women i.iroiiRk'ittli
country. They do nm. t iKvcrcD'jU
work, and enjoy the -p-m nnJ nxfi
recreations of itillege Uf to tae f
With an lnstltiitii.il "f i'.i.-rtlJ
most every State in ti e I nka I
American farmer t tin near Lta
ought to lw at the head t Vicftm
slon of thHiv who feed tte wcrli
WORLD'S PETROLEUM OUTPUT. R
Yield 1 More Hunt 5,000,0010)0 II
(liillon-, llnlfof It from AtncrlCL MM
More than S.ooo.ow.ooo calloBi H
oetrnleiim. accordlni: to the 'riaitirj ftf
bureau of statistics. Is now prodcerf
annually lu the world. Of tuliaooun
'J.50O.(MJ0.0OO gallons Is producrd In tl
United Slates. 2.,J.1imhio.OiO In Hulk
and the reuitilnder ts distributed iWU
n dozen countries. Austria prodfliij
HT.tMMMKW. .Sumatra 7'J.nno.OOO, J"1
l).(MNl.lillll. f!nniidfi "tl.iKKl.W), Ko
mania UI.OiMi.ootj. I ml a 1.YOW.W0. Ji-
Milt S.IMKI.OIKl. (Seriimin ".stO.OW, 1
:i.000,000, and Italy abuiit l.OOO,W0p
Ions.
tl.n TTnlliwI tjTnll'S nnd I'uM-l
I.IIIIC- IHV ,
furnish the bulk of the world'" P"
mi nim.iut nlireast in""
qunntlty of crude oil produce . I
ninouiit of refined lllnmlimtg oil W
piled by tho United Stales is in'1"
double that produced by Uussia. tw
iu iino in iim ftn.i Hint a civen lu1"'
.1 it..i,..,i cim.a nil nrodflW
three-fourths of Its bulk In retort
initiating oil. while of the Hf8;aou
tho ratio Is only about tnrer-cigi"-
Deep Down In the Unrlh.
Tho deepest hole In the enrtn
.1 Ki.t. h.-ui. (iorwanj-
It Is r,7:i.r) feet In depth and Is for P
logic nwonrch only. The ilrllims J"
begun in 1SS0 nnd stopped six V
later because tho engineers were
ublo with their Instruments to go r
er.
Gak at ICngllsli Wcddlne";
Tho enko nt English weddlijgj '
ways n star feature. UHimiiy ,
fashionable affair It '"""f'
uigii ami is a mm .!- - . fCri
Htructiire of Icing adorned wim '101
nud ilgiirusj
Some folks arc so industrious 1 1
when they haven't anything else
they worry t
It isn't what a woman says that in '
ences a man, but the wayjnewys
No man who has nover been tcnip'
Is suro of his honesty.
7
Thisi-