FRUITION.
Tho clouds hrtnp too low, too low,
Thn Ice-bound streams refuse to slngj
Tho fold, bleak blasts may bitter blow.
Ami nature's pulo rofuso to flow
Hut, truo as Truth, nt lnstcomes Spring!
Wo toll and till with brain ami hand
That our roor world may brlghtor yield;
Wo mc no blossom on tho land;
Hut. we falter, GoV command
Uringa summer sun and KOlden field. .
Down '.vhew the reaper's slcltto rinj;
We look anil yonrn for harvests o cr;
Our hearts are full of lmirnmrlrm:
Wo toll In doubt. I.o. Autumn .InJniri,
As true us Time, its treusurc-store.
All, tnio toClod's good tlm". nre done;
All. truo at Truth, despite our roar!
Knch cycle rounded out In sun
Or sluifle: nit sweet fruition won
O weary heaits ! have cheer, Rood cheer.
JAIrjar L. IVakeman, in Ctoutawjaan.
TUB BANK OF FRANCE.
An Index of tho Prosperity of tho
Ropublic.
Homrtliliifr About Its History nnil Present
i MltmiRPtiicnt Over ptOtl.000,000
StiitHlliiK to Its Cri-illt Its
1 lMperln Circulation mill
Jlcl4illlc final.
' Next to tho Bank of England, the
Hank of France is tho Impost and most
important of all tho other banks in
Kuropc. Occupying very nearly the
fame position in France as the Hank of
England doqs in this county, it is in
many respects similar, and performs for
tho country tho same kind of duties.
The public moneys are deposited with
tlie Hank of France; it alone has the
Polo right of issuing notes for that
country. (This is what Sir Robert Pcol
would have attached to tho privileges
of tho Hank of England, if he had been
nblo; but usage and vested interests
wore too powerful.) Its capital is
possessed by a proprietary whose lia
bilities are of a similar nature to those
of any other banking institution. It
opensaeoounts with properly introduced
persons, and keeps in its coffers the
metallic reserves.
Having mentioned t!ioc analogies be
tween these two great banks, there are
points whore their conduct diverges.
Tho transactions of the Hank of, En
gland are on a larger scale, owing to
the larger mercantile operations in this
country. The commercial habits of the
French aro plainly indicated in tin
class of bill business which their chief
bank undertakes. During. tho whole of
last year il. discounted no fewer thni
l,j!)6,8:il) bills under four pounds, most
of them payable at private addresses.
It is an unusual thing for an English
banker to take a bill under ten pounds,
and he will require satisfactory reasons
for discounting bills payable at private
addresses. It is presumed here that in
such a case the acceptor can not bo a
substantial man, or ho would have a
backer.
Another point of divergence, again,
is in tho government of the bank, where
in the French have, shown their belief "in
the eiileieney and effectiveness of gov
ernment control. Ouuown government
can nut in any way interfere with the
operations of tho Hank of England, ex
cept in respect of its note issue. The
French bank is presided over by a gov
. crnor, appointed by tho government,
who also appoints tho two deputy
governors. The three highest olilces are
thus held by government men; and the
.otlleoof tho governor is hold for life. It
is his duty to see that tho obligations
imposed upon tho bank by the govern
ment are in all respects carried out, and
to act as tho connecting link between it
and the gnvcr.ninut. In addition to the
governor audi.. it deputy-governors, the
general iwsom'ily, consisting of two
hundred of th. " largest shareholders,
elect tho gener.il council, which is made
upofilftoon regents and three eonsors.
Tlio manufacturing and trading inter
ests aro suppotedto be duly represented
in tho council, for live of the regents
must bo chosen from each of these
bodies. There isyet another committee
of twelve persons, who must bo share
holders carrying on business in Paris,
appointed by the censors. This com
mittee lias tho responsibility of examin
ing and passing all tho bills taken for
discount.
Tho bank was established in 180H by
tho Emperor Napoleon Honapartc. Its
constitution has been slightly modified
from time to time, as circumstances
havo required. It has been successfully
and prudently managed, though there
havo been times when its existence lias
been threatened. In 1819, during the
Revolution, it made largo advances to
tho government and to the city of Paris,
which, combined with a severe drain
on its gold, strained its resources to so
-ent an extent that it was compelled
lo sujpond spucio payments. To lessen
the ovll of this measure and limit tho
iuooitvenioueo arising therefrom, its
iiotos wero.mado and havo continued to
Ik legal tender.
Thu reports annually issued by the
council of this bank to tho shareholders
aro full of interesting find instructive
details, whereby comparison with those
of other years, and the progress of the
husiuufes, can bo followed, ami the pub
llu suppurt estimated. These reports
present a curious study to bankers and
economists in this country, for they
ul! 1 1 id a glimpse of the nature of the
bunking hiuinoKJ carried on in France
and of tho commercial habits of the
French people. To tho statistical! they
form a repertory of figures from which
he can construct tables of the trading
t: uiiMictlous of tho country, always iin-
iiiijxirtttut and valuable iu hUtory,
limn tho report buforo us fortlieyeat
ltw.', wo shall lay before our readers
' gome of the items mentioned.
The Hank of Fraueo not only tnforms
its hli uehohlera of tho amount duo to
its hm omul's, but also of tho total
amount opcratod through tholrnecounta.
Then were 8.oU!i current aooouuts opun
at Paris ami tho Utinohos, with a sum
of '2f, 72 1,000 standing to their credit
at the end of tho year. Omitting tlio
balances duo to tho treasury, tho fluc
tuations of tho total balance duo on
these accounts aro given as regards
their limits. On tho lOtit of April, 1885,
the maximum amount duo by the bank
was 20,301,000; and the minimum
amount on the 28th of February was
11.5.5(3,000 being a difference of 8,
748,000. Tlio total operations in -tho
year amounted to 192,983,092 being
less than tho operations of 1881 b
50,058,180. The returns from th
clearing-house in London have rcvcalert
the same features. While tlio volume
of trade as a whole has not diminished,
the money values have shown a per
ceptible decrease. These effects are duo
to tho fall in prices in Franco no less
than in England. Wo feel curious to
know whether the operations of the
Hank of England would excel those of
its sister bank. Out of the total opera
tions already gven, 226,755,520 are
accounted for by the operations con
ducted gratuitously for the pu'jlic treas
ury. The report congratulate? tho share
holders on the increase of the metallic
reserves in two years of 12,000,000, of
which the greater part was gold. This
is not to be wondered at, seeing that
silver has fallen in value so rapidly and
to so great an extent. When silver
was worth live shillings an ounce,
the holding of the Hank of Franco was
no anxiety; but now that silver has
fallen to three shillings and nincpence
an ounce, tho amount of its metallic
reserve in silver is not worth so much
by about one-fourth as tho sum stated.
Thus, out of 89,552,000 gold and silver
held by tho bank, a little less than half
(13,311,000) was in silver. Deducting
one-fourth, the value of the silver may
be put at about 33,000.000.
There is nothing more curious in the
whole statement than the particulars of
the commercial bills and "paper" dis
counted. Tlio amount reached 370,
001.808 made up by 11,000,589 bills;
making an average of 32 for the bills
with an average of nearly 32 days to
run. The large number of 103,004 bills,
for 3,58S,92I, were refused discount
a large portion on account of in-egular-ities
of form, and tho remainder for
.rant of confidence. In Paris, alono,
5,017,901 bills, amounting to 158,832,
892, were admitted to discount; of these,
11,100 bills were of tho amount of 8s.
td. and below; 050,980 were from 9s.
2d. to 2; 919,753 were from 2, Os.
lOd. to 1; and 3,127,065 were above 1.
These llgures are an indication of the
trade habits of our neighbors, and show
the services rendered to the retail trade
bv tho chief bank. An idea of the ini-
nienso quantity of work connected with
these small bills, payable chielly at the
residences of the drawees, can bo gath
ered from a paragraph in the statement
giving an account of tho day's work on
the 31st of October, tho heaviest for the
year. It included tho manipulation of
199,272 bills, representing the sum of
1,850,709 to receive which, applica
tion hud to be made at (59,707 dwellings.
The expense of a large statfof collecting
clerks and others to perform these
duties adds a very large proportionate
cost to these documents in addition to
the discount.
The bank makos advances on public
securities, railway securities, and other
securities. The maximum amount at
Paris was on tho 12th of January,
and reached 0,508.1)00 the minimum
on the 25th of March, reaching 5,318.
000. At the branches the maximum oc-
urred on the 12th of .July, anil was
0,152,000. The minimum was very
nearly confident with tho minimum at
Paris, occurring on the '-'itli ot iUaren,
and amounting to 5,590,000. The total
operations in advances amounted to
25.058.801.
Tho note circulation is given in am
plified detail, the statement showing the
nuniberof notes in circulation with their
denomination, the numbers issued, can
celled, destroyed, and withdrawn during
t he year. On the 2Sth of January, 1SS0,
there were 18.139,505 notes, amounting
to 110,050,539, iu the hands of the
public. There aro no notes issued higher
than five thousand francs (200) each,
and thero wero only live of these in cir
culation. The note most in uso was
that of one hundred francs (1), of
which thero wero 12,810.075; and the
one least in use is of tho denomination
of two hundred francs (S). There
were only 2,021 notes of two hundred
francs (3) each; 1.212 notes of which
the form was out of date; and 101,020
notes for llvo francs (Is.) each in cir
culation. During the year there won
9,350,000 notes issued, representing an
amount of 31, 300,000; tliore wero can
celled, 0,711,013 notes, representing an
amount of (52,731,200. Thero were
dost roved, 21.05S.50i5 notes, represent
ing an amount of 101,128,032; ami
there wero withdrawn from circulation.
12,070,300. Tho manufactory of tlio
Hank at Hiercy produced 9,089,000
notes, of which more man mm were
notes of tlftv francs (2). I he growth
of tho circulation requiring an increased
production of notes, fresh ImUtlings
were erected lltted with every improve
ment, and capable of mooting all tho
demands likely to bo made.
The transactions iu connection with
tho deposits of securities form a con
siderable portion of tho serviced ren
dered by tho bank. Tho business at
tached to this is of thioo kinds the free
deposit, the deposits as guarantees,
and tho securities deposited hy the syn
dicate of stoek-brokurs. Tlio general
operations in all those divUions worn
1,013,318 in number. Thuro were de
posited in tho sufos nt Paris l.aSS.SSl
securities, tho valuo of whloh a-
mounted to 120.900,000 ropriwont
lug 2M,f82 deposits brought by
11,860 dupwltors. Of tho first kind
of deposit thu freo duiioslt tho
number of socurltltw in tho sufus at
Paris was 2,098.252 representing 82.-
923,500, of 1.C77 different descriptions,
belonging to 31.157 depositors. Dur
ing tho year, 190,000 persons called at
tho bank in connection witli these
securities. Only threo branches those
at Ilordoaux. Lyons and Marseilles
a)'.icar as having carried on anj oper
ations in connection with the deposits
of securities. The branches -transmitted
to tho chief office 99,110 cou
pons. The amount ot tho charges for
custody of valuables at Paris reached
35,G17; and at tho threo branches
enumerated, 7,891; and, as the report
goes on to say, these charges arc a
trilling recompensc-for the expense and
tlio responsibilities which the- under
taking these duties imposes on the bank.
Tho branches, of which there are
ninety-four, aro classified according to
the importance of the business done at
each during the year. Placed in order
according to the extent of their oper
ations, numbers are affixed again,
them to show the order in which each
branch stands in respect of the profits.
Tho branches at Dordeaux, Mar
seilles, Lyons, Havre, Lillo and
Hoiteii, stand in the first rank as re
gards the importance of their oper
ations; bir. respectively first, second,
fifth, third, fourth, and tenth in respect
ctheir profits. Tho largest net profits
(72,717) were realized at Marseilles;
the smallest (27) at Dignc; and five
brandies showed a loss. One of these,
Har-le-Duc, stands forty-fourth in re
spect of its operations, but shows a loss
of 137. La Ilochc-sur-Yon shows the
highest loss (002).
The expenses connected with' the
Hank at Paris amounted to 255,172;
at tho brandies, 230,093; and those of
a general character, such as cost of
transport of specie, duties and taxes,
129,021, of which 99.1SS .represents
taxes. Tho amount distributed among
the 25,782 shareholders was 7, 7s. Oil.
per share. The buildings occupied by
tin-branches bad cost 1.231.933; but
of this, there had been written oil
857,503. The number of ollicials em
ployed at Paris was about the same as
those emplovcil by tlio ISanltot r,ngianii
in London CLOUD: those onjragod at
the branches numbered 1.222.
There area great manvmore partial
lars of less general interest in this very
intorestiii!? document, but we have
given sullieient for o'ur readers to form
an idea of its nature. Wo can not bet
ter conclude than bv adding the words
of the Council: "We should have de
sired to reduce the size of this stiitc-
mcnt; but it derives the greater part of
its interest and importance trom the
comparative figures with which it neces
sarily bristle., and we have been com
pelled, to make it complete, to pass all
of them before your cyss. This is our
excuse." ClMmbcrs1 Journal.
AUSTRIAN NOBILITY.
Uniiiioitloiiiihly tin) Poorest Yet Most Kv
elusive. Aristocracy In tlio Worlil.
No aristocracy of the world is so ex
clusive as that of Vienna. Lt soenis to
have inherited the appalling loneliness
and isolation of the Ilapsburgs, Tho
English nobility admit ordinary mor
tals to their presence if their character
or intellectual abilicy entitles them to a
certain distinction. It is so also in
Germany and elsewhere, where a titled
ariftocracy exists. It is not so in
Vienna. Here nothing but the bluest
of blue blood entitles him in whose
reins that precious fluid Hows to min
gle with the real hunt ton. Official po
sition amounts to nothing. A foreign
embassador may bo the most eminent
of savants, skilled iu literature, inch,
socially accomplished, but ho is des
tined, though ho passes many years at
Vienna", never to see the interior of a
salon of an Austrian nobleman, unless
with a ticket of entrance when the fam
ily aro from home. In the eyes of tjiis
class, to bo a republican, a simple citi
zen of the United States, represent
ing tho Government at Washing
ton at tho Austrian court, is
to bo an liutnoio personage in
deed. Hut what would become
of the greater part of these exclusives
without this adventitious distinction of
birth. They would le tlio merest no
bodies. As an aggnevetl person re
marked to me: "lt is all they have.'
Most of them aro poor, their fortunes
or remnants of fortunes having been
long since swept Into the coffers of tho
Jews, to whom also have pas-sod some
titles of tho lower grade, with the obli
nit inns on certain properties anil a
modicum of social distinction. The
Jews aro as aggressive at Vienna as
eUew'hero on tho Continent. I hoy aro
ibo bankers and brokers. Most ot tho
lino buildinirs erected within the last
fifteen vears belong to them. They
nrlneipally own tho railroads and stive
ear lines, and tho stock in insurance
and other corporations. Among them
nra numbered manv of the ablest of
journalists, lawyers and doctors. ThL
success of a race, against whom person
ally and as a religious sect there is a
prejudice inconceivable in America, has
"iven rise to a spirit of anti-seniitisin
which is intense, but can not in so large
a citv, as it sometimes doos in Hungary
and Bohemia, result in actual outrage
and violence. To the Government am
tlio high nobility their relation lias been
nrineipallv that of money-lenders, am
this has boon the lever to whatever
amount of social consideration they havu
iii'liieve!. Vienna Cor. San trancuoo
Chronicle.
"Mother, will you lend mo your
lmli- switch?" "Wliv. what iu tho
i mm vnn wiui t with It. llarrv?"
it wt iu v- - - - - - - w-
"O, some of us boys are going to havo
a show, and l m suing to bo Uutlalo Hill
ami scalp Indians." JIarper's young
A man's income should uovor bo
Judged by tho numbor of doslieis nblo
to1;o(Ji.-',i-"f M'rcr .-ltiwMcc
TWO VETERANS MEET.
Ono or Them Lenrns That Ho Was Dead
anil Nearly Hurled Vears Aro.
"I had the greatest kind of a sur
prise a few days ago." said Colonel
James Armstrong of this place, a vet
eran of the Mexican war, "and although
I was glad to haw it it has rather
broken the thread of my reminiscences
of the past forty years. .
"You see I went to Mexico with the
Second Regiment of Pennsylvania vol
unteers, being a Lieutenant iu company
E. One of the privates in the Company
was a young man named William R.
Shields. He was from Greensburg, too.
On the march from Perota to Puebla
Shields became very sick. When wo
reached Puebla we took possession of
an old monastery there, and used it as
a hospital. When we put Shields in the
hospital he was unconscious, and we' all
felt that it was only a matter of a few
days when we would have to bury him.
Sure enough, one day the" surgeon, a
young eiiap from North Carolina, re
ported that Shields was dead. We laid
him out on a sort of catafalque on one
of tho monastery porches, having placed
the body in a coffin. A detail was
ordered to dig his grave and attend to
the interment. We had plenty of time
and could do such things decently just
then. While poor Shield's grave was
being dug one of the old monks of tho
monastery came to the collin, which
wasn't closed yet, and began to mum
ble prayers over the bod-. Tho monk
was in "tho middle of his mumbling,
when all of a sudden he threw up his
hands and exclaimed in Spanish:
'This man is not dead!' .
"Of course we thought the poor monk
was crazy, but we couldn't quiet his
frantic protestations that we wore about
to bury a live man, and his appeal to
be permitted to havo the body carried
to his apartment so that ho could ex
periment on it were so earnest that to
satisfy the noisy old chap we had tho
body, collin, and all carried to the
monk's room. We thought we'd let
him satisfy himself that Shields was
about as good a dead man as ho had
ever seen, and then fetch th'e body back
and go on with the funeral. If lie
hadn't happened to come along, though,
just then, Shields would have been un
der ground within tho next twenty
minutes.
"While the monk was experimenting
with the body, the command received
orders to leave Pui;bla at once and
march to the City of Mexico. In the
hurry and bustle of preparing for the
march we had no time to think about
tiie funeral, and left Shields' body to be
deposed of by the monks. The regi
ment went to the Mexican capital, and
manv and many a time afte.r that won
dered how long those monks kept the
orpso before they gave up and buried
it.
"Well, the other day 1 "'as in Knhn's
aw office, wlicn a nearty-iooKing out
;cntleman came in.
Ah, Colonel,' says Kuhn to mo,
here's another Mexican veteran.
Colonel Armstrong,' says he, 'shake
hands with Mr. Shield's William 11.
Shields, of Counellsville. Ho was iu
Mexico, too.'
The name rather startled me. but.
of course, only for a moment.
Shields?' says I. '1 had a man in
my company named uiiuam it.
Sliiclds,' says I. 'Company E, Second
Pennsylvania volunteers.'
1 was the man,' says he. 'That
was my regiment and company. The
Lieutenant s name was Armstrong,
ays he.
" 'Well,' says I, considerably stag
gered, 'if you'ro the W illiani Shields
that I mean, tho last time I saw you
you were1 dead and in your coffin wait
ing to be buried, forty years ago this
pring, at Puebla.
" 'I was very sick at Puebla,' says
Mr. Shields, staggered considerably
himself, 'but I havo no recollection of
having been dead and eollincd.1
'"Of courso not.' says I, 'but you
must have heard about it.'
"'Never until now,' says ho.
"Well, then, I've got a nice piece of
news tor you.' says i; out. it anyone
had told mo forty years ago. as I stood
looking at you in your collin, after
detailing men men to dig your grave,
that I would bo telling you of it to-day,
I'm afraid I wouldn't havo believed
him.'
nd I up and told tho old gentle
man tho storv of Ids' death and inter
rupted funeral. Ho was as much sur
prised to hear it as 1 was to see him
alive and in tho flesh, lt seems ho had
come to under the caro and doctoring
of the monks, but thev hadn't said a
word to him .about his having been
dead and in his collin, or if they had ho
didn't know it, as they talked only
Spanish. Hy the tinio lie was able to
join his regiment tho City of Mexico
was taken and tho war virtually over.
In the general rejoicing his return was
never noticed particularly, and no ono
happened to mention it to him that ho
had been dead. So ho was ignorant of
how dose he came to being buried that
day in Puebla. for all these forty years,
until 1 happened to meet him the other
day, and ho has lived right over horo in
Connellavllle. too, over since ho eamo
back from Mexico. Uvccnsburg (lu)
Cor. Chicago Mail.
Pleasant for Strangers.
Stranger (in Yorkvillo harbor shop)
That's twice you've cut mo."
Harbor "Yws. sah."
Stranger "If you can't do bettor
.ban that you'll drive away eustomors."
Harbor"! ain't had 'sporionco 'null
jet, sah, to shavo oustomws. Tho bosi
.iily 'lows mo to shavo strangers." V.
r. Shu. .
' THE STAFF OF LIFE.
A Compilation of IntereatlnB Historical
rnct Krlatlnjr to Hrenil.
Etymology Food made from grain.
The earliest history we have of bread
shows the people did not poses the
knowledge of leaven or yeast, and that
tiie primitive way of making bread was
to soak the grain in water, then press
or bruise it, forming it into cakes and
drying it. either by the sun or through
the action of lire The next advance
ment in preparation, or rather the im
provement, was to pound or bray be
tween stones, or in a mortar, before
moistening or baking, and from this
operation braying; some etymologists
(especially Tooke) aro led to believe
the word 'bread is from brayed, it being
the past participle of bray. This is
contrary to etymology, as shown by
Webber and Skeats. who quote some of
the' 'old words: Anglo-Saxon, breod;
Middle English, breed or bred; old Ger
man, Prot; Swedish, brod; Danish,
braed; Belgian, brood; Hebrew, barouth,
and insist that the root of all these in
dicate it was brew, bake or break,
and so on, and aro the natural
results to formation by fermentation.
Todd remarks, "it is as full as probable
the Saxon brood, whence our bread,
is from the verb bivdan, to nourish."
but I am of tiie opinion that the word
brayed is probably the correct one. A
rather more elaborate pressing or grind;
ing of grain led to such simple forms
of bread as the oat-cakes oi bciftlund.
Tin. li-Limrifk of Scotland, mitde of
barley meal or pease meal, the Jewish
passoVer cakes of wheat meal; tho
dampers of Australia, made from what:
the East Indian scones, the cord-dodger
of America, and the cassava cakes of
South America, made from tho cassava-root
or tapioca-plant.
Those were made from coarse meal,
nlt. nnil water, and kneaded with the
hands noon a flat surf.iee; the moss was
f.'ion dtlii'i- rolled thin or shaued with
tho hands and bake I in or before til
fire. And this bread as named above
nmrosoiiLs what is called the unloavon,
as' no leaven or yeast was added to caue
fermentation (the porosity and light
ness of tho mass). I
Referring to sacred history we find
bread first mentioned in Genesis xviii, 5,
when Abraham offered to "fetch a
morsel of bread." Again in xix, 3,
"Ho made them a feast and did bake
tinleaven bread."
The prehistoric excavations at the
Lake Dwellings of Switzerland show
abundant evidence that bread-making
was one of tho arts of our prehistoric
ancestors, and as early as the stone
period we find stones for grinding meal
and also specimens of the bread have
been disinterred iu largo quantities.
Tiie dough must have consisted of grains
of barley coarsely crushed, and formed
with hands into small cakes about the
size of a lea-bis.cuit.
Tradition gives us that Clung Noting,
a Chinese ruler H. C. 199S. was gifted
by the gods with the art of making
bread with grain, and then taught his
people the great blessing. At a very
earlv period the art of baking was car
ried almost to perfection by the Egyp
tians, who baked cakes in loaves in
many varieties and used several kinds
of Hour, and flavored their breads with
aromatic ingredients. In Egypt it is
highly probable the Jews learned h
art of leavening broad. It is suppospd
that the Egyptians were the first to uc
leaven, ami tlio secret afterward be
came known to the (J reeks, who, ac
cording to Diodorus, ascribed the in
vention of leavening bread to Pan. who.
was originally an Egyptian deity, stud
it is mentioned that no loss than sixty-
two varieties of bread wero known to
the ancient Greeks, and from them it
became known to tho Romans, and
H. C. 170 the art of bread-making bo
eaiye so respected that it was changed
bv them to a profession
H. C. 1 18, numbers of skilled Greek
bakers came to Rome and, being given
special privileges, soon obtained a mo
nopoly over native bakers.
Plinv savs nrofessional linkers wero
first introduced into Rome at tho eloso
of tho war with Persons, King of Mace
Jon. The art of makinir bread made
its wav northward slowly, as it was
carried bv tho Romans during their
eamnainfiis in tho northern countrie
and who spread tho knowlcdgo far and
wide as they went
TIu iliffercnco between leaven and
veast is that veast is formed by a mix
ture of hops and barley, or potatoes and
malt, and allowed, through the action
of heat and other sources, to become
mass of yeast blossoms or yeast germs,
which can bo dried ami used at any
time. Leaven or sour dough, is dough
in which putrefaction has boguu, and
which, owing to tho presence and rapid
rrowtli of the yeast plant or germs
nnii'klv communicates its character to
tho trosli dough with which it mingles,
and causes tho process of fermentation
to take olaee. Tito uso of leaven in
baking dates from remote antiquity, but
the employment of yeast is of a more
recent date
The bread mentioned in the Scrip
t tiros was made front cither wheat, bar
ley, lontiles or beans. Parley bread
was only used in times of scarcity and
distress. Jtoirtrt M. Floyd, in Chicago
Journal
According to Scandinavian tradi
tion, tho swallow hovered over tho cros;
of our Lord, crying "Svala! svalaT
(Console! console!) whence it was callvd
svtilow, tho bird of consolation. Thero
is a curious story that this bird bring
homo from tho soashoro a stono that
gives sight to lior llcdglings.
In Prussia women oarn from
twelve to twenty eouts a day acting a
'iinrds at tlio railroad crossings. They
havo to opnn and eloso tho gates, at
tcud the lights and swoop the crosshi
A BABEL OF FILTH. j
Description of n Visit to tho Hebrew Quar
ter of tlio City or Amsterdam.
There is a part of this great city de
voted, or rather given up entirely, to
tlio Hebrew race. It is called tho
Joodcnhook. Those who have traveled
in Italy, visited the slums of Paris,
Londoi? or New York, havo something
yet to sec to prove that man's imagina
tion is deficient. The Israelites, of
whom 05,000 llvo in this city, havo
among them some who, for wealth, in
telligence, and industrial energy, aro
the peers of most men, and yet, visit
ing the Jewish quarter, a traveler will
find himself in a labyrinth of dark,
narrow, muddy alleys. Hanked by old
houses that seem to bo tumbling down.
Damp, ragged sheets, tattered trousers,
patched petticoats Hotter and swing to
and fro on ropes stretched from window
to window,' on tho window-sills,
or dangling from nails driven
into tlio tloors. In the door
ways, on tho broken steps, amid
tumbling-down railings old goods aro
spread for sale. Shattered ruins of
furniture, fragments of lire-arms, de
votional objects, scraps of uniforms,
bits of musical instruments, broken
toys, old iron, dilapidated crockery,
fringes, rags, things for which it is im
possible to find words to describe, that
have been spoiled by rain, by worm,
by lire, by rust, by carlessncss, by ill
ness, poverty, or death; things, that
servants sweep into tho dust-hole; that
the rag-picker disdains to pick up; that
trie beggar treads under foot; that ani
mals scorn to notice: every thing that
tj.ves up room; that contaminates; that
exhales a fetid odor; that soils; that
disgusts the least sensitive being, may
bo "found there in heaps and layers,
destined to become tho object of mys
terious bargain. In the midst of tins
cemetery of in-animate objects, of this
babel of I'd til, lives a populace of haggard-looking,
begging, grasping men
and women, by the side of which tho
AJbaicin gypsies of Grenada would ap-
. . , . 11!
pear
a cleanly and swoei-smuiuiig
ace. .
Here, as in all countries, they havo
borrowed the color of their hair and
kin from the people thoy live among.
Rut they have preserved their hooked
noses, sharp chins, curly hair all tho
features, in short, characteristic of tlio
Semite race. Tlio dictionary does not
contain words wherewith to givo a de
scription of these people. Shaggy
heads of hair never touched by a comb;
eves that cause one .to shudder, bodies
is thin as an unfleshed corpse; so ugly
is to arouso a feeling of compassion;
so old that they preserve scarcely any re
semblance of human shape; wrapped in
every sort of clothing, of which it is im
possible to denno either the cut or color
or to ton tno sex oi ino wear-
Whatever they may bo doing
they do it on tho sidewalk, u omen
frying fish upon small ovens, girls put
ting children to sleep; men turning
over old rubbish; half-naked boys roll
ing aliout the pavement strewn with
rotten vegetables and refuse of fish,
scenes that can not be described, and
that compel the tourist, when ho conies
forth on tho Ixmler of a broad canal,
in a clean open space, to lfclievo that
his exjwrioncc has only been a dream,
uid yet situated as tins portion ot He
brews are in Amsterdam, with all tho
poverty, misery and tilth surrounding
them, the records of the criminal courts
testify that tlio 'laws of tho land in
which thev live arc observed by them;
mil that but one Jew is found in tlio
cellular prison of Amsterdam among
210 inmates. Amsterdam tor. uu-
cugo Tribune.
. m m
Mrs. 1-ourstar's littlo" girl was
there. 1 inus'. tell you ono of her odd
little sayings. Her father had a small
round bail spojt.on the top of his head,
and kissing him at bedtime sho re
marked: "Stoop down, papsv dear, I
want to kiss the place where the lining
shows." London Truth.
A winter's tale.
I took my way through tlio lonesomo wood,
hero tho Jim-jam sat on a tree,
Anil thu llyirag stood In n pensive mcod
Alack: nnd who U mo!
1 saw the seam through tho other sail.
aioiik witn nor scumiets throe;
And tlm lllprlon pale, with tho scrlngy tall,
Made nn awtul faco at me.
THE Gill REGULATO
PURELY VEGETABLE.
Aro You Bilious?
Tir Regulator never fall to eure. I moM
cheerfully recommend It to all who suiter from
llilious Attack or any Disease caused by a dis
arranged ttate of the Liver.
Kansas Citv, Mo. W. R. BERNARD.
Do You Want Good Digestion ?
I suffereil tntentely with I'till Stom a eh ,lleul
nehe,ete. A neighbor, uho had tahen Simmons
l.ner Regulator, toUl me It was a sure cure for my
trouble. The first i.'ose took relieved me vety
much, ami In one week's time I was as strong aril
hearty as I erer was. lt Is the best inedlrliie
J rrer took tor JisjejtAtii.
Richmond, Va. . G, CRESSHAW.
Do You Suffer from Constipation ?
Tcttimony of Mikah Warnkk, Chief-Jutice of
(la. : " 1 have ued Simmons Liver Regulator for
Constipation of my lio els, caused by a temporary
Uerancenient of the Liver, for the last three or
fuur years, and always 1WI4 tie ctilcil bvnelt,"
Have You Malaria ?
have hail experience with Slmmots Liver Regu.
lator since IS60. awl regard it as the (rtutmt
uirillclne of the time for dlneasia jiccu
llur to inn In rial reiton. So good a medi
etnt tltstms universal commendation.
REV. il. B. miARTOS',
Cor, See'v Souther Baptist Theologictl Seminary,
Safer and Better than Oalomol !
1 have been subject to severe spells of Congestion
of the Liver, and have been in the habit of takmj
from . j to grains of calomel, uhich generally Uid
me up for three or-fiHir days. Lately 1 have been
taking Simmons Liver Regulator .which gave me re
lief, irltliout iii; Interruption to Intnlnm.
MiuuLEroKT.Ohio. J. HUGO
J, ft. Zoilin & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.