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C I J R R E N T ^ ^ s t CoT; o N V
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PART TWO
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DALLAS, OREGON,
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FOUR PAGES
MARCH 6, 1918.
Spring Spraying Highly Important
Use of Proper Methods Goes Far to Protect Orchards Against Insect Pests and to Make Good Crops Certain
T IS not necessary that one know all
about all the many different kinds
of sprays, commercial and home
made, or that one be a scientific
expert in entomology and plant path
ology in order to wage a successful
warfare against the hosts of orchard
and garden pests which marshal their
forces in the springtime. If one un
derstands the usefulness of three or
four of the standard sprays, gets a good
pump, and goes to work with a deter
mination to do the thing thoroughly,
the odds are all against the pests.
But first, of course, it is understood
that spraying is not an absolute cure-
all for every ill that trees are heir to.
Many diseases and some insects as
well cannot be reached in this way.
Most of the more important ones can
be held in check so, however, if the
application is made at the right time.
And sprays that are good for one d iffi
culty may have no effect whatever in
the control of another, even if used at
the proper time, just as the right spray
will do no good if used at the wrong
time of year.
Know the pests rife in your particu
lar neighborhood and those to which
the crop you are trying to grow is par
ticularly prone, and then learn the
sprays that are best adapted to their
control, and the use of them.
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Classes of Pests
Most of the insect pests may be di
vided roughly into two classes, those
that chew and those that suck. To
overcome the former a poison applica
tion must be used—something they will
swallow—while for the others a spray
must be used which will kill by direct
contact with their bodies.
For the codling moth, for instance
(one o f the *4chewera” ), the usual
poison is arsenate of lead, and many
reasonably pure commercial brands are
to <be had on the market. These, how
ever, may be divided into two classes,
for general purposes,—The acid arse
nates and the neutral, or normal arse
nates. It seems better, from experi
ment, to use the neutral rather than
the acid arsenates with a lime-sulphur
spray. Usually the directions given
say three pounds of the arsenate of
lead to 50 gallons of water, but in dry
climates, such as that in eastern Ore
gon, equally good results are obtained
in spraying for codling moth when but
Poet Joaquin
Passes Away
Writer Who Immortalized the
Sierras Comes to the End
of His Life
INCINNATU8 HEINE MILLER,
known to fame as Joaquin
Miller, the ‘ 4 Poet of the
Sierras,’ ’ is dead. He died as
he had lived, in the romance of the
west, his last days being spent in a
cabin in the mountains. He was dis
tinctly a product of the Pacific bor
der, only 10 years of his boyhood hav
ing been spent east of the Rockies. His
passion was the mountain land; liq
lived in it and of it, sang of it, made
it stand out in stencil boldness in
weird tales.
He was born in 1841 in Indiana and
in 1850 came to Oregon with his fa
ther. He attended school for a while
and at the age of 10 d’as a miner in
¿Shasta county, California. He was in
a battle with the Indians at Castle-
craig and was wounded twice. A fter
ward he lived three years with the In
dians. Later he went back to Oregon,
attending school at Eugene. He stud
ied law and was elected a judge in
Grant county. While on the bench, he
published a book, “ Joaquin et A l.”
In 1870 he left Oregon, going to San
Francisco, and, finally, to London,
where he produced his “ Songs of the
Sierras.” From 187U to 1880 he wrote
and published his “ Songs of Italy,”
wrote tlfe play, “ Daaites, Forty Nine,”
the prose book, “ Unwritten History,
or Life among the Modoc indians, ”
and a novel, “ The Destruction of
Gotham.” From 1880 to 1890 he wrote
4‘ Songs of the Mexican Seas” and
“ Building the »City Beautiful.”
In
1883 he went back to San Francisco,
associating himself with Herr Wagner,
then editor of the Golden Era maga
zine. He bought a hundred acres on
the hills above Oakland, where he built
a small cabin, planted thousands of
trees and made his permanent home.
From 1894 to 1905 Joaquin Miller was
on the lecture platform, with the excep
tion of one year, 1897. when he went
to the Klondike and made a remark
able trip o f 400 miles by foot. In 1909
he published his complete poems.
C
a third as much arsenate is used. If
one wishes to hit both insects and fuu-
gus pests with one spray, the arsenate
of lead may be combined with a Bor
deaux or a lime-sulphur solutiou. as
though the latter were water.
Kerosene (coal oil, -as it is commonly
known) is a very powerful weapon
against the sucking insects, but if used
undiluted will cause serious injury to
the plants. By making an emulsion
(soap is usually used) it can be diluted
with water easily, the common combi
nation being two gallons of the oil to
a gallon of water and about half a
pound of soap. Whale oil soap is best,
but others may be used.
To make such an emulsion the soap
should be dissolved in the water by
boiling it, and then added, while still
boiling, to the oil. A spray pump is
the easiest and most thorough method
o f churning the mixture into the proper
consistency, a thick, creamy mass on
which the oil will not rise, even wheu
left standing some time. It may be
used at once or kept in stock, as one
chooses. Eight or ten parts of water
to one of the emulsion is the right di
lution for the final spray solution. For
green aphis, woolly aphis, red spiders,
mealy bugs and some scale insects this
is a good remedy.
Some of the sucking insects 44just
can ’t stand tobacco,” and in that they
resemble the elephant and the monkey.
Therefore 4 4 black-leaf ” anil “ black-
leaf 40” are too well known insecti
cides for use on the plant lice, leaf-
hoppers, apple tingis and others. The
former is’ used with six times as much
water or* lime-sulphur. The latter,
however, is extremely concentrated,
and as such is considered much cheaper.
It is used with 800 times as much water
or lime-sulphur mixture.
The part o f fungus pests which ab
sorbs the food materials for their
growth develops under the surface tis
sues of the fruit or leaf, and thus can
not be reached by fungicides. Spray
ing is, therefore, a preventive rather
than a cure, the object being to destroy
the activity of the germ before it pen
etrates the surface.
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By combining the sprays for insect
and fungus pests often it is possible
to save time, money, and annoyance.
Apple scab and codling moth, for in
stance, are often controlled with a sin
gle spray mixture, a combination of
Paris green or arsenate of lead with
the Bordeaux spray. Scale insects,
plant lice and other sucking pests,
however, are not touched by this com
bination.
Lime Sulphur
Some four years’ experiment and test
by the Oregon Agrieulaural College ex
perts on orchards in different parts of
the state have proven the lime-sulphur
spray excellent, in combination with
arsenate of lead, for combating both
sucking and chewing insects and fun
gus pests as well. It may be used, in
proper dilution, either for winter or
summer spraying. The lime-sulphur
spray may be applied in the spring to
peach trees as a preventive o f the
peach leaf curl, and it will also be
likely to kill o ff the hibernating lar
vae of the bud moth.
drawn o ff and stored for future use or
diluted and put at once on the trees.
It is important to know the strength
of the solutiou, as injury to the or
chard may occur otherwise, if the spray
is too weak to do th e. work or so
strong as to cause lime-burn. I f one
intends to prepare his own spray he
T hese M en j l r e H elping Fruit to B eco m e H ealthy
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because his orchard is usually less se
riously infested owing to the better
care it has received.
“ A|i almost universal practice in
Oregon—and a good one— is to spr&y
the orchard whatever the kind o f fruit,
with lime-sulphur at some time wheu
the trees are dormant. While this ap
plication is made primarily for San
Jose scale, we believe there is no other
which has such a generally beneficial
result. It is the annual ‘ house-clean
in g ’ of the orchards.”
A Good Time
Just before the buds open in the
spring is a good time for this spraying,
in case there is a serious infection of
the scale. .Since spring and fall spray
ing with lime-sulphur for apple scab
and anthracuose was introduced, there
has been far less need of w’ inter spray
ing, which may, indeed, be omitted en
tirely in such case, except where the
orchards have been neglected for a
long time.
The young orchard should be given a
spraj with summer-strength lime-sul
phur mixture just at the time the trees
are coming into bloom. I f the aphis
in any form is troublesome, either of
the black-leaf preparations may be
added. A bearing orchard ought to be
sprayed just as the blossom buds begin
to show color, or even slightly before.
This is the first spray for apple scab.
I f the bud moth is found, or other leaf
eating insects, two pounds of arsenate
of lead may be added to every 50 gal
lons of the spray. In case of aphis
troubles, the black-leaf may be used.
Orchards badly infested with the ap
ple scab should have a second spray
ten days or two weeks after the first.
'This is the time, too, to sfiray for cod
ling moth, using two pounds of the ar
senate of lead to 50 gallons of lime*
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As was mentioned before, the most
important spray for peaches is that
just before the terminal buds begin to
show green, to prevent the peach leaf
curl. I f there has been serious trouble
with peach spot, after the fruit is set
a spray o f self-boiled lime-sulphur may
be used, in the proportion of 8-8-50. It
will have to be applied about May 10
in southern Oregon, and correspond
ingly later as the orchards are further
north.
Ordinarily, however, spring
sprayings for fruit spot will be neces
sary only where the orchards have been
badly neglected.
I f brown rot is prevalent in the
prune and plum orchards, three or four
weeks after the petals fall the trees
should be sprayed with Bordeaux mix
ture or lime-sulphur, in s u m m e r
strength, with a repetition three weeks
later and again a month before the
fruit is ripe. Cherry rarely need spray
ing except just wheu the buds begin
to swell, but in regions afflicted with
the shot hole borer they may be
sprayed a month before blossoming
time with Bordeaux (3-4-50), lime-sul
phur (1-40 with a basis o f 30-degree
Beaume stock solution), or self-boiled
lime-sulphur (10-10-50).
Knowledge Needed
4 4 In considering the cost o f spray
in g,” says Professor C. I. Lewis, o f
the division of horticulture of the Ore
gon Agricultural College, “ it spems to
me that the waste could come under
the following heads: Using the wrong
mixture; spraying when it is not nec
essary; mixing sprays that do not com
bine well; abandoning fairly satisfac
tory mixtures for new, untried prepara
tions; carelessness in applying; and
using the wrong apparatus.
4 4 Each grower should understand
thoroughly whether he is trying to de-
W ording in an O rchard With a S praying Outfit
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Commercial lime-sulphur sprays to
which o ie need only add water to make
them ready for use are now to be had
on the market in variety, and most of
them are fully equal to the old home
made sprays. They are expensive, how
ever, being $7 to $10 for a 50-gallon
barrel. The same amount can be made
at home at a cost of $3, and it will do
the work just as well. A 110-pound sack
of the best finely ground sulphur, 60
pounds of the best grade of unslaked
liaie, and enough water added to make
60 gallons will do the business ordi
narily. First the lime is slaked, the
sulphur mixed into a thin paste with
water and added to the lime, and the
water is then added. It should then be
boiled hard for half or three-quarters
of an hour, with constant stirring. The
sediment is then allowed to settle, and
the clear, amber colored liquid is
should have a Beaume’s acid scale hy
drometer, which costs not more than $1
and gives one a simple, convenient way
of testing the spray.
44 General directions as to liow many
times to spray and when the applies
tions should be made are at best un
satisfactory,” says a recent crop pest
bulletin published bv the Oregon Ex
periment Station. “ The answer to
both questions depends not only upon
the variety of fruit to be sprayed, but
also upon the conditions prevailing in
the orchard to be sprayed, and the rela»
tive importance of the orchard crop to
other crops. The orchardist can afford
to do more spraying than can the far
mer, but usually obtains satisfactory
results with fewer applications— first,
because he is ordinarily better equipped
for the work and has a better knowl
edge of why he sprays; and second,
sulphur. Where there is no scab, but stroy a pest that is already present in
there is trouble with leaf-eating in his orchard, or whether he is trying to
sects, «water may be used instead of prevent the spread of a disease to
the lime-sulphur with the poison.
(Continued on page two)
The Spirit of 1 9 1 5 W elcom es the Great Northwest
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To Be Better
Surgeon Aids
Operating Knife I* Called on to
Straighten Out Crooked
Minds and Bodies
0 *- thvv £
NDER the h ot »un o f the south,
many a man has been trans
lated through the knife and
under the steel-cold stars of
the north has the knife served the
murderer’s will. But now, instead of
sending him hurriedly through the
pearly gates, the knife is being made
to serve to make man good on this
earth. That is to say that the scalpel
of the surgeon is now recognized as an
agent of morality, as an accessory in
science’s new process of making meu
better as well as more healthy. You
all know the bad boy, the incorrigible
youth, the lad who will not learn in
school and who eannot be controlled
by parents or teachers. It is no
longer the fashion to consider the case
of a boy like this as being hopeless, as
a problem for punitive measures, but
it is the fashion to find out what phys
ical imperfectiou is causing this mental
and moral delinquency. Ho, the sur
geon is appealed to and through hint
is restored the balanee that means san
ity, intelligence, decency.
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S A N FRANCISCO | C\ | 5
e x p o s i t i o n
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Men who know say that the boy
who is bad is usually suffering from the
result o f some childhood injury, some
accident seemingly so unimportant at
the time of its happening that it
marked no date on the calendar of
baby life. The child may have in
jured his head in some manner. Ap
parently, this injury has had no effect;
(Continued on page two)
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