Breeding Clay
And Morgan Types.
Writing In Country Gentleman on ,
Clay and Morgan types, a well known
Kew Jersey breeder says: j
"I send you a photo of my stallion
Americus with six close crosses of
Henry Clay. His get are satisfactory
as roadsters and saddle horses of great
endurance, spirit, cheerfulness and
tractability, which I consider of great
er worth than the sprinting ability for t
which high figures are often paid. In a
rery few years these are among the '
"have beens." Then what have you '
for the years to come?
"The most inbred family in this
Country is the Morgan. Because of
this close breeding they have a dis-
CLAY STALLION AMEBICUS.
tlnot, fixed type, as have also the
Clays, but not so marked, as they have
not been so much inbred. To fix a type
Inbreeding must be resorted to. A un
ion of Clay and Morgan blood, with an
Infusion of Arab, would, I think, pro-
duce such horses as the government
needs more surely than any other com
bination. By careful selection of sires
and dams the requisite size of the
product, according to the uses assigned
them, could be had. The Percheron
Was a large, HI formed horse until a
little Arab blood was Introduced. He
Is now an attractive animal, of better
disposition, more spirit, more endur
ance and not reduced in size. This has
been brought about by inbreeding from
careful selections, exercising judgment
In the use of sires and dams In the
breeding stock.
"The types above mentioned are un
deniably good. Why not use them,
rather than throw them away and lose
with It what the country has been
nearly a century in securing?"
Device For a Three Horse Hitch.
The three horse hitch here described
has proved very satisfactory for haul
ing heavy loads on an ordinary wagon,
says a writer in Breeder's Gazette,
Chicago. A is an ordinary wagon
tongue. B is a piece of wagon tire
four or five Inches wide and about
twenty inches long, with a hole at F
to correspond in size with a hole In
the tongue. C C are strong Iron straps
fastened to the back end of the
tongue with a bolt and also to B with
strong rivets. Drill holes through B
and the straps C at E and D, making
them eight Inches from the hole P.
Countersink the hole F and have an
Iron pin to go through B and A, with
the head made to fit and not project
A THREE HORSE HITCH.
any about B. Put a hammer strap on
one of the straps C. Now cut the
evener as long as will work between
the wheels of the wagon and divide it
In the ordinary way. Flace it on the
plate B and fasten at either B or D,
as you may desire, using a bolt and
hammer strap. Use singletrees about
thirty inches long and a doubletree to
correspond.
By working the evener at E or D the
middle horse is placed far enough on
one side so the tongue does not inter
fere with it in any way. There Is no
side draft to speak of, and the plate B
keeps the evener balanced nicely and
up to its place at all times. Use an
rdlnary neok yoke on the two horses
eext the tongue and arrange lines on
the third horse any convenient way.
The scheme is all right You have to
get to one side to hitch or then use an
evener so long that it will not work
between the wheels. I have used this
to haul hay with loader and on ma
nure spreader, and It is all right Take
off the three horse evener and take out
the pin in the plate, and it is ready for
an ordinary two horse doubletree.
Keep Lambs From Their Dams.
"In feeding I have had best results
from beginning to feed a grain ration
when the young lambs were about a
week or ten days old," writes a breeder
In American Agriculturist "Adjoin
ing or in the sheep barn there should
be an apartment where the lambs may
be fed by themselves. It should be
separated from the apartment where
the breeding flocks are kept by a Iamb
creep, made by nailing narrow strips'
or bars with rounded edges perpendicu
larly and having them just far enough
apart so that the young lambs can pass
readily through, but through which the
Old sheep cannot pass. If the sheep
has no milk for the lamb, three times
out of four she will care nothing for
the lamb, and if a lamb Is not hungry
It will care no more for its own mother
than for any sheep in the flock, and the .
lam''? will always do better If this
feeding room, separated from the main
flock. Is large enough so that they can
psnd a large part of their time by ;
themselves."
A HEALTHY HERD.
The Successful Dairyman Weeds Out
',, the Unprofitable Cows.
Many dairymen are losing their
rightful profits , because they have
some cows that are costing more than
they produce, and these eat up the
profits of others. Too much cannot be
said about the Importance of weeding
out unprofitable cows, but too often we
overlook the fact that they are unprof
itable because they are not well fed
and cared for. With high priced feeds
and labor a short sighted man is liable
to cut down these expenses beyond
economy.
It Is no exaggeration to say that
there are thousands of cows now main
tained at a loss that would be giving a
profit if allowed a fair chance. Pro
fessor Wing and Mr. Foord of the
Cornell experiment station have clearly
Illustrated this point. Ten cows owned
by a dairyman living near the station
were Included In an experiment which
lasted for a period of four years. The
first year the herd was visited regular
ly on Its home farm, and careful rec
ords were made of food consumed and
milk fat produced. The cows were
then taken to the university farm and
given good care and abundant and
good feed.
Increase Shown.
This treatment continued two years,
when the cows were returned to their
old home and again received the care
and feed that they had had before
coming to the university farm. The
first year at the university showed an
average increase of 46 per cent in
milk yield, or 55 per cent in fat yield.
The large production was continued
throughout the second year at the uni
versity, but it fell back to about the
original amount when the cows were
returned to their former home, care
and feed. After the cows had become
accustomed to fair treatment at the
university they gave milk and fat at
lower feed cost than they had done be
fore, when the total cost of feed was
less. In other words, the average food
cost of a pound of fat fell from 12
cents at the home farm to 10 cents at
the university. In the case of one cow
It fell from 14 cents to 9 cents.
These ten cows were not selected,
but were taken at random, and a study
of their Individual records shows a
surprising uniformity of gain due to
good treatment The experiment points
the way by which many dairymen
could change losses to gains. Similar
experiments have been performed by
Professor Smith of Michigan and oth
ers, and similar results have been ob
tained. It Is not Intended to claim that
any and every cow would be profitable
even If given the best chance. There is
a great difference, aad this Is showD
only by keeping individual records.
R. A. Pearson, M. S., Professor of Dai
ry Industry, Cornell University, in
Kimball's Dairy Farmer.
DAIRY WISDOM.
It takes a little more to rig up a
dairy with scales to weigh individual
messes and a Babcock tester to find
out If each cow la doing her share,,
but the returrs more than overbalance
the extra outlay. No man is willing
to keep a cow after he knows she is
not making a profit, but he never can
find out until he goes at it In a prao:
tical manner.
Get thoroughbred cows, then give
them thoroughbred care, says the Farm
Press. The one is just as important
as the other. Thoroughbred cows re
quire more individual attention, but
they are willing to pay for it
Never churn in a cold room. The
butter will be cheesy if you do. The
churning room should be about the
temperature of the cream.
Because the cow falls off In milk It
does not always follow that she is sick.
There may be something wrong with
her feed. Look Into that Often it Is
the man and not the cow at alL
The best cows, as a rule, have the
most sensitive udders, and harsh treat
ment is the very last thing to practice.
Any harshness will cause an increase
of nervousness and a decrease In the
milk flow.
Eight good cows warrant a silo and
a separator. Eight poor cows warrant
a sale at a sacrifice.
Following is the lesson of the gilt
edge milk farm: Get the best cows,
feed them well and keep them healthy.
Have the milk pure and clean. Put it
up attractively and take it to the
choicest retail trade you can find. The
reward is sure.
Have a fixed time to begin feeding
and milking both morning and even
ing. This is Important When a cow
expects her feed and doesn't get it
she is restless and worried, and any
thing which annoys her lessens her
milk production.
His cows were scrubs, his food was
scrimped, and his care was scant No
wonder his dairy farm didn't pay.
Some large, coarse framed cows seem
to be profitable until yon measure
what they eat When you look at the
milk pall, don't forget to weigh the
hay and grain consumed.
The amount to feed depends upon
the characteristics of the cow and the
amount of milk she Is giving.
It Is a very poor cow that will not
respond to good care, generous feeding
and comfortable surroundings.
The best cure for a kicking cow Is to
find why she kicks, then find the rem
edy. A cow will kick from a hurt or a
sudden fright
Keep milk and cream where no bad
smells can get to them. A good stone
jar with close fitting lid Is a good
thing In which to store cream.
Feed a good milker a balanced ra
tion. She deserves It
Be as clean In caring for the stable
as you are in caring for the pails and
cans.
t
CORN ROOT ? APHIS.-
Treatment of Seed Corn That Protects
, the Young Plants, r n ; .
In view of the importance of practi-
'cal measures for controlling the corn
jroot aphis. Dr. S. A. Forbes, Illinois
I state entomologist prefaced his ad
dress at the Quincy meeting of the
state farmers', institute by a brier
synopsis of the experimental work of
his office on this Insect last year, and
described a treatment of ' seed corn
which he had found surprisingly effect
ive as a protection of the young corn
plant against this Insect His experi
ments showed an Increased yield of 27
er cent in number of ears borne by
plots of corn grown from seed treated
n the manner described, as compared
with adjacent plots planted with un
treated seed. As both stalks and ears
ivere visibly much larger and better in
the experimental plots than In the
heck, the actual difference in yield
nust have approximated 50 per cent,.
mt conditions for which the office was
jot responsible prevented a final com
parison of the total product of these
ilots.
The Remedy.
The substance found most effective
i'or the treatment of seed corn was
a mixture of oil of lemon and wood al
ohol. To one gallon of wood alcohol
ldd a pint of oil of lemon and sprinkle
nd thoroughly stir three fluid ounces
-that is to say, six tablespoonfuls-of
his mixture into each gallon of corn
shortly before plantfng, making sure
that the fluid is equally distributed and
that each kernel of corn has its proper
share. A thorough stirring after the
application of the mixture Is all that is
necessary.
The Cornfield Ant.
The odor of this compound, which
will last for weeks in the ground. Is
extremely offensive to the cornfield
auts, and these insects will not enter
corn hills as long as it continues. As
the root lice cannot get access to the
corn or maintain themselves there ex
cept by the aid of the ants, the hills
remain virtually free from both In
sects for at least six weeks.
The wood alcohol should not cost
above $1 a gallon or the oil of lemon
more than $2 a pint The above
amount of the mixture will be suffi
cient to treat the seed for forty-five
acres, making a cost for materials of
less than 10 cents per acre. Care
should be taken to buy these" sub
stances from thoroughly reliable drug
gists, the oil of lemon especially being
subject to adulteration. If the mix
ture Is not entirely clear when shaken
up, the materials are Impure.
An Experimental Strip.
Every fanger was earnestly advised
by Dr. Forbes to plant at least an ex
periment strip fifteen or twenty rows
wide through his cornfield and to com
pare the growth and yield, particularly
of the central part of this strip, with
those of the rows beside It states Or
ange Judd Farmer. This will be espe
cially desirable if corn is grown on
ground in that crop last year, and more
so If the field was heavily infested
with ants. Even corn planted after
some other crop may be profitably
treated in this way, since it is liable
to become Infested by winged root lice
early in the season and may be badly
damaged before the summer Is over.
FINE PEARS.
Where More of the Fruit Might Be
Grown With Profit.
The fact that New England might
grow more pears was emphasized at
the annual meetings of the different
PRIZE SHELDON PEARS.
state horticultural societies. Eastern
and central Massachusetts particularly
were mentioned as giving ideal condi
tions for pear culture. Vermont is
producing only a fraction of what
pears might be produced profitably,
says Professor William Stuart, horti
culturist at the State Agricultural col
lege. That New England can grow
pars is attested by the accompanying
Illustration from New England Home
stead, which shows the Sheldon varie
ty as grown in Strafford county, N. H.
They were displayed at the Rochester
fair last fall a.ud won first money.
Land Partly Idle.
The average wood lot is understock
ed. This means that the land Is partly
Idle. If an old pasture Is coming up
slowly to forest growth very likely
trees can be profitably planted. The
farmer will gain by this, although he
may not himself live to cut the timber,
for land fully stocked with young tim
ber will be salable at a much higher
price because of its prospective value.
This Is already true In many regions.
It will be far more generally true as
timber Increases in value.
Furrow Irrigation.
There are few Irrigated farms In the '
western states where furrow Irriga
tion in one form or another Is not prac- '
tieed. In regions devoted chiefly to
the production of fruit It is usually
the most common mode of irrigation.
In other colder regions, where the
staple crops are grain and hay, it 13
mostly confined ' to root crops, veg
etables and small'orchards.
THE VANILLA PLANT.
Beam From Which We Get the Popu
- lar Flavoring Extract
" The best variety of vanilla comes
from vanilla-- planif oli&, which re
quires a mucky, porous- soil. The
plant thrives up to a height of about j
1,600 feet above sea level, and as its
fleshy toots do not penetrate deep
into the soil it requires only a pro
portionately thin layer of soil. The i
plant bears merchantable fruit in
the third year, sometimes even in ;
the second year, which requires '
from seven to eight months to ma- I
tare, and the harvest takes place j
from April to June. Five to seven
harvests are made from the same
plant before it is exhausted. New
plants must not be planted in the
same place as the old.
Protection against "Vind, also
shade, is of great importance for the
growth of the plant, and therefore
the fields must be surrounded by
trees and hedges. Grubs and" snails
are enemies of the vanilla plant.
The former eat the roots and the
latter the young sprouts and beans.
While in the third year only about
. one-tenth part of the plants blos
som, the percentage increases from
year to year up to the seventh. . The
cultivation of vanilla in German
East Africa is impeded by the ab
sence of insects which are instru
mental in fructifying the vanilla
blossoms. Each separate flower has
therefore to be fructified by human
hands, the cover of the stigma be
ing raised by means of a thin little
rod, and the pollen, which is just
above the cover, is pressed against
the stigma.
When the young beans have
grown to the length of a finger they
must be closely inspected, and all
defective ones must be cut off. The
beans mature from seven to eight
months after the fructification proc
ess. The ripe beans have a yellow
ish green color.
' The way of preparing the beans
varies, but an ever increasing tem
perature, is required to dry them and
obtain the well known brown black
color. In this way the thin skinned
bean, with its fine aroma", is produc
ed. If hot water is used for heating
the beans they are placed in baskets
and immersed in it. The water has
a temperature of 80 to 84 degrees
Reaumur. Afterward the beans are
packed into wooden boxes, which are
lined with woolen cloth, and closed.
Next day they must have a glassy
appearance. They are then again
wrapped in dark woolen covers and
laid in the sun to dry. If the weath
er is rainy they must be dried in a
dry room at a temperature of 50 de
grees Reaumur, but an after drying
in an airy room of from two to four
weeks is necessary. After that the
dry beans are packed in boxes.
New York Herald.
Eldest Sons.
According to some curious inves
tigations conducted by English sci
entists, eldest sons tend to be crim
inals and youngest sons paupers. A
great many thousand school chil
dren and many family histories have
been examined to yield these re
sults. Firstborn children were
found to be, as a rule, taller and
heavier, with greater ability and en
durance than the others. This is in
accordance with the popular feeling
in many countries that the oldest
child is superior to the others and
deserving of special privileges. It
is a well established fact that
among men of genius an undue pro
portion are eldest sons.
Warding Off a Catastrophe.
A fat woman entered a crowded
street car and, seizing a strap, stood
directly in front of a man seated in
a corner. As the car started she
lunged against his newspaper and
at the same time trod heavily on his
toes.
As soon as he could extricate him
self he rose and offered her his seat.
"You are very kind, sir," she said,
panting for breath.
"Not at all, madam," he replied.
"If s not kindness. It's simply self
defense."
i
Force of Habit.
A physician started a model in
sane asylum, says the New York
Sun, and set apart one ward espe
cially for crazy motorists and chauf
feurs. Taking a friend through the
building, he pointed out with par
ticular pride the automobile ward
and called attention to its elegant
furnishings and equipment.
"But," said the friend, "the place
is empty. I don't see any patients."
"Oh, they are all under the cots
fixing the slats," explained the phy
sician. Rather Mixed. -
In the course of her first call up
on one of her husband's parishioners
young Mrs. Gray spoke feelingly of
his noble, generous spirit.
"He is as nearly an altruist a3
man may be," she said proudly and
affectionately.
"Is he an altruist ?" said her host
ess, with mild surprise. "I thought
from the tone of his voice that he '
probably was a bas3." j
; A LITTLE NONSENSE. !
What Attracted the Attention of hO
Solemn Faced Man.
One of our southern salesmen
brought home the following from
bis last trip:
The proprietor of a tanyard built
a stand on one of the main streets
of a Virginia town for the purpose
of selling leather and buying new
hides. ,
When he had completed the build
ing, he considered for a long time
what sort of a sign to put up to at
tract attention to the new establish
ment. Finally a happy thought
struck him.
He bored an auger hole through
the doorpost and stuck a calf's tail
into it with the tufted end outside.
After awhile he saw a solemn
faced man standing near the dooT
looking at the sign. The tanner
watched him a minute and then
stepped out and addressed him.
"Good morning, sir !" he said.
"Morning !" said the other, with
out taking his eyes off the sign.
"Want to buy leather ?" asked the
tanner. :
"No."
"Got any hides to sell?"
"No."
"Are you a farmer?"
"No."
"Merchant?".
"No."
"Lawyer?"
"No."
."Doctor?"
"No."
"What are you, then?"
"I am a philosopher. I've been
standing here for an hour trying to
figure out how that calf got through
that auger hole." Boot Strap.
Necessary Then.
"It ain't true," said the milkman,
"that we always put chalk in our'
milk."
"Do you mean to say," demanded
Mrs. Houskeep, "that you never do
it?"
"Well er never except after a
heavy rain when the water gits
brown and muddy." Ohio State
Journal.
Fine Time.
"I hear you attended the Tough
Mug ball the other night. Did you
have a fine time ?"
"No; I had it next moning. Ten
dollars and costs." Philadelphia
Press.
Why He Was Happy.
"I'm afraid there will be a seri
ous falling off in the attendance to
night," said the happy manager.
"Then why are you so jovial?" in
quired the popular star.
"Because we have sold so many
seats that I'm afraid the people will
be falling off the gallery into the
balcony." Cleveland Plain Dealer.
Proof Positive.
Crowells That man at the bar is
a perfect gentleman.
Howells How do you know?
Crowells When we were intro
duced the other day and I began to
tell him my troubles, he didn't butt
in and try to tell me his. Chicago
News.
The Measure of His Success.
Hicks Your friend Marryat tells
me he's got his wife pretty thor
oughly trained now.
Wicks Yes; he's got her trained
so that he can make her do pretty
nearly anything she wants to do.
Catholic Standard and Times.
Heard In the Greenroom.
First Actor Congratulate me,
old man. . I have been married just
ten years today to one woman.
Second Actor That's nothing.
I've been married twice to my pres
ent wife in five years. St. Louis
Post-Dispatch.
Admiration.
"Bliggins is always repeating what
his children say."
"Yes; I admire those children.
They are the only people I know of
who can make Bliggins keep quiet
and let some one else talk." Wash
ington Star. . .
A Kiss.
"What is a kiss?" Heaven knows! Not II
And yet, with humble wit.
Now that you've asked me I will try
To give nay view of it.
A friendly grimace, pleasing quite;
A drooping of the eyes.
The thrilling of a moonlit night.
Or, better, starry skies.
A rare Havana sacrificed,
A breath upon the lips,
The spirit of red wine enticed .
To sparkle in long sips. i
A contact either short or long,
A dozen thoughts or less.
Tee question. Is It right or wrong?
And then Just fooUshness!
Lurana W. Sheldon in New York Times.
1 THE ANCIENT BO TREE. '
Oldest Living Thing of Which Ma
Has Kept Record.
This bo tree (the Ficus religiosa)
is probably the oldest living thing
in the world of which record has
been kept by man and, with the pos
sible exception of the sequoia, the
oldest of living trees. It was
brought from India by the Princess
Sanghamitta and was planted by.
King Dewananpiya Tissa in 288 B.
C. It is therefore 2,195 years old.
The preservation of this tree has
been an object of reverent solicitude
to successive dynasties, and either
through superstitious reverence op
because of its worthlessness to a
plunderer it has been spared amid
all the havoc of repeated invasions.
As recently as 1739 A. D. it was en
dowed with lands by Kaja Sin ah, a
.Kandian chief. ,
The bo tree's age and identity are
matters of absolutely faithful rec
ord, and when one recalls that ia
the rigorous climate of northera
Germany, in Hildesheim, there
grows a rosebush which is a thou
sand years old it does not seem so
remarkable that in the balmy cli
mate of Ceylon this tree should have
lived twice as long. It is gnarled
and unsymmetrical, because many
of its branches have been cut oil
and sent to distant temples. This
bo tree is a branch of the tree under
which Guatama Buddha sat when he
attained Nirvana, and Buddhists say
the passion through which he pass
ed communicated itself to the tree
and caused all the leaves to tremble.
Each of the millions of pilgrims
who have toiled along the sacred
way which leads to this shrine has
hoped to bear away with him a leaf
from the sacred tree, and happy is
he at whose feet one falls.
The leaves hang on a slender
stem and are easily stirred by the
slightest breeze, so each petitionei
is rewarded for his pilgrimage by
feeling that the tree responds to
the fervor of his soul, but few take
home a leaf. Many bring offerings
to the tree, and on a number of the
lower leaves are sheets of gold plac
ed there by jewelers and other
wealthy worshipers. Rosalie S.
Morton in Century.
-J
Wood as Strong as Iron.
Recent official tests of the many
valuable hard woods native to West
ern Australia have made known the
extraordinary properties of yate, be
lieved to be the strongest of all
known woods. Its average tensile
strength is 24,000 pounds to the
square inch, equaling that of good
cast iron. But many specimens are
much stronger, and one was tested
up to seventeen and-one-half tons
to the square inch, which is equal
to the tensile strength of wrought
iron. The sawed timber of yate ia.
probably the strongest in the world.
The tree grows to a maximum
height of 100 feet and- has some
times a diameter of two and one
half or even three feet.
A New State Lincoln?
There is at the present time in
! the northwest a movement that
promises to assume respectable pro
i portions, looking toward the remod
! eling of the three states of Wash
I ington, Idaho and Oregon in such a
! manner as to create a newand fourth,
! 6tate out of what is now ordinarily
j termed in that section of the conn
' try "the inland empire." So far
j there seems to have been three pos
' sible names suggested Lincoln,
Jefferson and Whitman, with a pre-
ponderance in favor of the first.-
St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
Dehorning Calves.
It Is more humane to dehorn calves
by the use of caustic potash when the
horns are just starting than it Is to
use the saw on the horns after they
have developed; also the task is easier
at the earlier period. The operation
with the caustic potash should made
before the calf is nine days old. The
better time is when the calf is from
two to five days old. The hair should
be clipped away from around the
horns. A stick ef caustic potash should
be rolled in paper, with one end of the
caustic bare. This should be slightly
moistened and the tips of the horns
rubbed for about fifteen seconds' or un
til the potash has made a slight Im
pression on the center of the horn. The
treatment should be given two, three
or four times; according to the age of
the animal and the size of the boras,
about five minutes being allowed to
elapse between applications. If a little
blood appears In the center of the horn
it will then be necessary only to give a
slight rubbing with the potash. It It
believed that the caustic potash meth
od is nearly or quite painless. West
ern Life.
! . 4
An Improvement.
"My dear," said Mrs. Newlywed,
her face flushed with the excitement
of her afternoon in the kitchen, "I
want you to be perfectly frank with
me now. What would you suggest
to improve these doughnuts I made
today?"
"Well," replied Mr. Newlywed,
lifting one with a slight effort, "I
think it misrht be better if you made
the bible bigger." Cincinnati Timesr
Star. ' - . ,J